• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development of pain behavior and the expression of CCL2/CCR2 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 at above and below the level of hemisection of the spinal cord in a rat model. Methods: Spinal cords of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (n= 16, 200~250 g, 6~8 weeks old) were hemisected at T13 on the right side to develop the spinal hemisection injury model. We compared behavioral responses of the hemisection and of a sham surgery group. Behavioral tests for motor function (by the BBB locomotor scale), and for pain response for mechanical and cold allodynia were assessed postoperatively (PO) for 21 days. Expression of mRNA for chemokines and their receptors (CCL2/CCR2 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1) below and above the level of the spinal cord dissection were examined by RT-PCR. Results: We observed gradual motor improvement and the development of mechanical and cold allodynia on the ipsilateral hindpaw after spinal hemisection injury. We also found upregulation of mRNA expression of CCL2/CCR2 both above and below the level of spinal cord dissection but CX3CL1/CX3CR1 mRNA expression. Conclusion: Upregulation of CCL2/CCR2 is associated with neuropathic pain after spinal hemisection injury. CCL2/CCR2 may play an important role in the development of neuropathic pain after SCI as well as of peripheral neuropathic pain. These findings may improve understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of neuropathic pain after SCI.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2006

이상기후에 의한 재해환경 대응 및 대책자료로 활용하고자 2003년 남부 산간고냉지를 중심으로 발생한 저온 피해에 대한 원인과 특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 남부산간고냉지(운봉)의 생식생장기 평균기온은 $19.7^{\circ}C$로 평년대비 $3.1^{\circ}C$낮았고, 일조시간은 79시간으로 평년대비 49% 수준으로 경과되었으며, 냉해가 발생한 시기는 유수형성기인 6월 하순부터 감수분열기인 7월 중순까지로 이 시기의 기온이 $17^{\circ}C$이하의 저온으로 경과하여 장해영 냉해가 발생하였다. 지역별 저온 피해면적은 남원 2,723ha 순창 510ha, 진안 300ha, 장수 210ha이었으며, 이들 지역의 평균 불임율은 44%이었다. 이앙시기에 따른 불임율은 5월 20일경에 적기 이앙재배를 한 경우 $16%{\sim}58%$로, 4월 하순에 조기이앙재배시의 $29%{\sim}83%$에 비해 낮았으며, 오대벼, 운봉벼 진부벼 등의 품종이 저온피해 정도가 적었다. 따라서 냉해가 우려되는 지역에서는 기상조사 및 분석에 의한 벼 재배 작기를 고려하고, 가급적 지나친 조기 이앙을 지양하며, 내냉성이 강한 품종을 재배하여야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2001

저온기 플라스틱 하우스내의 기상에 따른 수박의 저온장애 방지를 목적으로 하우스내의 위치별 온도분포와 냉해 발생률을 측정하였으며, 저온장해시 수박의 가시적인 증상을 조사하였다. 남북동 2중 하우스(남쪽 창)에서 온도분포 (12월 중순)는 중앙을 기준으로 동편(93.8%)이 서편(85.3%)보다 높고, 북쪽이 남쪽보다 1일 평균온도가 약 1~2$^{\circ}C$ 높게 나타났다. 또한 부엽토(황토+퇴비: 2.5ton/200$m^2$)가 사토나 황토 또는 점토에 비하여 남.북의 양방향에서 높게 발생되었다. 잎에서 냉해의 형태적 증상으로는 잎이 수침상으로 되었다가 잎이 점점 위로 말기며, 황화되는 경향을 보였으며, 냉해가 심할수록 줄기의 도관이 점점 막히는 경향을 보였다. 뿌리의 신장은 줄기나 잎의 생육보다 저온에 대하여 더욱 민감하게 작용하였다. 3$0^{\circ}C$에서 주근과 측근의 생장이 왕성하였으나 22$^{\circ}C$에서는 측근의 발생이 억제되는 경향을 보였으며, 14$^{\circ}C$와 6$^{\circ}C$에서는 뿌리의 신장이 거의 정지되는 현상을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 저온기에서는 온도가 높은 중앙부위에 수박을 정식하여 양쪽 가장자리로 줄기를 유인하여 재배양식이 온도관리 측면에서 휠씬 효율적인 것으로 나타났으며, 하우스내의 온도는 최저 22$^{\circ}C$이상으로 하는 것이 뿌리 생장에 유리할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.121-131
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 국가표준 시나리오 A1B와 A2 조건에서 예상되는 2071-2100 평년의 최저기온 예상도와, 휴면심도로부터 추정한 단기내동성 분포도에 근거하여, 남한 전역에 대해 사방 270m 간격으로 경관규모의 국지적인 동해위험 정도를 분석함으로써 현재 평년(1971-2000)에 비해 어떤 결과를 보일지 예측하고자 하였다. 실험에 필요한 270m 해상도의 일별 기온자료와 1월 최저기온자료는 농림수산식품부의 전자기후도 및 그 파생산물, 그리고 국립기상연구소의 기후시나리오자료를 이용하여 준비하였다. 대상작물로서 'Campbell Early' 포도를 선정하고 현재와 미래 평년에 대해 각각 휴면심도를 계산하여 비교한 결과, 단기내동성 유지면적(휴면심도 -150 이하)과 저온내습지역($-15^{\circ}$ 이하)은 두 가지 시나리오 모두 미래기후 조건에서 동시에 줄어들었다. 기온과 휴면심도 두 요인을 종합해 분석해보면 현재 평년에 비해 100년 후 미래 평년에 동해위험이 감소하는 지역은 증가하는 지역보다 더 늘어나므로 포도재배에 있어서 저온피해의 위협은 감소할 것이다. 하지만 피해율 30% 이하의 월동 안전지역의 면적이 현재 평년의 59%에서 미래에는 55% (A1B)${\sim}$63% (A2)로서 뚜렷이 증가하지 않으며, 피해율 70% 이상의 월동 위험지역의 면적은 오히려 현재 평년의 13%에서 미래에는 23% (A1B)${\sim}$25% (A2)로 크게 증가할 것으로 예측되었다. 본 연구에서 사용된 전자기후도에 근거한 동해위험도 분석기술은 국내 주요 과수품종에 적용할 수 있으므로 재배적지의 재배치 등 기후변화대과 수산업분야 적응전략 마련에 유용하게 쓰일 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.243-250
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• 2012

임플란트 수술이나 발치 같은 침습적인 치과치료로 인한 삼차신경 손상의 증가는 최근 치과계의 가장 민감한 문제의 하나로서 향후 법적인 문제로 까지 이어질 수 있다. 그러므로 신경손상에 대한 객관적이고 신뢰성 있는 평가 즉, 정량적 감각신경 검사(quantitative sensory testing)의 필요성이 강조되고 있으며, 온도역치 검사는 QST의 필수 항목으로 구강영역에서도 신뢰성이 입증되어 있다. 국내에서는 삼차신경손상과 관련한 온도역치 검사에 대한 보고가 아직 없기에, 본원에서 시행한 일부 증례의 온도역치 검사의 결과를 평가하고자 하였다. 2011년 5월부터 2012년 10월까지 단국대학교 치과대학 부속 치과병원 구강내과에 내원한 삼차신경손상이 의심되는 환자중 온도역치 검사를 시행한 18명의 환자 자료를 분석하였다. 환자들의 냉인지역치(cold detection threshold, CDT)는 이환측이 비이환측에 비해 유의하게 낮았으나 온인지역치(warm detection threshold, WDT), 냉통각역치(cold pain threshold, CPT), 열통각역치(heat pain threshold, HPT)는 통계적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 향후 더 많은 피검자를 대상으로 온도 자극과 관련하여 감각저하나 감각과민, 통각저하나 통각과민 같은 유형별 비교 연구가 필요하다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.164-173
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• 2015

Background: Hypertrophied myocardium is especially vulnerable to ischemic injury. This study aimed to compare the early and late clinical outcomes of three different methods of myocardial protection in patients with aortic stenosis. Methods: This retrospective study included 225 consecutive patients (mean age, 65{\pm}10 years; 123 males) with severe aortic stenosis who underwent aortic valve replacement. Patients were excluded if they had coronary artery disease, an ejection fraction <50%, more than mild aortic regurgitation, or endocarditis. The patients were divided into three groups: group A, which was treated with antegrade and retrograde cold blood cardioplegia; group B, which was treated with antegrade crystalloid cardioplegia using histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution; and group C, treated with retrograde cold blood cardioplegia. Results: Group A contained 70 patients (31.1%), group B contained 74 patients (32.9%), and group C contained 81 patients (36%). The three groups showed significant differences with regard to the proportion of patients with a New York Heart Association functional classification ${\geq}III$ (p=0.035), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels (p=0.042), ejection fraction (p=0.035), left ventricular dimensions (p<0.001), left ventricular mass index (p<0.001), and right ventricular systolic pressure (p <0.001). Differences in cardiopulmonary bypass time (p=0.532) and aortic cross-clamp time (p=0.48) among the three groups were not statistically significant. During postoperative recovery, no significant differences were found regarding the use of inotropes (p=0.328), mechanical support (n=0), arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, p=0.347; non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, p=0.1), and ventilator support time (p=0.162). No operative mortality occurred. Similarly, no significant differences were found in long-term outcomes. Conclusion: Although the three groups showed some significant differences with regard to patient characteristics, both antegrade crystalloid cardioplegia with HTK solution and retrograde cold blood cardioplegia led to early and late clinical results similar to those achieved with combined antegrade and retrograde cold blood cardioplegia.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.835-841
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• 2007

The followings are concluded from the treatment of headache in Hyungsang medicine, focussed on 11 kinds of headaches in Donguibogam. Headache is classified into overall headache and migraine according to the affected region. The causes are divided into exogenous affection and internal injury; The former brings on headache due to Wind-Cold and headache due to Damp-Heat. The latter, reversal headache, headache due to adverse rising of phlegm, headache due to regurgitation of Gi, headache due to excessive Heat, headache due to excessive Damp, true headache, and alcoholic headache. Headache due to internal injury generally tends to show deficiency syndrome with external affection. Headache due to exogenous affections is common to those who have big head or white skin and to Bangkwang type, and woman. The primary causes are Wind-Cold and Wind-Heat. When the body is observed in the perspective of eight phases, Damp-Heat is to be produced in the front, and Dry-Damp, in the back. Headache due to Damp-Heat is susceptible to Yangmyeong meridian type whose body develops more in the front and to woman. In the perspective of the upper and the lower, Yangdu(that is, head) is related to Eumdu(that is, glans of penis). Headache is also caused by the problems of Eumdu ,such as deficiency of Essence in man, pathologic change of uterus in women, and San syndrome in lower abdomen. In the case of man, headache is frequently severe and difficult to treat because head is a root for man. Disharmony of Gi and blood between the right and the left brings out migraine and headache due to regurgitation of Gi. Migraine is usually accompanied by symptoms of exogenous affection and often afflicts Gi-type, Shin-type, Soyang meridian type, deer type, and Dam-type. Headache due to regurgitation of Gi is brought by Gi deficiency or blood deficiency so that symptoms of exogenous affection do not show. It is mainly common with old people and those who have sunken eyes induced by deficiency of stomach Gi. In the perspective of the upper, the middle, and the lower, the pathologic change of head, chest and abdomen also bring about headache. The pathologic cause of head is Wind-Heat ,which triggers overall headache, migraine, headache due to Wind-Cold, headache due to excessive Heat, The pathogen of chest is phlegm-Fire and brings out headache due to Damp-Heat and headache due to adverse rising of phlegm. The pathologic factor in abdomen is Cold-Damp and produces headache due to adverse rising of phlegm and headache due to excessive Damp. In case of women, headache is generally caused by phlegm-Fire and retention of undigested food.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.324-329
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• 2006

Neuropathic pain syndromes resulted from peripheral nerve injury appear to be resistant to conventional analgesics like opioids. However, it has been demonstrated that acupuncture including aqua-acupuncture may be effective in managing neuropathic pain. The present study was conducted to determine if bee venom injection into acupoint ihibits neuropathic pain, which is difficult to be treated by usual analgesics. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to neuropathic surgery. Two weeks after nerve injury, mechanical and cold allodynia were tested in order to evaluate the antiallodynic effects of bee venom injection into an acupoint. Intraperitoneal injection of morphine inhibited mechanical allodynia dose-dependently. Bee venom injected into Zusanli acupoint significantly inhibited mechanical and cold allodynia. These results suggest that bee venom-acupuncture as well as morphine is very effective to inhibit mechanical allodynia.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2009

We recently described a novel animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain following compression of the trigeminal ganglion (Ahn et al., 2009). In our present study, we adapted this model using male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 250-260 g and then analyzed the behavioral responses of these animals following modified chronic compression of the trigeminal ganglion. Under anesthesia, the rats were mounted onto a stereotaxic frame and a 4% agar solution ($10{\mu}L$) was injected in each case on the dorsal surface of the trigeminal ganglion to achieve compression without causing injury. In the control group, the rats received a sham operation without agar injection. Air-puff, acetone, and heat tests were performed at 3 days before and at 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, 30, 40, 55, and 70 days after surgery. Compression of the trigeminal ganglion produced nociceptive behavior in the trigeminal territory. Mechanical allodynia was established within 3 days and recovered to preoperative levels at approximately 60 days following compression. Mechanical hyperalgesia was also observed at 7 days after compression and persisted until the postoperative day 40. Cold hypersensitivity was established within 3 days after compression and lasted beyond postoperative day 55. In contrast, compression of the trigeminal ganglion did not produce any significant thermal hypersensitivity when compared with the sham operated group. These findings suggest that compression of the trigeminal ganglion without any injury produces prolonged nociceptive behavior and that our rat model is a useful system for further analysis of trigeminal neuralgia.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.420-425
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• 2011

Objective : Excitatory amino acids play important roles in the development of secondary pathology following spinal cord injury (SCI). This study was designed to evaluate morphological changes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and assess profiles of pain behaviors following intraspinal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or quisqualate (QUIS) in rats. Methods : Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups : a sham, and two experimental groups receiving injections of 125 mM NMDA or QUIS into their spinal dorsal horn. Following injection, hypersensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli, and excessive grooming behaviors were assessed serially for four weeks. At the end of survival periods, morphological changes in the spinal cord were evaluated. Results : Cold allodynia was developed in both the NMDA and QUIS groups, which was significantly higher in the QUIS group than in the NMDA group. The mechanical threshold for the ipsilateral hind paw in both QUIS and NMDA groups was significantly lower than that in the control group. The number of groomers was significantly higher in the NMDA group than in the QUIS group. The size of the neck region of the spinal dorsal horn, but not the superficial layer, was significantly smaller in the NMDA and QUIS groups than in the control group. Conclusion : Intraspinal injection of NMDA or QUIS can be used as an excitotoxic model of SCI for further research on spinal neuropathic pain.