• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.423-429
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• 2021

The ovipositional characteristics of the endangered species Prosopocoilus astacoides blanchardi was investigated for indoor mass-rearing. This insect required 3 weeks or more for mating after emergence when introduced at the 1:1 ratio of male to female. Among temperatures studied at 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32℃, the pre-ovipositional period of P. astacoides blanchardi was longest at 16℃ with an average of 109 days after emergence, while it was shortest at 32℃ with an average of 59.4 days. The number of eggs laid at 24℃ was highest with an average of 40.6 per female. The average lifespan of adults at 16℃ was 208.8 days for males and 263.9 days for females, while at 32℃ 96.1 days for males and 130.3 days for females. The number of laid eggs was dependent on insect rearing chamber size. The oviposition-trees did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the number of laid eggs and ovipositional period. The results of this study could be used as rearing data for the restoration and mass propagation of the endangered species P. astacoides blanchardi.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 2018

This study investigated the developmental and ovipositional characteristics of Protaetia brevitarsis individuals that were fed with fermented mulberry sawdust. The developmental periods of larvae were 164.0, 73.3, and 64.8 days at 25, 28, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The maximum larval weight was 2.94 g at $25^{\circ}C$, and the weight of larvae decreased as temperature increased. The average weight of female adults were 0.94, 0.51, and 0.54 g at 25, 28, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The weight of male adults was higher than that of females. The addition of 10% or 30% wheat bran to the fermented mulberry sawdust increased larval weight. It was possible to sell larvae from 75 days after mass rearing, when the cumulative rate of larvae that were heavier than 2.5 g was approximately 75%. The average number of eggs per female was 83.2 at $25^{\circ}C$, and this was the highest in the 5th week. Most of the eggs (73%) were oviposited between 3 and 8 weeks after adults emergence.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.374-379
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• 2020

The white-spotted flower chafer (Protaetia brevitarsis) larva is one of the insects widely-used for edible and medicinal purposes in Eastern Asia. As a result of increasing demand for P. brevitarsis, massrearing systems in domestic farms have become necessary. However, the mass-rearing of larvae under confined rearing conditions could provide conditions unsuitable for preventing entomopathogenic diseases. Metarhizium anisopliae is the strongest fatal entomopathogenic fungus against P. brevitarsis. For inhibition of M. anisopliae, we used a Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract that has antifungal components. We investigated the inhibitory effect of the R. verniciflua extract at 1%, 5%, and 10% concentrations. The results showed that a 1% R. verniciflua extract added to sawdust produced a significantly low P. brevitarsis mortality rate. Moreover, extract-treated groups were heavier and had a shorter larval period than those of the untreated group. Consequently, we suggest that using an R. verniciflua extract can reduce the P. brevitarsis fatality rate from entomopathogenic fungi (e.g. M. anisopliae), resulting in more effective mass-rearing systems for P. brevitarsis.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2019

Pollination is an important ecosystem service involved in plant breeding and reproduction. This study analyzed the pollination network, which is the interaction between flowering plants and flower-visiting insects in the agricultural landscape. Flower-visiting insects from blossoms of flowering crops and surrounding plants were quantitatively surveyed during summer time. The pollinator species and abundance on each flowering plant were analyzed. A total of 2,381 interactions were indentified with 154 pollinators on 30 species of plants. Species richness of the pollinators was highest in Coleoptera (34%) followed by Hymenoptera (28%), Diptera (28%) and Lepidoptera (10%). Apis mellifera dominated (50%) followed by Calliphora vomitoria (5.3%) and Xylocopa appendiculata among pollinators, and remaining wild pollinators provided complex interaction. Among plants, Platycodon grandiflorum, Perilla frutescen and Fagopyrum esculentum harbored most pollinators and showed highest interaction frequencies. In the modular analysis, Apis mellifera was located as a hub-species which connect the interaction of others, implying most important role in the network. This results provide the basic information on the pollinator species associated with each crop and pollinator habitat in which plant provide the nectar, pollen and habitat resources for wild pollinators.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.539-559
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• 2021

Agricultural ecosystem biodiversity monitoring and community variation analysis of insects were conducted from 2016 to 2018 in selected conventional and organic farming fields in Goesan district, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea. The total number of 1,125 species in 16 orders and 207 families were identified. The numbers of species collected in the locations practicing organic farming were greater than the conventional farming both in the paddy fields (564 vs. 383 species) and the upland fields (471 vs. 365 species). Among them, Hemiptera had the most abundant of species, followed by Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Araneae. We calculated various index values of biodiversity (diversity index H', richness index R, evenness index J', dominance index D, and similarity index QS) based on quantitative measurements of species and individuals collected over three years of field monitoring. Variations in biodiversity index values in different agricultural systems show that the positive effect of organic farming is to produce more biodiversity than conventional farming systems. When compared to other index results reported in Korea, Japan and China, the richness index was higher and other index values were at similar levels.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.385-394
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• 2008

Larvae of Monochamus saltuarius showed normal growth and development on conifers of Pinus koraiensis, P. densiflora, Abies holophylla, Larix leptolepsis, P. bungeana, and P. rigida, respectively, but the conifers influenced significantly the body weight and the survival rate of larvae. Though the larval body weights were in a wide spectrum among treatments, growth curves of them were very similar from each other, showing continuous increase from the early larval stage to about 3 months old. The body weight was decreased slightly after the feeding period of the early 3 months. The size of larvae and adults became the largest from P. bungeana fed larvae. The mid-sized ones were from P. koraiensis, P. densiflora and A. holophylla. Small ones came from L. leptolepsis and P. rigida. The larval growth was retarded without water supply. Overall survival rates from the early stage of a larva to a fertile adult were 53.6% from P. koraiensis; 51.8%, P. densiflora; 34.7%, A. holophylla; 17.8%, P. bungeana; 16.7%, L. leptolepsis; and 12.3%, P. rigida. Adults from larvae fed the 6 species of conifers, respectively, were grown into the reproductively potent adults, which laid viable eggs. A few of overwintered larvae did not pupate and remained still as a larva until the late October of the year. Data from the field survey, the head width emerged from P. koraiensis was larger than that of L. leptolepsis. The adult emergence hole in P. koraiensis was larger also. While, the size of the emergence hole was larger in the artificially innoculated log of P. koraiensis, which was kept for a larva to be with a minimized food competition and sufficient water supply, than that of the field.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.804-812
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• 2020

The giant mealworm beetle, Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) has been used as a protein source for small pets and mammals. Recently, it was temporarily registered in the list of the Food Code. We previously performed an in silico analysis of the Zophobas atratus transcriptome to identify putative antimicrobial peptides and identified several antimicrobial peptide candidates. Among them, we assessed the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of zophobacin 1 that was selected bio-informatically based on its physicochemical properties against microorganisms and mouse macrophage Raw264.7 cells. Zophobacin 1 showed antimicrobial activities against microorganisms without inducing hemolysis and decreased the nitric oxide production of the lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells. Moreover, ELISA and Western blot analysis revealed that zophobacin 1 reduced expression levels of pro-inflammatory enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). We also investigated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β) production through quantitative real time-PCR and ELISA. Zophobacin 1 markedly reduced the expression level of cytokines through the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. We confirmed that zophobacin 1 bound to bacterial cell membranes via a specific interaction with lipopolysaccharides. These data suggest that zophobacin 1 could be promising molecules for development as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.648-657
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• 2008

This research was conducted to investigate the breeding density and seasonal food items of the magpies in Jeju Island and the near-manned islets. The examination of nest distribution to determine breeding density was performed during breeding season from February 2006 to April 2008, and that of food items from May 2006 to February 2008. A total of 2,113 nests were found across Jeju Island, the average density was $1.33\;nest/km^2$, and the magpies were distributed up to 600 meters above the sea level. The nest density was the highest in the central areas of Jeju Island, with 688 nests at $3.61\;nest/km^2$, while that in the eastern areas was the lowest, with 214 nests at $0.66\;nest/km^2$. In terms of the number of nests depending on the height above the sea level, 1,172 nests, which was equivalent to the density of $1.85\;nest/km^2$, was observed below 100m and highest among the intervals of height, but 16 nests found at 500-600m were the lowest, corresponding to $0.20\;nest/km^2$. The number of nests found in the manned islets near Jeju Island was eight in Biyang-do with the density of $15.38\;nest/km^2$, nine in U-do with $1.49\;nest/km^2$, and one in Gapa-do with $1.15\;nest/km^2$, whereas none of nests were observed in Mara-do. The contents of stomach consisted of 17 types of prey sources including countless bones, eggshells, plants, and seed, most of which were the individuals of the order Coleoptera. In spring and summer, the foraging frequency for invertebrate animals such as insects was high, but less than 30% in winter. In contrast, the magpies preyed upon plants and seeds at the frequency of 10% and 30%, respectively, in spring, while the foraging frequencies for both of them were 100% in winter and higher than any of other seasons. Eggshells and bones of birds were also detected infrequently. If the density of the magpies, which may play role as the upper predator within the ecosystem, increases, it would be expected to affect directly the reduction of the number of the species and population of endemic animals such as small birds and reptiles, etc. Therefore, it is considered that long-term monitoring for the density of the magpies and precaution is prerequisite to minimize adverse effects on ecosystem.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2003

Effects of temperature on the development and reproduction of the Luciola lateralis were investigated at various temperatures. The development time of eggs, larvae, and pupae were shorter at higher temperatures than at lower ones. The insect did not develop at 10$^{\circ}C$ and 35$^{\circ}C$. The hatchability was 61.5% at 15$^{\circ}C$, 73.9% at 20$^{\circ}C$, 93.3% at 23$^{\circ}C$, 91.8% at 25$^{\circ}C$, 74.0% at 27$^{\circ}C$, and 46.0% at 30$^{\circ}C$, indicating the best hatchability rate at the temperature condition of 23 DC. Larval periods were 341.5:t 23.2 days at 15$^{\circ}C$, 265.5${\pm}$17.5 days at 20$^{\circ}C$, and 250.9${\pm}$11.7 days at 25$^{\circ}C$. Pupal periods were 94.7${\pm}$11.5 days at 15$^{\circ}C$, 41.7${\pm}$9.1 days at 20$^{\circ}C$, and 18.5${\pm}$7A days at 25$^{\circ}C$. Emergence rate was 23.3, 89.3 and 80.7%, respectively at the above temperatures. Adult longevity of female was 18.0 days at 15$^{\circ}C$, 2004 days at 20$^{\circ}C$, 10.7 days at 25$^{\circ}C$, and 5.8 days at 30$^{\circ}C$. Mean fecundity per female was higher at 20$^{\circ}C$ compared with at other temperatures. The developmental zero point temperatures (1) and the total effect temperatures (I<) of egg, larva, pupa, and complete development were 10.6, 14.0, and l3.1$^{\circ}C$ and 214.8, 1,564.8, and 229.2 degree-days, respectively. Mean generation time in days (T) was shorter at higher temperature. Net reproductive rate per generation (Ra) was the lowest at the highest temperature as well as at the lowest, and it was 177.19 which was the highest at 23$^{\circ}C$. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r$\sub$m/) was highest at 27$^{\circ}C$ as 0.019. As a result, optimum range of temperature for L. lateralis growth was between 20-25$^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2000

In a previous report, 50 potato cultivars were screened for infestation levels by the coppery click beetle (Selatosomus puncticollis Motschulsky) in the field. Subsequently, we selected 10 potato cultivars (Anco, Atlantic, Bintje, Dejima, Denali, Jopung, Irish Cobbler, Namsuh, Shepody, and Superior) to evaluate feeding preferences by wireworms, and to analyze some factors associated with resistance. The injury rates and number of holes in potato tubers damaged by larvae of S. puncticollis were checked in the field and laboratory. Additionally, some of their chemical characters (contents of glycoalkaloids, total-nitrogen, Ca, K, Mg, sugars, and starch) were quantified. And finally correlation analysis was conducted to see whether there is a possible relationship between these characteristics and the damage level. The tuber injury rates by S. puncticollis larvae were generally high showing 19% to 73% of damage level. The highest number of tuber hole damaged by S. puncticollis larvae was found on cv. Namsuh, but generally fewer on cvs. Anco, Atlantic, Bintje, Denali and Superior. No activities for $\alpha$-chaconine, $\alpha$-solanine and $\alpha$-tomatine at a concentration of 2,500 ppm were found to S. puncticollis larvae. The contents of glycoalkaloids in tuber were different depending on cultivars. In tubers, cv. Superior contained the highest level of 18.8 mg%, but cv. Irish Cobbler had the lowest level of 6.39 mg%. Concentrations of reducing sugars and total free sugars in tubers of cv. Namsuh were 0.71 % and 2.95%, but 0.26% and 1.77% in those of cv. Dejima, respectively. For the content of potato starch, cvs. Bintje, Dejima and Irish Cobbler showed higher level, but cvs. Jopung and Shepody lower. The highest contents of total nitrogen, Ca, K and Mg in tuber were found on cvs. Anco, Atlantic, Anco and Jopung, respectively. From correlation analyses, injury rate by S. puncticollis larvae was correlated with total nitrogen content (r = -0.71435*) and total sugar content in tuber (r = 0.78018*). Such information will become essential in developing integrated pest management programs and also in breeding new potato cultivars resistant to the wireworms.