• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.69-73
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• 2003

A novel antifungal antibiotic for azole-resistant Candida albicans was purified from the culture broth of Bacillus subtilis LAM 97-44 by butanol extraction, Diaion HP-20 and Dowex-50 adsorption chromatography, silica gel flash chromatography followed by HPLC and designated LAM-44A. LAM-44A was stable for 60 min at $100^{\circ}C$, and pH range from 2 to 10. MIC values were observed at $0.5-3.5\;{\mu}g/ml$ against various Candida albicans strains. The antibiotic showed no cytotoxicity for S180, MKN-45, P388, HeLa and 373 at the concentration of 1 mg/ml. LAM-f4A was colorless powder soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, butanol and negative to ninhydrin reaction. The antibiotic had maximum absorption at 273 nm in methanol, and melting point was $202^{\circ}C$. The molecular weight and formula were determined to be 282 and $C_{14}H_{34}O_5$ by $^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR$, IR spectrum and elemental analysis.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.277-291
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• 1996

The structures of the egg envelope in fertilized eggs of three species of characidae, head and tail light fish (Hemigrammus ocellifer), black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), and buenos aires tetra (Hemigrammus caudovittatus) were studied using light and electron microscopes. The fertilized eggs in all species were colorless, transparent, spherical and non-floted type. The egg envelopes have a single micropyle resembling the pathway of sperm in the area of the animal pole. The micropyle was surrounded by protruded lines of the egg envelope in a radiated form. Egg envelopes of fertilized eggs in both head and tail light fish and buenos aires tetra consisted of three distinct layers; an outer layer, a middle layer and an inner layer. And that of blacktetra consisted of two layers; an outer layer and an inner layer. Also, an outer layers of both head and tail light fish and black tetra were adhesive types but, in that of buenous aires tetra was non-adhesive type. An outer surface of egg envelope in black tetra was arranged by pores regularly. In that of head and tail light fish and buenos aires tetra have a rough side. An inner layer of egg envelope in fertilized eggs consisted of lamellae alternating with interlamellae of lower electron density; an inner layer of fertilized eggs in head and tail light fish consisted of three layers, that of black tetra was four layers, and that of buenos aires tetra was five layers.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.16 s.16
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• pp.104-109
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• 2004

The characteristics and composition of the ancient glasses excavated at Songdong-ri, Sangju, Kyongsangbuk-do were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope attached with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer. As the results, the glass beads of Songdong-ri showed that there were changed the composition, the color and types according to the periods. There were appeared potash and soda glass group at A.D.4 century and potash and mixed alkali glass group at A.D. 17 century. The potash glasses of A.D. 4c. were colored blue and contained low $Al_2O_3$ and CaO composition as below $5\%$. The soda glasses of This period were colored blue and red, and contained $Al_2O_3$ composition as upper $5\%$. But the potash glasses of A.D.17c. showed the transparent yellow color and considerably higher CaO, $11.7\%$. 'Coil glasses' typed unique were colored yellow-brown, Cu-blue and colorless, were classified the mixed alkali glass as upper $5\%\;of\;Na_2O\;and\;K_2O$. The composition of coil glasses were presented first at this study.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.314-321
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• 2008

Acaricidal effects of materials derived from Diospyros kaki roots against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus were assessed using impregnated fabric disk bioassay and compared with that of the commercial benzyl benzoate. The observed responses varied according to dosage and mite species. The $LD_{50}$ values of the chloroform extract of Diospyros kaki roots were 1.66 and $0.96{\mu}g/cm^2$ against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. The chloroform extract of Diospyros kaki roots was approximately 15.2 more toxic than benzyl benzoate against D. farinae, and 7.6 times more toxic against D. pteronyssinus. Purification of the biologically active constituent from D. kaki roots was done by using silica gel chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the acaricidal component was analyzed by GC-MS, $^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR,\;^1H-^{13}C$ COSY-NMR, and DEPT-NMR spectra, and identified as plumbagin. The acaricidal activity of plumbagin and its derivatives (naphthazarin, dichlon, 2,3-dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone, and 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone) was examined. On the basis of $LD_{50}$ values, the most toxic compound against D. farinae was naphthazarin $(0.011{\mu}g/cm^2)$ followed by plumbagin $(0.019{\mu}g/cm^2),$ 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone $(0.079{\mu}g/cm^2)$, dichlon $(0.422{\mu}g/cm^2)$, and benzyl benzoate $(9.14{\mu}g/cm^2)$. Additionally, the skin color of the dust mites was changed from colorless-transparent to dark brown-black by the treatment of plumbagin. Similar results have been exhibited in its derivatives (naphthazarin, dichlon, and 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone). In contrast, little or no discoloration was observed for benzyl benzoate. From this point of view, plumbagin and its derivatives can be very useful for the potential control agents, lead compounds, and indicator of house dust mites.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2004

We have manufactured and characterized the fiber-to-Planar Waveguide Coupler for analysis of the photo-induced refractive index change of DM-BTE .(l,2-bis[2,5-dimethylthio-phen-3-yl]-hexafluorocyclopentene) When irradiated with ultraviolet light, the colorless diarylethene(DM-BTE)-crystal turned red while keeping the crystal shape. The red color was bleached by irradiation with visible light(λ＞450 nm). The resonant wavelength was shifted and recovered owing to the refractive index variation of the planar waveguide because of its photo-functional properties on exposure to UV and visible light. The wavelength responses of this switch by UV exposure were measured as 0.057 nm/sec with saturation time of 60 seconds. and when illuminated by visible light, resonance wavelength variations were measured as 0.028 nm/sec, with recovery time of 140 seconds.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2007

The concrete pavement of the Seohae Highway in Korea has suffered from serious distress, only four to seven years after construction. Deterioration due to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) has seldom been reported per se in Korea, because the aggregate used for the cement concrete has been considered safe against alkali-silica reaction so far. The purpose of this study is to examine the deterioration caused by an alkali-silica reaction of concrete pavement in Korea. The investigation methods included visual inspection and Automatic Road Analyzer (ARAN) analysis of surface cracks, coring for internal cracks, stereo microscopic analysis, scanning electronic microscope (SEM) analysis, and electron dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) analysis. The results are presented as follows: the crack pattern of the concrete pavement in Korea was longitudinal cracking, map cracking or D-cracking. Local areas of damage were noticed four to five years after construction. The cracks started from edges or joints and spread out to slabs. The most intensive cracking was observed at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal joints. Where cracking was the most intense, pieces of concrete and aggregate had spalled away from top surface and joint interface area. The progress of deterioration was very fast. The reaction product of alkali-silica gel was clearly identified by its generally colorless, white, or very pale yellow hue seen through a stereo optical microscopy. The typical locations of the reaction product were at the interface between aggregate and cement paste in a shape of a rim, within aggregate particles in the cracks, and in the large void in the cement paste. Most of the white products were found at interface or internal aggregates. SEM and EDX analysis confirmed that the white gel was a typical reaction product of ASR. The ASR gel in Korea mainly consisted of Silicate (Si) and Potassium (K) from the cement. The crack in the concrete pavement was caused by ASR. It seems that Korea is no longer safe from alkali-silica reaction.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.11-21
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to understand of future image in fashion for 20C, to suggest a guideline's role in the development on fashion designs study. The methods of this study are used academic literatures as well as practical study. Futuristic image in fashion is to introduce about the future period, as fashion goes ahead times. Trends and formative characteristics of future image in 20C fashion are summarized as follows. First, futuristic images in fashion for 20C had emerged strongly futurism, space look, kinetic look, glitter look, techno look, cyber look. Second, perspectives on response for future society's changes are summarized as follows. Attitude of futuristic images of fashion, futurism, space look, kinetic look and glitter look, had been favorable about future society's changes until 1980. In 1990, techno look had been defensive and cyber look had been aggressive about future society's changes. Third, formative characteristics of future image in 20C fashion are studied shape, material, color, pattern. Shape was preferred linear and geometric form in the first half of the 20C, but body conscious type had appeared often in the second half of 20C. Material maintained the luster or the metal touch. Color was based image of colorless and preferred the gold, silver or color feels like metal. Pattern was preferred clarity with geometric type in the first half of the 20C. On the other hand in the second half of 20C pattern of future image was dominated by vague and abstract chaotic type.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2009

ETFE is the abbreviation of Ethlene Tetra Fluoro Ethlene, a sort of colorless and transparent granules. The advantage of ETFE film has chemical resistance, anti-stick property, very lightly material. The thickness of ETFE film is used to from 50 ${\mu}m$ to 300 ${\mu}m$ and have superior ability of daylight transmission and elongation, while the strength is lower than of fabric membrane. The tensile strength of ETFE film changes from 40Mpa to 60Mpa and the tensile strain at break can get to about 300-400%. The mechanical characteristic test of ETFE film is described in this paper. The tensile strain at break, the tensile strength and the stress-strain curve are obtained from the test. And then it was analyzed stress-strain characteristic by temperature and mechanical characteristic by cycling load.

• ALGAE
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.119-133
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• 2008

We cultured a tubular marine green alga, originally identified as Capsosiphon groenlandicus (J. Agardh) K.L. Vinogradova, from Amaknak Island, Alaska. The alga had an alternation of heteromorphic generations in which tubular monoecious fronds produced quadriflagellate zoospores and/or biflagellate isogametes. The gametes fused to produce cysts or Codiolum-like zygotes with long, tortuous stalks. Cysts and codiola produced 8-16 aplanospores, which germinated in situ to yield upright fronds. Fronds arising from both aplanospores and zoospores displayed a distinctive development in which non-septate colorless rhizoids from the base of the initially uniseriate, Ulothrix-like filament were transformed into septate uniseriate Ulothrix-like photosynthetic filaments. These transformed filaments then developed new basal non-septate rhizoids. This pattern of rhizoids becoming filaments, which then produced new rhizoids, was repeated to yield a tuft of up to 50 fronds. Periclinal and longitudinal divisions occurred in each filament, starting basally, until the mature tubular thallus was achieved. Pyrenoid ultrastructure revealed several short inward extensions of chloroplast lamellae, each of which was surrounded by pyrenoglobuli. Analysis of ribosomal SSU and ITS sequences placed this alga in the family Ulotrichaceae, order Ulotrichales, together with but as a distinct species from North Atlantic Capsosiphon groenlandicus. Analysis of a partial ITS sequence from authentic Capsosiphon fulvescens, the current name of the type of the genus Capsosiphon, indicated that neither our material nor C. groenlandicus belongs in that genus, and we propose a new genus, Pseudothrix, to accommodate both species. We propose P. borealis for the North Pacific entity formerly called C. groenlandicus and make the new combination P. groenlandica for the Atlantic species.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.160-166
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• 2007

The coarse deposit with a lower mud content adjacent to the shelf of the southern East Sea is probably a "relict" sediment deposited in response to a lower stand of sea level during the Pleistocene. The sediment that developed on the slope and in the deep sea was river-borne primarily and was secondarily reworked or redistributed by the Tsushima Warm Current from the East China Sea. The clay mineralogy of the area suggests various sources of fine-grained sediment from adjacent rivers, the Korea Strait, volcanic material from Ulleung Island, and the Japan coast. Massive sand, bioturbated mud, homogeneous mud, and laminated mud were the dominant facies found in the core sediments from the study area. The massive sand was mainly volcanic ash from an eruption on Ulleung Island (9300 yr BP) and consisted of colorless pumiceous glass and a black scoriaceous type. The sedimentation rates on the slope, based on the Ulleung-Oki ash layer, were about 10cm/ky higher than in the basin. Other than the coarse-grain sediment, the mean size of the fine sediment dominating the bioturbated and homogeneous muds in the basin and the laminated mud on the slope was 6-10 phi. This indicates a difference in the major sedimentary process: hemipelagic sedimentation in the Ulleung Basin and mass flow deposition, such as turbidite, on the slope of the southern East Sea.