• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.178-210
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• 1974

It needs to put into practice the systems analysis in the analysis of some operations and status of library for the purpose of systematizing the work of reforming in the new easier form to process, to storage, to retrieve and to make use of the increasing informations and data of library. In this study, some of systems which are generally using in every library was caught in the case study of K university library. Having analyzed them with the two methods of the flowcharting and mathematical analysis, we found the obstructive factors in operation. As the result of this research, it was gained the new system as the alternative one. A. Alternative System B. Advantages of alternative systems 1. In the reference room When it converts the present system into the new system, it can profit 6.771 won/user (13.815won-7.044won=6.771 won). Therefore, a half the average required cost of the present system can be saved. If this saving would be alloted for the cost 33,000won required to make the cataloging cards, it would be taken for 94 days (33,000 won ${\div}$ 6,771 won/user=4,874users. 4,874users ${\div}$ 52users/day=94days) to get it. The saving cost/year by the new system will be 95,417 won, and in the first year the initial cost (33,000won) reduces the saving cost to 62,417won. 2. In the periodical room The average required time for using the materials of the present system is 17 minutes/user and the average required cost/user is 23.775won, while the average required time of the new system is 4 minutes and the average required cost/user is 5.33won. Therefore, the new system has profit 4 times of the present system. Accordingly, it occurs when the dispersed periodical materials get together. 3. In the classification and cataloging When one processes - the oriental books - by the Linear Programming Technique, the maximum of the process can be increased from 11.6 volumes per librarian of the present system to 12 volumes per librarian of the new system increased 0.4 volume in a day, and cataloging by the manual printer can be shorten from 3 minutes per card of the present system to 1.5 minutes per card of the new system. Consequently, we can complete the other operations (books equipment, updating of cataloging cards, etc.) with 141 minutes which are saved in the course of the afore-mentioned works. 4. In the status of collections The average growth rate of 4 years from 1968 to 1971 is 9.825 %, and that of the purchased materials is 6.2% similar to the advanced nations, but it has the different position from 215,000 volumes by the Standard Degree for Establishment of College and University, and the difference between the total collections 151,671 volumes and Dunns' growth model ($N_t=N_oe^{-at}$) claimed by Leimkuhler 155,297 volumes in 1971 is 3,626 volumes, and for the purpose of compensation the difference, we found the fact that it needs to have the increased budget of 24~30% per year, Thus, if the budget of 24~30 % per year. Thus, if the budget would be increased per year as the rate of the afore-mentioned figure, it would be reached at the Standard Degree for Establishment of College and University in 1975, and thereafter, it can be decreased to the lebel which is able to maintain the growth rate of 5~6% per year.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.792-812
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• 2010

In the 18th century, Xu Lingtai (徐靈胎) and Yoshimasu Todo (吉益東洞) were famous doctors advocating ancient medicine, though they lived in different countries, China and Japan. We compared their major books, analyzed their academic thoughts and then took conclusions as below. 1. The first, for instance "Classified Prescriptions of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases, 傷寒論類方" and "Classified Assemblage of Prescriptions, 類聚方". Based on essential thought that a prescription and a syndrome should correspond, these books arranged and classified the Zhang Zhongjing (張仲景)'s texts."Classified Prescriptions of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases", based on the thought that principles, methods, formulas and medicinals (理法方藥) were integrated in prescriptions, tried to find out the implicit treatment rules in prescriptions and syndromes through analyzing "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases, 傷寒論". On the other hand, because Classified Assemblage of Prescriptions focused on the syndromes of ancient prescriptions (古方), it classified and collected the related texts of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases and "Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber, 금궤요략", and then suggested only simple instructions on how to prescribe medicine. So in this book, the trend of experience was clear. 2. The second, there is "100 Kinds Records from Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, 神農本草經百種錄" and "Description work of herbal pharmacology comprised of excerpts from Shanhanlun and medical experiences, 藥徵". Though both of these books are professional oriental pharmacology publications that advocate reactionism, there were remarkable differences in writing style between them. "Description work of herbal pharmacology comprised of excerpts from Shanhanlun and medical experiences" was based on "Treat on Cold Damage Diseases" and "Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber", just explained the effects of medications and discussed 'matter of course (所當然)', but not discussed 'the reason why (所以然)'. In explaining style of syndromes, it confirmed through research, and emphasized the inductive method. On the other hand, "100 Kinds Records from Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica based on "Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, 神農本草經", explained the nature of medications and discussed 'the reason why (所以然)'. In explaining style of syndromes, it annotated and explained, and emphasized the process of reasoning. 3. The third, there is "Discuss the Headwaters of Medicine, 醫學源流論" and Severance of Medical evils, 醫斷". Aiming the then medical theories fallen in confused state, these books brought order out of chaos, clarified the categories of medical research, and emphasized the scientific method that could put theories into practice and verify them. The difference is that "Severance of Medical Evils" researched only macroscopic viewable clinical phenomena, and even denied the existence of names of diseases and etiological causes. Thus, it emphasized the accumulation of experiences, laid emphasis on "watching and realizing (目認)", and "understand and taking in (解悟)". Discuss the Headwaters of Medicine extremely emphasized the research of 'something not occuring (未然)', that is to say, induced notions of a disease from observing clinical phenomena, furthermore based on these, predicted the 'something not occuring (未然)' and emphasized researching 'the reason why (所以然)'. As regards how they deal with the traditional theories and post-Zhang Zhongjing's medicines, "Severance of Medical evils" took completely denying attitudes. In case of "Discuss the Headwaters of Medicine", it could be used reasonably through specific situation and detailed analysis. Collectively speaking, there were some differences between medical theories of Xu Lingtai and Yoshimasu Todo. Actually, these differences were whether he tried to research the essence of disease, whether he tried to consider it rationally, and how he treated various opinions occurring in the theories of traditional medicine and clinical experience.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2009

Purpose : Our aim is to reduce the rate of lumbar spinal tapping and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) infants less than 3 months of age. Methods : We reviewed the prevalence of UTI, sepsis, meningitis and UTI with bacterial meningitis in febrile infants less than 3 months of age during the period from Jan. 2001 to Jun. 2008. Renal ultrasonography, Technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan or VCUG were performed in infants with UTI. Infants with UTI were divided into two groups according to the presence of abnormal findings of ultrasonography and DMSA renal scan : group 1-Infants in whom both ultrasonography and DMSA were normal, group 2-Infants in whom ultrasonography or DMSA were abnormal. Prevalence of VUR was compared between the two groups. We followed up the clinical course of patients who had VUR in group 1. Results : Among 1962 Infants, UTI, sepsis and bacterial meningitis were diagnosed in 620 (31.6%), 63 (3.2%), 8 (0.4%) respectively. Lumbar puncture was performed in 413 (66.6%) infants with UTI and we did not detect a case of bacterial meningitis in association. 348 infants with proven UTI were undergone ultrasonography, DMSA, VCUG. In group 1 with 110 infants (31.6%), the presence of VUR was 4 (3.6%). In group 2 with 238 infants (68.4%), the presence of VUR was 51 (21.4%). Abnormal findings of ultrasonography or DMSA renal scan were closely related with high grade VUR. Most of patients with VUR in group1 had good prognosis. Conclusion : Lumbar puncture and VCUG are invasive procedures. Therefore we should decide whether to perform lumbar puncture or VCUG in infants less than 3 months. of age with their first febrile UTI.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 1981

Silk textile finishing has been studied for many years by many workers in order to meet more utilities for various endusers. Such studies, however, could not be successful because any natural fibers are hardly change their natures by artificial treating methods. Textile finishing is of course to improve the mechandise qualities and the poor natures of silk so that it may be available as the best textile fiber in the world. Sometimes, famous trade marked textile plays more power than its quality in the silk market, nevertheless, this should be over line of research activities. Meantime, the silk demand has been also transferred from ladies stocking to other clothes since nylon or other synthetic fibers were developed. That is why, the extension of silk demand should be developed by various research works. Specially, silk is known as difficult textile to handle it during washing or ironing process which happened to depress down the silk usage for house wives. In order to solve such problems, the reporter has been worked for many years and now, he believes that he has developed a proper finishing method to coversuch problems. The developed finishing method may be said to eligible with economical aspect and shorten the dry duration after water washing in half against normal silk textile without harming the specific silk nature. As all of us know, silk fiber starts to denature since it was spinned by silkworm and the fiber is formed as overlapped "S" type curves during its concooning process. After it is made as raw silk or sericin silk, it shows as straight line form, but it changes in to waved form in case refining or degumming process in order return to its original spinned form. Such nature is continued during its textile form and ends with hard ironing nature than other textile fibers. Mean while, the silk fiber keeps to continue its denaturing and this is iniciated by repeat of washing and drying which takes many years to reach its final stage, The reporter has found the iniciating denature of silk by his finishing process, with out heat, decreasing the swollen nature which ended with shortening the drying duration after wash. Each washing was carried out by soaking the previously weighed sample in cold water for one hour, then pressed the sample for ten minutes to eliminate its free water component before weighing with same condition. According to this, the treated silk showed much denaturing after the finishing, but the standard silk progressed the denaturing by and by with the repeat of washing and drying, finally reached the same swollen degree of treated silk, Such treating result explains that the treated silk happened to be stebilized nature by the treating immediately. On the other that the treated silk happened to be stebilized nature by the treating immediately. On the other hand, standard silk may reach to such condition by the time of worn out clothes after repeat of washing and drying for many years while the clothes will be no more useful. The decreased swelling nature has brought about the drying period in half against standard silk after all. Not only the tests of tenacity and elongation but also crease resistance recovery, stiffness and shrinkage tests were carried out after each washing and drying which he has found better result on the treated silk textile against the standard silk. The most important thing was to keep the textile feeling of silk by such finishing work before improve any poor nature of silk. The general silk has a nature to absorb smoke or dirt from its surrounding air and reaches to dirty color shade upon such exposure, but the treated one has improved such nature because of its artificial denaturing, another word, it keeps clean longer than the normal silk. Many previous finishing works could improve some specific nature of silk, but it happened to deprave other important natures. The reporters work is, however, specialized to improve the silk to be useful as Wash and Wear Silk without harming its standard natures. So far, this work happened to be a overall innovative finishing method of silk textile.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was to find out the influence on eyes of indoor air quality in college students taking course, such as Sick-building syndrome symptoms and effects on the eye in new-built university buildings. Methods: We selected a new building in a university located in Metro Seoul and college students in a department for the study. The number of total participants was 33, to whom questionnaire surveys were conducted in advance to check individual traits (gender, age, whether to smoke, whether to wear contact lenses, or whether to drink). The first questionnaire surveys and checking of ocular symptoms to first indoor hazardous materials were conducted in October and two months later the second surveys and checking were carried out in December. The indoor air quality was measured when conducting the first questionnaire surveys and the second questionnaire surveys; especially measurements of gaseous materials such as aldehydes and VOCs in the indoor air were conducted. Results: Indoor air quality of the new building was as follows: formaldehyde level was 22.90 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in the first measurement and 16.79 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in the second measurement. In addition, most materials showed higher value in the first measurement. The level of TVOC was statistically significant (p<0.05) decreased on 448.54 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in the first and 62.55 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in the second. In clinical assessments to check ocular symptoms caused by eye irritations, dry eye syndrome was found in the first and second exposures. When comparing the first and second assessments, dry eyes deteriorated in the morning of the second attempt compared to the first one. Conclusions: In the survey of ocular symptoms and the measurement of indoor air quality, the level of formaldehyde was measured higher in the second attempt than the first; thus, it was confirmed the influence of indoor air quality in a new building upon ocular symptoms of occupants.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2009

Purpose : Chronic urticaria is a disorder characterized by the appearance of wheals for more than 6 weeks; in most cases, the etiology is unknown. This study was aimed to discover the clinical aspects, the etiologic factors, and the course of chronic urticaria. Methods : 51 children who were diagnosed with chronic urticaria in the past 4 years, and who had had follow-ups more than 6 months after diagnosis in the pediatric department of Soonchunhyang University Hospital in Bucheon, were enrolled in the study. The laboratory findings, clinical aspects, and courses were retrospectively investigated by medical record review and telephone interview. Results : The median age of children with chronic urticaria was 4 years (8 months to 16 years) and the ratio of male to female was 1.4:1. Of the total, 39.2% of patients had a history of atopy. Angioedema occurred concurrently with urticaria in 11.8% of patients, and dermographism was seen in 41.2%. Results of thyroid function tests were normal and thyroid autoantibodies were absent in all cases. Regarding etiology, most cases (74.5%) were forms of idiopathic urticaria. Urticaria was induced by physical factors in 19.6% of patients. Open challenge tests revealed that 3 patients were allergic to food additives (glutamate 2, glutamate, and sulfite 1). In this study, most of the patients reported good response after medication of 1st- or 2nd-generation antihistamines alone. Follow-up at 6 months revealed that 70.6% of patients had experienced remission, and 84.8% of children who had follow-up at 1 year presented remission. Conclusion : Chronic urticaria in most patients was idiopathic. Remission occurred within 1 year of diagnosis, in most cases so chronic urticaria in children seems to have good prognosis.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.174-180
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• 2015

There are currently many research papers on the knowledge, perceptions and actions of radiation-related staff, but hardly any papers on radiation major students in college who are to be staff members of radiation related jobs in the future. It is of course important to understand the perceptions of staff working on the lines and change their knowledge and perceptions, but in the long term it seems more efficient to understand those who are in the stage of being educated to be staff members-their knowledge and perception of radiation so that ultimately they can attain the right kind of understanding. Therefore the aim of this study is to grasp the pre-radiation staff's basic concept of radiation and space dose, their understanding of radiation safety based on this, and whether there is a change in their perception before and after the space dose measurement experiment; in the end this is to see if the space dose measurement experiment is effective in changing perception on radiation safety. This study took as its subject 64 students majoring radiation in college, I.e. pre-radiation staff members, and gauged their basic conceptualization of radiation, understanding of space dose, and understanding of radiation safety; in the X-ray room within the department the students were asked to measure space dose for themselves, so as to see whether there was a change in their understanding of radiation safety before and after the experiment, according to their understanding of the basic concept of radiation and of space dose. As a result of the space dose measurement experiment, students' increased basic knowledge of concept of radiation and understanding of the dangers of space dose were noteworthy, and accordingly their understanding of radiation safety became stricter and more conservative. In spite of this, their work ethic stayed in the lead of their understanding of radiation safety; this implies the need of a more departmentalized safety education program. Therefore instead of safety education that simply uses visual-audial material in a kind of lecture, I suggest here that there be a more experiential safety education program that enables learners to try out space dose measurement experiments for themselves, a work ethic education that aims for a conventional point of view towards radiation safety as well as a stern attitude.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.177-190
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• 1999

This study has been conducted on the basis of the literature review of Nursing Education Research in China from 1990 through August 1998. Its purpose was to support the basic data of nursing education which is risen as major revolutionary of nursing in China and those for exchange of information between Korea-China nursing education. It is retrospective and descriptive research analyzing one hundred eighty articles published in The Journal of China Nursing. The results of the study were as follows. 1. Only 33.3% of the professors of Technical Nursing School who have played of major role of nursing education in China have carried out the study related to nursing education. Baccalaureate program professors have marked 22.2% of all studies, and diploma program professors have done 12.2% of all. Therefore, the professors of above the diploma program have done total 44.4%. It explains that the professors of baccalaureate and diploma programs have done more studies related to nursing education than those of Technical Nursing School. 2. In terms of the study design, most of the studies(38.8%) were case studies introducing the curriculum contents that were done at education institutions. And then, 28.5% were reviewing the articles, and 15.6% were descriptive studies. 3. In terms of the content of the study, 38.3% were relevant to education of Technical Nursing School, 15.0% were about baccalaureate education, and 10.4% is about diploma. 4. To analyze the specific contents of the studies ; a. In baccalaureate program, human resources (professor or teaching), course extension, lab, classes, teaching method, education philosophy, goal of education, evaluation method, and human resource development were included. b. In diploma program, teaching contents evaluation method, teaching method, and educational system were included c. In the technical school, there were qualification of professors , teaching method, evaluation method, opening the courses, teaching contents, goal of education and so on. d. Beyond these, there were practice guidance and appraisement, teaching method, and opening new courses which were not specially indicated as educational curriculum and score management as continuing education. What is above tell us that the study regarding development of university system has been progressed actively and widely. It has been for the effort of revolution which based on the China government force to reform of nursing education process during last 10 years. On the base of the result, we suggest the following questions and the alternatives. 1) Since most articles are case studies related to teaching methods and the others doesn't propose the research method. the study which is applied more exact research method is needed. 2) No study is regarding social change and health policy. Because University program, founded in 1983 is on the beginning point, the research about curriculum have to be taken as a top priority as well as to reflect social needs which are based on social changes and national health policy 3) Only one review article study tells nursing Human resource. To appear in large numbers in nursing manpower, avoid the present hospital nurses training system. Then, the study for manpower development which is able to accomplish in many fields has to be advanced. 4) Most studies did not have literature review processes, so it was impossible for researcher to know the past study tendency and there is no relation among studies as to same subject, the education about research method is needed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2005

Purpose: Eosinophilic colitis is a disease characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral eosinophilia, eosinophilic infiltration of the colonic wall. The etiology and pathogenesis of this disease is not clear and it is considered to be idiopathic. This study aimed to ascertain the clinical features, treatment and prognosis of eosinophilic colitis in early infancy. Methods: We reviewed 6 infants retrospectively, presented with bloody stool in early infancy, who were diagnosed with eosinophilic colitis in Pusan National University Hospital between August 2002 and February 2004. Results: Five males and one female were included. The mean age when bloody stool was identified was $79.2{\pm}56.1$ days (10~145 days). All but one infant with atopic dermatitis did not have other allergic diseases. Nobody had a family history of allergic disease. No specific dietary history in infants and their mothers related to food allergy was identified. Peripheral eosinophilia (total WBC count $11,763{\pm}3,498/mm^3$, eosinophils $17.0{\pm}4.3%$, absolute eosinophil count $2,044{\pm}996/mm^3$) was observed in all infants. Colonoscopy in six infants revealed diffuse erythema, congestion and granulation pattern of mucosa in the rectosigmoid colon. Histopathologic findings of colononic biopsies showed chronic inflammation with severe eosinophilic infiltration in the mucosa. Two infants were treated with hydrolyzed casein-based formula and four infants with prednisolone. Gastrointestinal symptoms and peripheral eosinophilia resolved completely with prednisolone and partially with a hydrolyzed casein-based formula. Relapse was not observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that there is no evidence of a definite relationship between eosinophilic colitis and food-allergic disorders. Clinical course and prognosis of infantile form of eosinophilic colitis is very favorable and treatment with prednisone was effective.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.2 s.22
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• pp.312-321
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• 1987

To investigate the maternal and child factors associated with early detection of cerebral palsy, 74 mothers of cerebral palsy children who were born since January 1, 1980 and being treated at Taegu Rehabilitation Center for the Handicapped, Rehabilitiation Center of Taegu University, St. Paul Children's House and Pusan Welfare Association of Cerebral Palsy Children were interviewed from February to April 1987. There is no association between age of child when parents noticed the child's abnormality and educational level of father but it tend to be detected earlier when education level of mother is college or above compared with high school or under. There is a trend of earlier detection of child's abnormality although statistically not significant in case father is professional or managerial worker, monthly income of father is over \610,000, child is first-born, age of the parents is 34 years or under, child is a boy, and child has periodic well-baby check-up. The child's abnormality is detected earlier when mothers had 7 prenatal visits or more compared with those who had 6 visits or less (p<0.05). Parents noticed the child's abnormality first in 85.1% of the cases whereas doctors detected it first in 2.7% and this percentage was not different whether the child had periodic well-baby check-up or not. The first physician's diagnosis of the children was cerebral palsy in 36.5% and the rest was normal, need for observation, uncertain, etc. Parents took the child to doctor for diagnosis 2-3 months after they noticed the child's abnormality and after the child was diagnosed as cerebral palsy parents either took no therapeutic measure or brought the child to physiotherapy or acupuncture or gave herb medicine before they started specific rehabilitative therapy. For early detection of the cerebral palsy children, teaching of evaluation method for child development should be reinforced both in medical school and clinical training course and should train the specialist for diagnosis and treatment of crippling conditions. Also, public education is needed for the importance of early detection of crippling conditions and currently available methods for diagnosis and treatment.