• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.89-102
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• 2021

Even in an era where 8-meter class telescopes are common, small telescopes are considered very valuable research facilities since they are available for rapid follow-up or long term monitoring observations. To maximize the usefulness of small telescopes in Korea, we established the SomangNet, a network of 0.4-1.0 m class optical telescopes operated by Korean institutions, in 2020. Here, we give an overview of the project, describing the current participating telescopes, its scientific scope and operation mode, and the prospects for future activities. SomangNet currently includes 10 telescopes that are located in Australia, USA, and Chile as well as in Korea. The operation of many of these telescopes currently relies on operators, and we plan to upgrade them for remote or robotic operation. The latest SomangNet science projects include monitoring and follow-up observational studies of galaxies, supernovae, active galactic nuclei, symbiotic stars, solar system objects, neutrino/gravitational-wave sources, and exoplanets.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.38
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• pp.189-220
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• 2013

In this paper, the discussion on Yin and Yang and the Five Elements in Mohism is examined through the comparison with Hundred Schools of Thought. The ideas of School of Naturalists including Zou Yan or those of the Five Elements were fundamentally for the purpose of observing the regularity of changing dynasty. However, this perspective had not been emphasized as a subject of Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought until the end of the Era of Warring States. Even though it is true that Hundred Schools of Thought applied the theory of Yin and Yang and the Five Elements in common based on the understanding of the idea, but it failed to be connected to each ideological system. The fundamental reason for this can be found in the difference between the awareness of a reality and the concept of history in Hundred Schools of Thought. Where were the characteristics and reasonable opinions of the theory of Yin and Yang and the Five Elements in Mohism from? The most important feature of Mohism is to form independent, collective, cooperative groups based on the people of lower classes at that time and to consider God an ideological presumption. Therefore, in reality, it concentrated only on sociopolitical stability and maintenance of their own labor activities, and it was difficult for them to focus on an objective regularity of a national system or change of dynasty. In addition, due to the characteristics of individual groups, it was hard to have a macroscopic viewpoint not only on a national system, but also on others as in Zou Yan's Dae-gu-ju-seol(大九州說). With respect to this, at least, Xunzi, before the unification, gives a valid criticism. In the end, the effort to design a new political system and to secure ideological legitimacy on the assumption of the unification of the nations of the Warring States period became more specific through the edition of $L{\ddot{u}}shi$ Chunqiu (呂氏春秋), so-called Mixed School(雜家) or Synthesized School(綜合家).

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.32
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• pp.279-310
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• 2008

In this research, the writer investigated the thought in realism and view on education appeared in the text, GUANZI("管子") roughly. The thoughts and contemplation in GUANZI mostly contain practical issues of politics, law and economy, as well as military policy and also get involved in the education pursuing an organic relationship therewith. In GUANZI, the rule of law and morality were applied to the politics in a harmonious fashion. Although the text upheld agrarian-oriented policy in connection with nation's economy, it, however, succeeded to secure the national wealth by having implemented the polices concerned with industry and commerce in an appropriate manner. In addition, he established strong military organization through political stability and by securing economic strength. In short, this is the policy in order to pursue 'a rich nation with a strong military.' Under such situation, education made a positive contribution to meet the realistic needs in order for reinforcement of politics, economy, and military. In the level of moral education that will set right the decorum and proprieties of the people, and their loyalty and integrity, vocational training that enabled the four divisions of society, that is, the official class, farmers, artisans and merchants, to carry out their given jobs successfully was highly valued in GUANZI. These are substantial efforts in order to establish the order of community by means of putting emphasis on people's morality and loyalty, and also to create the public weal through reinforcement of producing activities of each class of society. After all, the realistic thought and view on education appeared in GUANZI can be understood as an expression of strong will to accomplish national prosperity and military strength in order to overcome disturbing situations in the society in those days.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.317-329
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate how elementary science specialized teachers operate and how they have a perception of the science class in the COVID-19 situation. The number of participants in the study is 21 who are dedicated to science subjects in 2020. 21 teachers were given an open survey of science classes and future directions in the COVID-19 situation, and 8 out of 21 teachers were interviewed in-depth on how and why they did so. As a result of the study, first, the science classes before and after COVID-19 of primary science teachers were different. Under the COVID-19 situation, teachers identified the characteristics of online and offline classes and operated them in a way that was specific to their characteristics. Second, there was a common perception of teachers' classes on the basis of this science class operation style, which is that science classes should be operated as activities, that I would like to have classes that suit my taste as long as the policy allows, and that online classes cause students to lose motivation and widen their educational gap.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.447-456
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• 2021

This study analyzed 28 domestic and foreign studies related Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets treatment techniques from 1984 to 2020 to prepare basic data for the development of PROMPT intervention programs and examination tools. According to the analysis, continuous research has been conducted since 1984 when the prompt study was first started, and the method of research was 16 intervention studies, with the highest number of speech disorders, and the target age being 3 to 5 years old, the most frequently conducted for infancy. The treatment was the most frequent in the 16th sessions, and the activities were based on the Motor Speech Hierarchy(MSH), except for the subjects of the non-verbal autism spectrum disorder. According to the analysis of the dependent variables, 'speech production' was the most common, followed by 'speech motor control', 'articulation', and 'speech intelligibility' were highest. Combined with all these studies, it suggests that PROMPT, which are directly useful for exercise spoken word production, are effectively being used outside the country and that it is necessary to develop a PROMPT program that can be applied domestically, in Korea.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.397-404
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• 2021

This study examined how different types of remote video lectures, which universities are using in earnest now due to the COVID-19 pandemic, impact the academic achievement of learners. Zoom-based remote video lectures were divided into two types-general lecture-centered and group task-oriented-and experimental and control groups were set up accordingly. An achievement test and a questionnaire were conducted to determine how academic achievement differed between these two approaches. The achievement test revealed no significant differences in achievement scores between the two groups. Meanwhile, the questionnaire regarding satisfaction with Zoom-based video lectures indicated that both groups were highly satisfied. Participants in the general lecture-centered type group cited the effect of learning, their instructors' class preparation and attitudes towards the class, and the promotion of participation in learning activities as the causes of their satisfaction, while participants in the task-oriented type group highlighted communication and sharing, the efficiency of group discussions, and the moderate difficulty level of group tasks as the reasons for their satisfaction with the video lectures. Remote video lectures in the untact era are becoming increasingly common, and educators will need to develop various Zoom-based teaching strategies to maximize their efficiency.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 2022

As virtual space activities become more common, human-virtual agents such as avatars are more frequently used instead of people, but the uncanny valley effect, in which people feel uncomfortable when they see artifacts that look similar to humans, is an obstacle. In this study, we explored the uncanny valley effect for celebrity avatars. We manipulated the degree of atypicality by adjusting the eye size in photos of celebrities, ordinary people, and their avatars and measured the intensity of the uncanny valley effect. As a result, the uncanny valley effect for celebrities and celebrity avatars appeared to be stronger than the effect for ordinary people. This result is consistent with previous findings that more robust facial representations are formed for familiar faces, making it easier to detect facial changes. However, with real faces of celebrities and ordinary people, as in previous studies, the higher the degree of atypicality, the greater the uncanny valley effect, but this result was not found for the avatar stimulus. This high degree of tolerance for atypicality in avatars seems to be caused by cartoon characters' tendency to have exaggerated facial features such as eyes, nose, and mouth. These results suggest that efforts to reduce the uncanny valley in the virtual space service using celebrity avatars are necessary.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.379-407
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• 2020

This study examined the psychological and social factors of middle-aged conglomerate executives in Korea for successful adaptation after their involuntary retirement. For this, in-depth interviews on 13 retired executives (male, average age 58.2) including changes over time and their assessment or interpretation on them were conducted, and the contents were analyzed in phenomenological methods. As a result, 'financial preparation' and 'spousal support' were predisposing factors of adaptation. The starting point of adaptation was 'acceptance of reality', which consisted of subfactors such as reevaluating the past life, acknowledging various changes and deviating from the past, accepting themselves as common retiree in the 50s, living with anxiety, and the need of proper time. Next, they made cognitive and emotional reevaluations and reevaluated the value of life, and reestablished 'psychological reconstruction' and 'ego identity' through new activities that they chose. Their retirement and adaptation processes after retirement are the conflicting process from their experience as a conglomerate executive that satisfied psychological and social capital and the consequent story on maladaptive coping style, as well as a narration in cognitive, emotional and behavioral perspectives to overcome such disharmony. Results of this study provides implications for corporations, nation and retirees on handling retirement.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.277-286
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• 2021

Background: As trade increases, the influx of various alien species and their spread to new regions are prevalent and no longer a special problem. Anthropogenic activities and climate changes have made the distribution of alien species out of their native range common. As a result, alien species can be easily found anywhere, and they have nothing but only a few differences in intensity. The prevalent distribution of alien species adversely affects the ecosystem, and a strategic management plan must be established to control them effectively. To this end, hot spots and cold spots were analyzed according to the degree of distribution of invasive alien plants, and major environmental factors related to hot spots were found. We analyzed the 10,287 distribution points of 126 species of alien plants collected through the national survey of alien species by the hierarchical model of species communities (HMSC) framework. Results: The explanatory and fourfold cross-validation predictive power of the model were 0.91 and 0.75 as AUC values, respectively. The hot spots of invasive plants were found in the Seoul metropolitan area, Daegu metropolitan city, Chungcheongbuk-do Province, southwest shore, and Jeju island. Generally, the hot spots were found where the higher maximum temperature of summer, precipitation of winter, and road density are observed, but temperature seasonality, annual temperature range, precipitation of the summer, and distance to river and sea were negatively related to the hot spots. According to the model, the functional traits accounted for 55% of the variance explained by the environmental factors. The species with higher specific leaf areas were more found where temperature seasonality was low. Taller species preferred the bigger annual temperature range. The heavier seed mass was only preferred when the max temperature of summer exceeded 29 ℃. Conclusions: In this study, hot spots were places where 2.1 times more alien plants were distributed on average than non-hot spots (33.5 vs 15.7 species). The hot spots of invasive plants were expected to appear in less stressful climate conditions, such as low fluctuation of temperature and precipitation. Also, the disturbance by anthropogenic factors or water flow had positive influences on the hot spots. These results were consistent with the previous reports about the ruderal or competitive strategies of invasive plants instead of the stress-tolerant strategy. The functional traits are closely related to the ecological strategies of plants by shaping the response of species to various environmental filters, and our result confirmed this. Therefore, in order to effectively control alien plants, it is judged that the occurrence of disturbed sites in which alien plants can grow in large quantities is minimized, and the river management of waterfronts is required.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 2022

Objectives : Yukil-san (YIS, 六一散; Liu yi san) is composed of Talcum and Glycyrrhizae Radix, the name is said to be derived from the proportion of the two herbal components of the formula. The YIS originated from 'Formulas from the discussion illuminating the Yellow Emperor's Basic Question'(黃帝素問宣明論方; Huang di su wen xuan ming lun fang) written by Liu Wan-Su (劉完素). YIS could clear summerheat, resolve dampness, and augment the qi. This formula may be used to treat the common cold, influenza, acute gastroenteritis, cystitis, urethritis and bacillary dysentery. But, there is insufficient of study about the effects of YIS on the anti-inflammatory activities. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of YIS on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Methods : Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and IL-6 were quantified by ELISA kit. The expression of proteins related with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were assessed by western blot analysis. Results : YIS significantly inhibited the expression of iNOS increased by LPS, and thus significantly inhibited the production of NO. In addition, YIS significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the regulation of inflammation, NF-κB pathway plays a crucial role. YIS inhibited the expression of p-IκBα and thus inhibited the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. Conclusions : These results suggest that YIS ameliorates inflammatory response in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells through the inhibition of inflammatory mediators, via suppression of the NF-κB pathway. Therefore, this study provides objective evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of YIS including the underlying mechanisms.