• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47
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• pp.63-94
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• 2002

On the purpose to suggest an advanced scheme in assessing the domestic wheat quality, this paper reviewed the inspection systems of wheat in major wheat producing countries as well as the quality criteria which are being used in wheat grading and classification. Most wheat producing countries are adopting both classifications of class and grade to provide an objective evaluation and an official certification to their wheat. There are two main purposes in the wheat classification. The first objectives of classification is to match the wheat with market requirements to maximize market opportunities and returns to growers. The second is to ensure that payments to glowers aye made on the basis of the quality and condition of the grain delivered. Wheat classes has been assigned based on the combination of cultivation area, seed-coat color, kernel and varietal characteristics that are distinctive. Most reputable wheat marketers also employ a similar approach, whereby varieties of a particular type are grouped together, designed by seed coat colour, grain hardness, physical dough properties, and sometimes more precise specification such as starch quality, all of which are genetically inherited characteristics. This classification in simplistic terms is the categorization of a wheat variety into a commercial type or style of wheat that is recognizable for its end use capabilities. All varieties registered in a class are required to have a similar end-use performance that the shipment be consistent in processing quality, cargo to cargo and year to year, Grain inspectors have historically determined wheat classes according to visual kernel characteristics associated with traditional wheat varieties. As well, any new wheat variety must not conflict with the visual distinguishability rule that is used to separate wheats of different classes. Some varieties may possess characteristics of two or more classes. Therefore, knowledge of distinct varietal characteristics is necessary in making class determinations. The grading system sets maximum tolerance levels for a range of characteristics that ensure functionality and freedom from deleterious factors. Tests for the grading of wheat include such factors as plumpness, soundness, cleanliness, purity of type and general condition. Plumpness is measured by test weight. Soundness is indicated by the absence or presence of musty, sour or commercially objectionable foreign odors and by the percentage of damaged kernels that ave present in the wheat. Cleanliness is measured by determining the presence of foreign material after dockage has been removed. Purity of class is measured by classification of wheats in the test sample and by limitation for admixtures of different classes of wheat. Moisture does not influence the numerical grade. However, it is determined on all shipments and reported on the official certificate. U.S. wheat is divided into eight classes based on color, kernel Hardness and varietal characteristics. The classes are Durum, Hard Red Spring, Hard Red Winter, Soft Red Winter, Hard White, soft White, Unclassed and Mixed. Among them, Hard Red Spring wheat, Durum wheat, and Soft White wheat are further divided into three subclasses, respectively. Each class or subclass is divided into five U.S. numerical grades and U.S. Sample grade. Special grades are provided to emphasize special qualities or conditions affecting the value of wheat and are added to and made a part of the grade designation. Canadian wheat is also divided into fourteen classes based on cultivation area, color, kernel hardness and varietal characteristics. The classes have 2-5 numerical grades, a feed grade and sample grades depending on class and grading tolerance. The Canadian grading system is based mainly on visual evaluation, and it works based on the kernel visual distinguishability concept. The Australian wheat is classified based on geographical and quality differentiation. The wheat grown in Australia is predominantly white grained. There are commonly up to 20 different segregations of wheat in a given season. Each variety grown is assigned a category and a growing areas. The state governments in Australia, in cooperation with the Australian Wheat Board(AWB), issue receival standards and dockage schedules annually that list grade specifications and tolerances for Australian wheat. AWB is managing "Golden Rewards" which is designed to provide pricing accuracy and market signals for Australia's grain growers. Continuous payment scales for protein content from 6 to 16% and screenings levels from 0 to 10% based on varietal classification are presented by the Golden Rewards, and the active payment scales and prices can change with market movements.movements.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.52-68
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• 2013

Objectives: Hyungsang medicine (HM) is an inspection which emphasizes the relationships between pathological patterns and one's facial or bodily shape, color and movement. The purpose of this study was to review previously published study results of the HM. Methods: The authors reviewed a total of 51 HM-related studies published from 2000 to 2012 found on PubMed and various domestic Oriental medicine journals. Each study was classified into theoretical, diagnostic, or treatment-related category. Results: Theoretical studies were mostly based on the Nei-Ching and Dong-Eui-Bo-Gam texts, and dealt with differences in form between types such as masculine and feminine, the five organ image types, the four-type categorization of body essence, vital energy (Qi), mentality, and Blood, Gallbladder and Bladder, the four-type categorization of fish, bird, horse, and turtle types, and the six meridian types. Research on diagnosis has been performed on diagnostic characteristics of HM, correlation between HM and general coordinative manipulation (GCM), and Hyungsang medicine and ante-disease pattern (未病類型). Studies on treatments could largely be classified as treatments for specific diseases using certain acupuncture or herbal prescriptions based on HM. Treatments were mostly evaluated solely through subjective symptom improvement of patients. Conclusions: Our review results suggest that HM-related studies were focused on the constitutional characteristics and clinical utility of HM. To strengthen the theoretical basis of HM and its clinical utility, clinical trials including randomized, treatment-placebo and blind methods are needed.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

This paper presents a material estimation method using dual-energy X-ray images generated as a result of cargo inspection system in MeV region. We use new discrimination curve using logarithmic function rather than four discrimination curves commonly used in existing estimation algorithms. We also propose an atomic number estimation using the probability distribution of the logarithmic curve rather than linear interpolation. When the probability distribution is used as a weight, we used two methods of using the weight for the two nearest reference materials and the weight for all the reference materials. Experimental results showed that the atomic number estimation of materials using the probability distribution as a weight is more accurate than the existing methods. In order to visualize the estimated atomic number, the HSI model was used for color the resulting image.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.324-331
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• 2012

The domestic pine was used to investigate the change of specific gravity, moisture contents, color and anatomical structure by accelerated weathering test (AWT). According to visual inspection, a few knot separation and looseness as well as considerable surface discoloration was found out. However, the crack and split of surface texture have been never occurred till the last step of AWT. On the whole, as the time of accelerated weathering test has increased, the specific gravity has decreased. Finally, after the 9th week of AWT, the specific gravity was 0.38 that reached to 82% compared to the control specimen. In case of moisture content (MC), it showed rising trend in its early stages, however, after 3th week of AWT it have displayed steady state. A deterioration of cell-wall components was not remarkably observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), however the ray fractures of AWT specimen were observed more than those of control specimen. The full fracture of epithelial cell around resin canal was observed by optical microscope. The fracture of ray of 2th cycle AWT specimen was first, followed by 1th week and control group. A distortion of tracheid for early spring wood and fracture of epithelial cell were generally observed by a similar level, regardless of duration time of AWT. Therefore, it is obvious that increasing duration time of AWT does not affect the deterioration of micro-structure for wood members from this study. Although a considerable change of anatomical properties was not found, there is a need of further research to understand how will the changes of specific gravity and MC on the physical properties of wood member.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.2812-2818
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• 2013

Medicine such as Korean oriental medicine and alternative medicine is inferior to western medicine in diagnostic skills and treatment regimen but despite going through a lot of in western medicine preference to that is situations. Likewise, in Korean oriental medicine and alternative medicine have been closely linked to that effect not proven scientifically to be solved is regarded as the biggest drawback. In this paper, auricular therapy that is often used in alternative medicine to help strengthen the internal organs function which whether the conduct of stimulating ear is effective or not by applying to ocular inspection of Korean oriental medicine is proposed. For this purpose, lung ear reflex points to stimulate were performed after the right cheek color by measuring stimulation before comparison and analysis of the experiments. In addition, in order to examine this first analysis of the human body to the lungs and the elements of image analysis is to study. Experimental result, derived b value increased to a value of the right cheek and the results by lung ear to stimulate reflex point.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.482-486
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was first, to evaluate the relationship between composite surface conversion and surface discoloration, second, to know if there was difference in surface discoloration between celluloid-strip-finished composite surface and polished surface. In addition, the discoloration of composite surface was also evaluated with visual inspection or digital camera with high resolution monitor, Z100, Tetric Ceram, Spectrum, and Aelitfil were used. The composite surfaces were celluloid-strip finished (group 1), polished (group 2), celluloid-strip finished under nitrogen gas purging (group 3) or only light cured without finishing or polishing under nitrogen gas purging (group 4). The microhardness of each samples were also measured in each group. The samples of each group were also divided into 4 subgroup whether they were immediately placed in disclosing solution (0.2% Elythrosin, pH 7.0) (subgroup1), 1 day after light curing(subgroup 2), 3day after light curing(subgroup 3) or 7 day after light curing(subgroup 4). The computer controlled spectrophotometer was used to determine CIELAB coordinates ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$). The amounts of color difference were compared. The results were as follows; 1. There was no difference in discoloration between celluloid strip finished composite surface and polished surface. 2. The samples discolored more when they were placed in disclosing solution immediately after polymerization than other groups. 3. When the samples were light cured under nitrogen gas purging and without polishing process, they discolored more than other groups even though they showed higher micro hardness. 4. With visual inspection or digital camera, only a limited information was available in detecting composite surface discoloration.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.375-384
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• 2008

This study was performed to establish the discrimination of the corpus albicans that were formed after normal parturition and abortion in Holstein, The corpus albicans were obtained from 504 cows and 506 heifers slaughtered in the Agricultural Cooperative's Livestock Products Joint Market of Seoul City from March 2007 to October 2007. The difference in a gross examination (morphology, fibrogenesis, deposit state, color, and size) among the fixtures that exist in their ovaries was investigated. All of the cows had corpus albicans in their ovaries: 423 cows (83.9%) had less than three corpus albicans, 81 (16.1%) had more than four. In the heifers, however, 463 (91.05%) had no corpus albicans, 39 (7.7%) had one, and four (0.8%) had more than two. In the types of corpus albicans 73.2% of the cows had oval-type, 14.4% had circular-shaped, 12.4% had irregular-type. In the aborted heifers, however, oval-type appeared in 88.6% and circular-shaped appeared in 11.4%, and no irregular-type was found. There was no significant difference in the fibrogenesis and size of corpus albicans between cows and aborted heifers. However, slight difference in the color of the corpus albicans was observed between two types. In conclusion, it is not easy to discriminate by gross examination of ovary between cows and aborted heifers in the slaughter house.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.466-472
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• 2008

Purple Gold is the alloy consisting of 78wt%Au-22wt%Al, and is expressed as a chemical formula, $AuAl_2$. Lately it is being used for the material of accessories or the decorative ornaments, being one of the colored golds having the peculiar purple color, like White Gold and Pink Gold. Purple Gold has the weak point in shaping through casting process due to the bad malleability and castability, being the intermetalic compound of Au and Al. Therefore, it is possible to produce the final product only by the cutting and the grinding process or to use it as a decorative coat with the thin film evaporation. This study implemented two kinds of thin film experiments. One is the case that heat treatment was made after Au and Al deposition evaporated separately with a weight ratio 78:22 on the 200nm$SiO_2$/Si substrate. The other is the case that the surface deposition was made through the vacuum evaporation, keeping the glass substrate temperature remain room temperature, using the bulk $AuAl_2$ as a source. The final film property was measured, focusing on the Purple Gold's color and thickness through the bare eye inspection, the microstructure analysis, the surface resistance analysis, the color difference analysis, and XRD analysis. Purple Gold was not formed, as the excessive surface agglomeration occurred, in case of being produced and treated thermally with 12.5nmAu/40nmAl/200nm$SiO_2$/Si structure. Our results suggest that of Purple Gold films, showing the same purple color as the bulk's, were successfully deposited with the direct thermal evaporation from the $AuAl_2$ bulk source.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.125-136
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of improving read speed with color filter or without color filter to improve reading disorder of teenager who were diagnosed as Meares-Irlen syndrome through survey inspection with Meares-Irlen syndrome visual stress (MISViS) score. Methods: MISViS subjects were selected from screening survey MISViS results given above 2.13 in the clinical criteria scores (MISViS score). Reading speed were measured quickly and efficiently the rate of reading via test in which randomly ordered common words are read aloud during a minute. Each of the subjects were worn a filter of the lowest concentration in each color filter group composed of 15 groups. Results: MISViS score of MISViS group and control group were 2.57 and 0.66, respectively. Results of reading speed with filter and without filter in MISViS group were $102.27{\pm}27.86$ wpm and $118.87{\pm}26.99$ wpm (p=0.001), respectively, as well as were $132.93{\pm}6.88$ wpm and $133.43{\pm}6.64$ wpm (p=0.131) in the normal group. Associated with error changes with filter and without filter between two groups, skipping in MISViS Group were from $0.25{\pm}0.62$ times to 0 times (p=0.191), Errors were from $1.83{\pm}1.69$ times to $0.17{\pm}0.38$ times (p = 0.004) and, repetitions were 0. skipping in control group were 0 times, errors were from $0.21{\pm}0.43$ times to $0.07{\pm}0.27$ times (p=0.336) and, repetitions were from $0.14{\pm}0.36$ times to 0 (p=0.165). The filter of blue series chosen in MISViS group had higher percentage (40%), whereas, subjects in normal group were more likely to prefer the filter of gray color (29%). Conclusions: This study showed that MISViS score have been used as a significant diagnosis for Irlen syndrome screening. This study found that wearing suitable color filter for MISViS patients were useful to improve learning with regard to reading. Unique color filter selection for MISViS subjects must be carefully considered since fit color filter are different personally.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.179-189
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• 2007

Most of the seeds of cucurbitaceous rootstock species used for grafting were mainly sown by hand. This study was carried out to develop an on-line discriminating algorithm of seed direction using machine vision and an automatic seeding system. The seeding system was composed of a supplying device, feeding device, machine vision system, reversing device, seeding device and system control section. Machine vision was composed of a color CCD camera, frame grabber, image inspection chamber, lighting and personal computer. The seed image was segmented into a region of seed part and background part using thresholding technique in which H value of HSI color coordinate system. A seed direction was discriminated by comparing position between the center of circumscribed rectangle to a seed and the center of seed image. It took about 49ms to identify and redirect seed. Line-up status of seed was good the more than 95% of a sowed seed. Seeding capacity of this system was shown to be 10,140 grains per hour, which is three times faster than that of a typical worker.