• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.206-219
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• 2019

This paper aims to demonstrate current health expenditure (CHE) and National Health Accounts of the years 2018 constructed according to the SHA2011, which is a manual for System of Health Accounts (SHA) that was published jointly by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Eurostat, and World Health Organization in 2011. Comparison is made with international trends by collecting and analyzing health accounts of OECD member countries. Particularly, scale and trends of the total CHE financing as well as public-private mix are parsed in depth. In the case of private financing, estimation of total expenditures for (revenues by) provider groups (HP) is made from both survey on the benefit coverage rate of National Health Insurance (by National Health Insurance Service) and Economic Census and Service Industry Census (by National Statistical Office); and other pieces of information from Korean Health Panel Study, etc. are supplementarily used to allocate those totals into functional classifications. CHE was 144.4 trillion won in 2018, which accounts for 8.1% of Korea's gross domestic product (GDP). It was a big increase of 12.8 trillion won, or 9.7%, from the previous year. GDP share of Korean CHE has already been close to the average of OECD member countries. Government and compulsory schemes' share (or public share), 59.8% of the CHE in 2018, is much lower than the OECD average of 73.6%. 'Transfers from government domestic revenue' share of total revenue of health financing was 16.9% in Korea, lower than the other social insurance countries. When it comes to 'compulsory contributory health financing schemes,' 'transfers from government domestic revenue' share of 13.5% was again much lower compared to Japan (43.0%) and Belgium (30.1%) with social insurance scheme.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2021

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) practitioners play a very pivotal role in establishing EIA policies, and when implementing EIA environmental conflicts can be prevented and resolved by sharing information with stakeholders and coordinating opinions. For this reason, grasping the perceptions of stakeholders including practitioners about the overall system, such as EIA policies and implementation, can be helpful in setting improvement directions and policy directions for EIA. However, there is an insufficient information on the perception and understanding of stakeholders about the EIA system and operation currently in effect in Korea. Therefore, this study diagnoses operational and procedural problems for the EIA system, which is a decision-making tool and a precautionary technique that can minimize adverse effects through the environmental information analysis method, and improvement points and systems of the EIA system in the future. We tried to find a complement of an online survey of 37 questions,responses from 95 responses from stakeholders of EIA were summarized. Stakeholders were aware of the problems of the operation of the current system and the preparation of the evaluation form, and this was reflected. Period and cost of preparation of EIS (49%), the introduction of a new method (26%) and the items of collecting opinions and conflict management (41%), which showed high negative response rates (dissatisfied and very dissatisfied), are considered to be areas that we need to supplement further in the future. As society develops rapidly, the system needs to be supplemented accordingly, and policy improvement efforts are needed for items with high negative responses as a result of the survey.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.377-388
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• 2022

Metaverse, realistic virtual space technology has become a hot topic. However, due to the lack of an institutional system to the metaverse environment, concerns are rising over the leakage of industrial confidentiality, including digital assets produced, stored, processed, and transferred within the metaverse. Digital forensics, a technology to defend against hacking attacks in cyberspace, cannot be used in metaverse space, and there is no basis for calculating the extent of damage and tracking responsibility, making it difficult to respond to human resources leakage and cyberhacking effectively. In this paper, we define the scope of industrial confidentiality information and leakage scenario and propose policy and institutional measures based on problems in each metaverse scenario. As a result of the study, it was necessary to prepare a standardized law on Extra-territorial search and seizure issues and a system for collecting cryptocurrency evidence to respond to industrial confidentiality leaks in the metaverse. The study expects to contribute to industrial technology development by preparing in advance for problems that may arise in metaverse technology.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.153-172
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• 2022

Online shopping has transformed and rapidly grown the entire market at the forefront of wholesale and retail services as an effective solution to issues such as digital transformation and social distancing policy (COVID-19 pandemic). Small business owners, who form the majority at the center of the online shopping industry, are constantly collecting policy changes and market trend information to overcome these problems and use them for marketing and other sales activities in order to overcome these problems and continue to grow. Objective and refined information that is more closely related to the business is also needed. Therefore, in this paper, through the collection and analysis of big data information, which is the core technology of digital transformation, key variables are set in product classification, sales trends, consumer preferences, and review information of online shopping malls, and a method of using them for competitor comparison analysis and business sustainability evaluation has been prepared and we would like to propose it as a service. If small and medium-sized businesses can benchmark competitors or excellent businesses based on big data and identify market trends and consumer tendencies, they will clearly recognize their level and position in business and voluntarily strive to secure higher competitiveness. In addition, if the sustainable growth of the online shopping mall operator can be confirmed as an indicator, more efficient policy establishment and risk management can be expected because it has an improved measurement method.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.35
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• pp.7-36
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• 2013

Collecting international terrorism database is a challenging task not only for criminal justice personnel but also for criminologists in comparison to the case of common types of crime database. Yet, there has been growing interests and efforts in establishing a comprehensive terrorist events data base in the world. This current study has a goal to introduce an example world terrorism database case developed by START center in the United States. The START center developed the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) on the basis of by the Pinkerton Global Intelligence Service data (PGIS) originally collected by the Pinkerton. Furthermore, The START expended the GTD by collecting data from open source terrorist event data via internet and other resources. In this study, specifically, it describes the development and the nature of the GTD in general and the data collection efforts made by the STATA until today. Finally, this study provides a sketchy of the nature of the GTD data by showing the descriptive statistical analyses and time-series analyses result illustrating distribution of the world terrorism events. The limitation, policy implications and contribution of this study discussed in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2010

Citizen participation in local redevelopment has recently been regarded as essential, since progress in democracy and diversified public interests have contributed to more importance being placed on citizen participation in the implementation of public policies. While the importance of resident participation has been increasingly emphasized in principle, in reality more effort is still required in its application. We need to develop practical strategies of collecting community opinion in order to reflect it in public policy, if we are to achieve a resident and citizen-centered society. The purpose of this study is to develop an image map construction tool that can be applied to the "Maul-Mandulgi" projects as a visualized method to facilitate the exchange of opinions and work toward agreements. The tool is intended to assist public discussion by visualizing policies and plans and reducing the possibility of misunderstanding, so that residents can properly respond to the plans. Second, this study will verify the effectiveness of the tool in the application to local community workshops. The main research method is participant observation method and field study. Major findings are as follows, First, every resident who had participated in previous workshops gathered together, used the tool and represented their opinions unusually more than once. Each resident tried to make sure that other participants appropriately understood his or her opinion. The workshop finished when all participants agreed and produced a consensus. The workshop took much less time, which is in stark contrast to previous workshops in which it took significantly more time to collect opinions. Second, it proved that residents in the redevelopment area can strike a broad agreement by themselves on a method and direction for residential improvement. In previous workshops, conflicts between residents developed over the choice between the two methods, of local improvement and total demolition prior to multi-housing construction. In this study, opinions of residents were not limited to the two methods by finding a winwin solution. Third, the use of the tool kit for image map became efficient for inactive residents to develop their own opinions in regard to the direction and orientations of the residential improvement process. In addition, for those who have either no or a slight understanding of the residential improvement projects, the tool can provide access to information and knowledge. This study concludes that the developed tool for imaging of the redevelopment projection like a design game, rather than using forms of text and speech, can be a useful tool in collecting opinions and forming an agreed opinion for forthcoming residential improvement plans.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.567-588
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• 2019

This study is a follow-up to Lee(2019). Lee(2019) investigated the method of collecting information on the curriculum of elementary and middle school math teachers, when differences were observed between elementary and middle school math teachers in the method of collecting information on the curriculum. Following Lee(2019)'s study, this study looked at the perceptions and experiences of high school math teachers in their curriculum.At the time when the curriculum was changed from time to time, the authority for restructuring curriculum was strengthened. In addition, the role of teachers as 'curriculum restructuring practitioners' became important. However, previous studies have pointed out the structural problem that teachers empathize with the necessity of restructuring the curriculum and have a negative perception of the willingness to practice the curriculum. Therefore, the researcher examined high school teachers who are sensitive to the characteristics and evaluation of the highly hierarchical mathematics subjects. A total of six interviews were conducted with ten high school mathematics teachers in three groups of ten years of teaching experience. Through this, it was possible to observe how teachers as curriculum reconstruction practitioners had thought about curriculum restructuring, and I could observe what difficulties teachers' experienced. This suggests that teachers have two ideas for restructuring the curriculum: 'realistic curriculum reconstruction' and 'ideal curriculum reconstruction'. In addition, the teachers found that there are 'sides of incongruity in the school system' and 'difficulties in the management of teachers'.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.367-376
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• 2022

In traditional criminal cases, there is a limit to information collection because information on the subject of investigation is provided only with personal information held by the national organization of legal. Surface web-based OSINT(Open Source Intelligence), including SNS and portal sites that can be searched by general search engines, can be used for meaningful profiling for criminal investigations. The Korean-style OSINT workflow can effectively profile based on OSINT, but in the case of individuals, OSINT that can be collected is limited because it begins with "name", and the reliability is limited, such as collecting information of the persons with the same name. In order to overcome these limitations, this paper defines information related to individuals, i.e., equivalent information, and enables efficient and accurate information collection based on this. Therefore, we present an improved workflow that can extract information related to a specific person, ie., equivalent information, from OSINT. For this purpose, different workflows are presented according to the person's profile. Through this, effective profiling of a person (individuals) is possible, thereby increasing reliability in collecting investigation information. According to this study, in the future, by developing a system that can automate the analysis process of information collected using artificial intelligence technology, it can lay the foundation for the use of OSINT in criminal investigations and contribute to diversification of investigation methods.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

The unprecedented pandemic of infectious diseases called COVID-19 has dampened human and material movement, and changes in the global economic structure have caused various economic and industrial problems such as worsening employment along with the domestic and international economic recession. In this crisis situation, the government announced the "New Deal" as a new card to enhance economic vitality following the "emergency disaster support fund." This means that the first business of the Digital New Deal, the beginning and core of the New Deal, begins digital transformation from collecting data, which is the "rice" of digital transformation to the data dam. Until now, not only the government but also local governments have established and operated platforms for collecting and sharing public data by establishing various data portals. It is evaluated that it lacks utilization for commercialization as not only the government but also local governments focus only on building the platform without considering the business model when building the initial public data platforms. In particular, in the case of regions, there is a lack of public data to be used for data business, so it is necessary to utilize data from public institutions in the region. In this study, various data collection, data quality improvement, and data utilization improvement were suggested as measures to solve these problems.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.358-375
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• 2015

The purposes of this study were to investigate the value, necessity and legitimacy of STEAM Education and to propose practical approaching methods for STEAM Education to be applicable in Korea through a variety of literature review, case studies and collecting suggestions from domestic and international educational experts. The research questions are as follows: (1) To investigate the perception, understanding and recognitions of domestic and foreign professionals in STEAM education. (2) To analyze policy implications for an improvement in STEAM. The following aspects of STEAM were found to be challenges in our current STEAM policy after analyzing multiple questionnaires with the professionals and case studies including their experiences, understanding, supports and directions of the policy from the governments. The results indicate that (1) there was a lack of precise and conceptual understanding of STEAM in respect to experience. Training sessions for teachers in this field to help transform their perception is necessary. Development of practical programs with an easy access is also required. It is important to get the aims of related educational activities recognized by the professionals and established standards for an evaluation. The experts perceived that a theme-based learning is the most preferred and effective approaching method and the programs that develop creative thinking and learning applicable to practice are required to promote. (2) The results indicate that there was a lack of programs and inducements for supporting outstanding STEAM educators. It is shown that making an appropriate environment for STEAM education takes the first priority before training numbers of teachers unilaterally, thus securing enough budget seems critical. The professionals also emphasize on developing specialized teaching materials that include diverse inter-related subjects such as science technology, engineering, arts and humanities and social science with diverse viewpoints and advanced technology. This work requires a STEAM network for teachers to link up and share their materials, documents and experiences. It is necessary to get corporations, universities, and research centers participated in the network. (3) With respect to direction, it is necessary to propose policy that makes STEAM education ordinary and more practical in the present education system. The professionals have recommended training sessions that help develop creative thinking and amalgamative problem-solving techniques. They require reducing the workload of teachers and changing teachers' perspectives towards STEAM. They further urge a tight cooperation between departments of the government related with STEAM.