• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1-40
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• 2017

This study aims to examine the electricity/energy regime of Thailand, the largest energy-hungry country in the Mekong region. This study examined how the electricity/energy regime of Thailand has been shaped and changed up to the present, not only at the national level but also at the sub-regional level covering the Mekong region. Meanwhile, according to the Paris Agreement in 2015, which will get in to effect from 2020, developing countries as well as developed countries have been given voluntary responsibilities and reduction obligations in response to global climate change. Under the post 2020 Climate Change Regime, Thailand also needs to revise its existing electricity/energy policy. We reviewed the recent energy policy of Thailand and evaluated the possibility of transition to a sustainable energy system based on Energy Trilemma's analysis framework. And we examined the roles and impacts of the Thai civil society on the national power and energy planning as well as in the future climate change policy. As a result of the analysis, it can be seen that Thailand's electricity/energy regime has grown rapidly through the support of the West countries under the Cold War era. In particular, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand(EGAT) played the key role in Thailand's energy policy. In addition, Thailand's geopolitical location and relatively high economic level compared to neighboring countries will continue to be of importance in the future construction of power grids in the region. Meanwhile, in the frame of Energy Trilemma, Thailand has still been vulnerable to environmental sustainability. Thai NGOs have resisted to as well as collaborated with the government to influence the existing electricity/energy policy in the various dimensions but their influence has weakened considerably since the coup in 2014. In conclusion, this study suggests to cooperate with government as well as civil society for sustainable energy transformation of Thailand and Mekong region.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.281-290
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• 2008

In plant, Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are protein family, though its function is not yet understood, consisted of a predicted signal sequence, single transmembrane region, and cytoplasmic kinase domain. RLKs are involved in hormonal response pathways, cell differentiation, plant growth and development, self-incompatibility, and symbiont and pathogen recognition. In this study, expression levels of RLG1, RLG5, RLG6, RLG#6, RLG8, RLG10, RLG17, RLG18 and RLG20 were analyzed by Real-time PCR, when rice (Oryzae sativa) was treated abiotic stress. The expression levels of all RLGs were compared each other by analyzed value of threshold cycles ($C_T$). Consequently, RLGs were suppressed by NaCl as salinity stress, and expression of each RLK genes were showed difference treated salicylic acid and wound, respectively. However, All RLGs were induced under low temperature condition. Therefore, our results indicate protection-function of RLK genes to be an early response of rice against cold weather.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 1995

This study was conducted to clarify not only the phytogeographical distribution but also species characteristics of Korean-native Anacardiaceae. 6 species of I genus were ascertained from herbarium specimens and field survey of natural population. Rhus verniciflua have been mainly cultivated in Wonju region, Kangwon-do and Hamyang region, Kyeongsangnam-do, could be cultivated in all parts of Korea, especially more in cold area. R. trichocarpa was distributed in all parts except for some far-islands of South in Korea. Petiole was especially reddish. Fruits are matured in June-July, and have stiff trichomes. R. sylvestris was widely distributed in the subtropical-temperate and temperate zone, and mainly distributed in the seashore and islands under 36$^{\circ}$ in Korea. Leaflets and petiole was reddish, and fruits were glabrous. R succedanea was only distributed in Jeju-do and several islands which is subtropical zone in Korea. Leaflets were lanceolate to oblong, characterized by little trichomes. R.chinensis is a ubiquitous tree which is widely distributed in the temperate zone, in Korea, and ranged perpendicularly to 800-900m. Inflorescense was characterized by apical site. Fruit was covered with dense short hairs and sometimes milky latex. R. ambigua was only distributed in subtropical zone, native in Kwang-do and Sangbaek-do, Yeochon-gun, Chunlanam-do in Korea. Especially, this species was a vine, trifoliolate and most poisonous. Leaflets were coriaceous, glabrous, and revolute type.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.37
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• pp.83-108
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• 2013

Since the end of the Cold War and rapid globalization and technical developments, terrorist groups actively involved in criminal activities. Also criminal entrepreneurs became a major financial revenue for these terrorists groups. This newly patternized activities among terrorist groups is now called as Crime-Terror Nexus" indicating the changing nature of terrorism, which means two traditionally separate phenomena, crime and terrorism, became more similar. This new pattern of terrorism is considered to create synergy for the criminal organizations and terrorist groups, scholars believe that it would become a significant threat to the security of world community in the near future. Although the phenomenon of this crime-terror nexus is significant and imminent threats, there is lack of studies investigation this new evolution of terrorism with empirical data. Moreover there is literally no studies exploring factors relevant to the Crime-Terror Nexus. Therefore, this current study aims to conduct explorative investigation of factors affecting the "Crime-Terror Nexus" with a world terrorism data, MAROB(the Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior), which is developed by START and Minority at Risk project and contains information terrorist groups in Middle-East and Africa region. Considering the significance of this new terrorism patterns and the challenging nature of conducting empirical studies on this topic, this study has great contribution on the development in the field of criminal justice as well as terrorism.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2011

Oats are an important crop for forage production with good palatability of livestock. Compared with other winter cereals crops for forage, oats may be widely sowing, autumn (October), spring (early of March) and summer (late of August). The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of sowing dates and varieties on the growth, forage yield and feed quality. Oat were sown in 14 October and 10 March, and harvested 20 days after heading in middle region of Korea. Varieties used were the 3 winter oat cultivars with cold tolerant and 3 cultivars for summer sowing. Heading was delayed about 12 days in spring sowing than in autumn sowing and the difference among varieties was 8 days. The rate of spike and leaf above aerial parts reduced and the rate of culm increased in spring sowing than in autumn. The variety 'Donghan' was higher the rate of spike and lower the rate of culm than that of other varieties. In spring sowing than in autumn, acid detergent fiber (ADF) content was higher, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and digestible dry matter (DDM) content was lower. In DDM content surveyed on 20 days after heading, 'Donghan' was higher in autumn sowing and 'Samhan' in spring sowing than that of other varieties. The oat variety 'Samhan', 'Donghan' and 'Chohan' were higher fresh yield in autumn than in spring, but similar dry matter yield. The variety 'Swan', 'Darkhorse' and 'Hispeed' were higher fresh and dry matter yield in spring than in autumn. The variety 'Donghan' can supplement high quality forage production in middle region at October and March because of the high-tillering and rate of spike per aerial part.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-61
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• 1985

The purse-seine fishery is very important in the coastal fishery of Korea and the main fish species of this fishery are mackerals and also the main fishing grounds are Tushima Current region, To investigate the relationship between the fishing grounds of mackerels and oceanographic condition, the distribution of mean catches of mackerals of each size (1974~1982) was firstly examined and the oceanographic observation carried out in eastern and western area of Cheju island, being main fishing grounds, in July and October, 1983. The results are as follows: The main fishing grounds of mackerals were also in the Tsushima Current region in southern sea of Korea and the season of the good catches are in May and September to October. The small and medium size of mackerals of which the body lengths are 27 cm to 31 cm, about 2-3 ages, occupied about 90% but the smaller size mackerals of which body lenth is 22 cm (1 age)were about 40 to 70% in February to March. The locations of seasonal fishing grounds could founded by 15$^{\circ}C$ isotherm which indicates the Tsushima Current Water. With trace of this isotherm it was founded that the fishing grounds near the Korean Strait than that of south of Cheju island moves faster northward and/or later southward. The main fishing grounds eastward and westward of Cheju island were the front areas formed between the Tsushima Current Water and the southern coastal water of Korea or Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water. And also the distributions of transparences, water colors and the penetration of sun light of this fishing grounds were similar to that of the temperature, the salinity or volume of planktonic organism.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2005

High-speed melt spinning of syndiotactic polystyrene was carried out using high and low molecular weight poly­mers, HM s-PS and LM s-PS, at the throughput rates of 3 and 6 g/min. The effect of take-up velocity on the structure and properties of as-spun fibers was investigated. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns of the as-spun fibers revealed that the orientation-induced crystallization started to occur at the take-up velocities of 2-3 km/min. The crystal modification was a-form. Birefringence of as-spun fibers showed negative value, and the absolute value of birefringence increased with an increase in the take-up velocity. The cold crystallization temperature analyzed through the differential scanning calorimetry (OSC) decreased with an increase in the take-up velocity in the low speed region, whereas as the melting temperature increased after the on-set of orientation-induced crystallization. It was found that the fiber structure development proceeded from lower take-up velocities when the spinning conditions of higher molecular weight and lower throughput rate were adopted. The highest tensile modulus of 6.5 GPa was obtained for the fibers prepared at the spinning conditions of LM s-PS, 6 g/min and 5 km/min, whereas the highest tensile strength of 160 MPa was obtained for the HM s-PS fibers at the take-up velocity of 2 km/min. Elongation at break of as-spun fibers showed an abrupt increase, which was regarded as the brittle-duc­tile transition, in the low speed region, and subsequently decreased with an increase in the take-up velocity. There was a uni­versal relation between the thermal and mechanical properties of as-spun fibers and the birefringence of as-spun fibers when the fibers were still amorphous. The orientation-induced crystallization was found to start when the birefringence reached -0.02. After the starting of the orientation-induced crystallization, thermal and mechanical properties of as-spun fibers with similar level of birefringence varied significantly depending on the processing conditions.

• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.19-33
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• 2016

Water vapor in the atmosphere is an important element that generates various meteorological phenomena and modifies a hydrological cycle. In general, the Yeongdong region has a lot of snow compared to the other regions in winter due to the complex topography and an adjacent East Sea. However, the phase change from water vapor to ice cloud and further snowfall has little been examined in detail. Therefore, in this study, we investigated phase change of liquid water in terms of a quantitative budget as well as time lag of water vapor conversion to snowfall in the ESSAY (Experiment on Snow Storms At Yeongdong) campaign that had been carried out from 2012 to 2015. First, we classified 3 distinctive synoptic patterns such as Low Crossing, Low Passing, and Stagnation. In general, the amount of water vapor of Low Crossing is highest, and Low Passing, Stagnation in order. The snowfall intensity of Stagnation is highest, whereas that of Low Crossing is the lowest, when a sharp increase in water vapor and accordingly a following increase in precipitation are shown with the remarkable time lag. Interestingly, the conversion rate of water vapor to snowfall seems to be higher (about 10%) in case of the Stagnation type in comparison with the other types at Bukgangneung, which appears to be attributable to significant cooling caused by cold surge in the lower atmosphere. Although the snowfall is generally preceded by an increase in water vapor, its amount converted into the snowfall is also controlled by the atmosphere condition such as temperature, super-saturation, etc. These results would be a fundamental resource for an improvement of snowfall forecast in the Yeongdong region and the successful experiment of weather modification in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.713-737
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• 2016

This study is to review research issues on North Korea and unified territory in terms of topics and approach method in Korean human geography. The conclusion of this paper is as follows. Before 1980's, topics on political geography, such as geopolitics or unified land, were the main stream in research. In 1990's with the end of the cold war and the access to material which was published in North Korea, scope of research was widened especially in geography education. After 2000's with the expansion of cooperation between South and North Korea, the scope of topics were more expanded in all field of human geography, for example, critical geopolitic in political geography, Gaeseong Industrial Complex, Najin-Seonbong region in economic geography, place names, Geumgangsan, North Korean defectors in social and cultural geography. The approach method of toward North Korea is fall into two categories. One is regional geography and the other is the unified land. In the latter approach, topics on the regional structure after reunification or on the life adaptation of defectors in South Korea etc. were studied. After unification of land, new Korean Studiea will be established and human geographers should make ready for this. Before unification, research on the land in north Korea should be proceeded in terms of historical geography.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.75-83
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• 2005

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical studies on 254 cases of patient with facial paralysis. Methods: We examined the sex, age, region, month, season, physical condition, attened symptoms, the period before admission, the period of treatment the times of treatment, the point of the recovery Results: 1. The distribution of sex was male 119 cases, female 125 cases(1.032:1). The distribution of age was disclosed that fifty was the most in 53 cases(20.9%) 2. In distribution of the region of facial palsy, the ratio of the male-left was 27.6%(70 cases), female-left was 24.4%(62cases), male-right was 23.2%(59 cases), female-right was 24.8%(63 cases). 3. In distribution of contributing frequence in month, January was the most in number(29 cases, 11.4%), In distribution of contributing number in season winter was the most in number(76 cases, 29.9%). 4. In distribution of physical condition, fatigue(99 cases, 40.0%), stress(66 cases 26.0%), cold exposure(43 cases, 16.9%) were investigated highly than other conditions. 5. In distribution of attended symptoms, stylomastoid pain(91 cases, 35.8%), tears(40 cases 15.7%). taste paralysis(29 cases, 11.4%) were investigated highly than other symptoms. 6. In distribution of the period before admission in descending order the first under the third day was the most number in 92 cases(62.2%), over two weeks 22 cases(14.9%) 7. In distribution of the period of treatment, over eight weeks was the most number in 91 cases(35.8%), under a week in 50 cases(19.7%). In distribution of the times of treatment under five times was the most number in 56 cases(14.2%). 8. In distribution of the point of the recovery, under two weeks was the most number in 77 cases(52%).