• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the color stability of IPS Empress 2 glass-ceramic after heat-pressing and/or heat-treatments. Three types of IPS Empress 2 ingots (shade 100, 300, 500) were tested. For this study, three groups were prepared as follows: group 1 is as-received material, group 2 is heat-pressed material, and group 3 is fully heat -treated material. The color of the specimens was measured with a colorimeter. The data were statistically evaluated with one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple test. The results obtained were as follows: 1. IPS Empress 2 glass-ceramic demonstrated less color stability according as the shade is lighter. Namely, the shade 500 showed the lowest color shifts and the shade 100 showed the greatest color shifts after heat-pressing and heat-treatments. 2. In the cases of shade 100 and 300, the changes of ${\Delta}E^*$ were affected mostly by the changes of $L^*$ and $b^*$. 3. In ${\Delta}E^*$ of the shade 100, there were significant differences among the group 1, 2, and 3 (P<0.001). 4. In ${\Delta}E^*$ of the shade 300, there were significant differences between the group 1 and 2, and the group 1 and 3 (P<0.001). 5. In ${\Delta}E^*$ of the shade 500, there was significant difference only between the group 1 and 3 (P<0.001).

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.557-560
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• 2005

The color of objects varies with changes in illuminant color and viewing conditions. As a consequence, color boundaries are influenced by a large variety of imaging variables such as shadows, highlights, illumination, and material changes. Therefore, invariant color models are useful for a large number of applications such as object recognitions, detections, and segmentations. In this paper, we propose invariant color models. These color models are independent of the object geometry, object pose, and illumination. From these color models, color invariant edges are derived. To show the validity of the proposed invariant color models, some examples are given.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.967-971
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• 2003

As the concerns over health increased in 1990's, research and development on the health material were also activated. The development of UV-cut textile became the hot issue, because the damage of W irradiation due to ozone depletion has become widely known. UV-cut effect is determined by the material, the color, the organization and the density of UV-cut fibers. UV-cut effect is very different according to the fibers. Polyester is known to have a better effect. Even in the same textile material, staple fiber has more effect than filament fiber. Different colors have different offsets. Although textiles have the same color, the effects can be different according to the depth of color. PET, PET/cotton blend, nylon and cotton fabrics were ultraviolet cutting finished with padding method using several absorbers. These UV-cut effect can be improved through the processing. Safety of UV-cut textile for the body must be considered future, Until now the figure of the UV-cut effects has been emphasized. There has been no experiment on the human body, although the textiles are directly on the human body. Futhermore there os no safety standard of UV-cut textiles. Therefore every effort will be made to set the standard UV-cut processing is established. The need of UV-cut products will be known to the consumers.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.138-145
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• 2012

The epidermal color is one of factors the space for ages. Instead of the epidermal color expression, it made with material and decoration under structure for make shade of meaning before have the new media. But now a days, the epidermal color of the fashion store is getting free owe to the development of color harmony, has a great notion that gets out of the subordinate from color, and it is a emphasized factor with expression and self-control. The epidermal color of the fashion store makes an effort to accept the development and changing of new media. It should show that there role and function is changing constantly according to a new technology, and it gave a motivation for reanalysis about existence and expression of the epidermal color. The purpose of this research is that look around the feature of the epidermal color system, elements, and principle. Then contemporary fashion store is expressive characteristics of epidermal color. Using epidermal color is not common, we can find lots of the case with surface color, layer color, interface color, though. The paper reflects on the meaning and concept of fashion store which enables the application of expressive characteristics on space through advanced technology. Meanwhile, the features of epidermal color such as immateriality of process and communication can be inferred from case analysis.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.1222-1225
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• 2008

The power efficiency of a full-color OLED display decreases with long-term operation because of the material characteristics. The lifetime of the OLED display also decreases as the power efficiency declines. Therefore, this work provides a novel color difference algorithm to improve the power consumption and extend the OLED lifetime.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2016

PURPOSE. Polymer infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) materials, also called hybrid ceramics, are new materials in dental market. The manufacturer of the PICN material VITA Enamic suggests 3 different finishing procedures for this new material. In the present study, surface roughness and color differences caused from different finishing procedures of VITA Enamic were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 120 specimens were prepared in dimensions $2{\times}10{\times}12mm$ from VITA Enamic hybrid ceramic blocks with 'high translucency' and 'translucency 2M2' shades. The specimens were divided into 8 groups. For each group, different finishing procedures suggested by the manufacturer were performed. Surface roughness values were determined by a tactile portable profilometer. Color changes were evaluated using a clinical spectrophotometer. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc comparison. The significance level was set at ${\alpha}=0.05$. RESULTS. The roughest surfaces were observed in Glaze Groups. Their surface roughness values were similar to that of the control group. Clinical Kit and Technical Kit groups did not show a statistically significant difference regarding surface roughness (P>.05). The largest color difference regarding ${\Delta}E_{00}$ was observed in Clinical Kit finishing groups. There were also statistically significant color changes between the groups (P<.05). However, all the groups showed clinically acceptable color change (${\Delta}E_{00}$<2.25) except Clinical Kit Groups (${\Delta}E_{00}$>2.25). CONCLUSION. Within the limitations of the present study, it may be suggested that finishing the VITA Enamic restorations by Technical Kit instead of Glaze and Clinical Kit gives better clinical performance in regard to surface roughness and shade matching.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.83-90
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• 2007

The purpose of main entrance was to protect the house with the wall and working for the house-gate where people come in and go out. On the other hand, the type of main entrance is changed variously depended on the materials for house and method of construction. Eleven villages in the Chungyang-Gun where the environment of rural villages is well maintained was chosen and researched to make data. These data of visual landscape elements were analysed by using the SPSS 12.0 for Windows. Relations of the visual component elements were analysed by the analysis for frequency and analysis for crosstab. From the above research we could conclude below results. Through review of the pre-researching and researching literatures, 11 types of visual component elements were selected such as the types of the gate, the looking through degree of the gate, the material of the gate, the color of the gate, the plan of the house, the material of the roof, a material of the wall, a color of the wall, the form of the penetration, the area to put, the area of a site, the year of the constructing a building. For the types of the gate, the gate from without the roof has been the most popular since it appeared 41.5%. For the looking through degree of the gate, a complete blockade form has been the most popular since it appeared 63.2%. For the material of the gate, the iron plate has been the most popular since it appeared 32.1%. For the color of the gate, color has been the most popular since it appeared 68.4%. For the plan of the house, 'ㄷ' form has beneath most popular since it appeared 38.3%. For the material of the roof. The Zinc has been the most popular since it appeared 51.9%. For a material of the wall, A cement mortar has been the most popular since it appeared 47.7%. For a color of the wall, Without tile color has hem the most popular since it appeared 67.0%. For the form of the penetration. The plain form has been the most popular since it appeared 54.0%. For tile area of a site, $100m^2{\sim}200m^2$ has been the most popular since it appeared 39.0%. The results of this study can provide to use of indicates four rural-housing reform. From now on, the results look forward to offering the meaning directions for the improvement of rural house gates.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.330-343
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• 1997

Extraoral maxillofacial prostheses are essential for restoring facial structures that are lost as a result of congenital missing, injuries from accidents, surgical treatments of head and neck cancer. Recently, silicone is the most useful material for this purpose and is more advantageous than other maxillofacial prosthetic materials. However, there are some problems for long-term usage of silicone prostheses due to tear and color change. These are major contributing environmental factors to those problems that are such as ultraviolet light, cleansing agents, changes in humidity and successive adhesion and removal. The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical properties and color changes of maxillofacial prosthetic silicone material by those environmental factors using A-2186 silicone material (Factor II, USA) and two pigments, cadmium yellow medium and cosmetic red. Aluminium molds were fabricated according to the ASTM No. D412 & D624 specifications and resulted specimens from molds were fabicated and treated as follows. Control group and experimental I group were fabricated with 0.1% wt. pigment mixing in silicone elastomer and II-1 group, II-2 group of experimental II group were fabricated with 0.2%, 0.3% wt. pigment mixing in silicone elastomer, respectively. Control group was kept in darkroom at room temperature, I-1 group was kept under natural sunlight during 1week, I-2 group was soaked in 20% soap water during 1wk. I-3 group was successively adhered and removed 200 times on inner region of arm using Daro adhesive-33. Experimental II groups were kept in darkroom at room temperature. Instron universal testing machine was used to measure the % elongation, tensile strength, tear strength of control, experimental I, II groups and reflectance spectrophotometer(COLOR EYE-3000, Macbeth, USA) was used to measure the color differences between control group and experimental I group. The results were as follows : 1. When compared with control group, natural weathering group and 20% soap-water soaking group had no significant differences in % elongation(p>0.05). 2. 200 times successive adhesion and removal group, 0.2% wt. pigment group and 0.3% wt. pigment group had significant decreases in % elongation(p<0.05). 3. Natural weathering group, 20% soap-water soaking group and 200 times successive adhesion and removal group had no significant differences in tensile strength (p>0.05). 4. 0.2%, 0.3% wt. pigment groups had significant decreases in tensile strength(p<0.05). 5. Values of all experimental groups were decreased in tear strength. and 200 times successive adhesion and removal group had significant decrease in tear strength(p<0.05). 6. Natural weathering group and 20% soap-water soaking group had significant color differences(${\Delta}E$) and it could be detectable to naked eye(p<0.05). 7. Color differences between control group and 200 times adhesion and removal group were not detectable to the naked eye (${\Delta}E<1.0$).

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.271-275
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• 2013

Cobalt (Co) compounds have been used for centuries to impart rich blue color to glass, glazes and ceramics. Cobalt monoxide (CoO), an oxide of Co, is an inorganic compound that has long been used as a coloring agent in the ceramic industry. Unlike other coloring agents, CoO can be used to develop colors other than blue, and several factors such as its concentration in the glaze and firing condition have been suggested as possible mechanisms. For example, CoO produces a typical blue color called "cobalt blue" at very low concentrations such as 1 wt% in both oxidation and reduction firing conditions; a higher concentration of CoO (5 wt%) develops a darker blue color under the same firing conditions. Interestingly, CoO also develops a purple color at high concentrations above 10 wt%. In this study, we examined the applicability and mechanism of a novel purple glaze containing cobalt(II, III) oxide, one of the well characterized cobalt oxides. Experimental results show that an Augite crystal isoform (Augite-Fe/Co) in which Fe was replaced with Co is the main component contributing to the formation of the purple color. Based on these results, we developed a glaze using chemically synthesized Augite-Fe/Co crystal as a color pigment. Purple color glaze was successfully developed by the addition of 6~15 wt% of $Co_3O_4$ to magnesia lime.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.65-68
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is examine the color planning in the different type of classroom to establish interior color planning. This study also uses environmental planning and practical use of basic data for color planning to future school facilities. The summary of this study is as followed. The primary school and middle school classrooms as well as the open space classrooms floor color recommended of brown and the primary school wall color is light yellow, middle school wall color is light yellow and brown. The high school classroom color is recommended brown and wall color to light yellow and green system. The recommended floor color of primary school which includes in computer room and language study room, library of the multi-purpose of media room recommended are gray, brown and pink. The recommended wall color in primary school is light gray. The middle school floor color propose gray and light brown and wall recommended color is light brown, gray, ivory with the high school the computer room, language study room and library. The floor color is recommended gray, green and the wall propose blue. Moreover, recognize that importance of color effectiveness in school interior facilities considering with Interior covering material in class room.