• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.360-372
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• 2020

The basal ganglia network has been implicated in the control of adaptive behavior, possibly by integrating motor learning and motivational processes. Both positive and negative reinforcement appear to shape our behavioral adaptation by modulating the function of the basal ganglia. Here, we examined a transgenic mouse line (G2CT) in which synaptic transmissions onto the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the basal ganglia are depressed. We found that the level of collaterals from direct pathway MSNs in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) ('bridging collaterals') was decreased in these mice, and this was accompanied by behavioral inhibition under stress. Furthermore, additional manipulations that could further decrease or restore the level of the bridging collaterals resulted in an increase in behavioral inhibition or active behavior in the G2CT mice, respectively. Collectively, our data indicate that the striatum of the basal ganglia network integrates negative emotions and controls appropriate coping responses in which the bridging collateral connections in the GPe play a critical regulatory role.

• Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.461-468
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• 2018

Objective: Cognitive disturbance is one of the major symptoms of depression and may be improved by treatment with antidepressants. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of cognitive improvement in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who were taking antidepressants. Methods: This study included 86 patients with MDD who completed 12 weeks of antidepressant monotherapy. Cognitive symptoms were assessed using the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Korean version (PDQ-K), which addresses four domains of cognitive functioning (attention/concentration, retrospective memory, prospective memory, and organization/planning) and was administered at study entry and at the 12-week end point. A variety of demographic, clinical, and treatment-related variables were evaluated as predictors of changes in total and domain scores. Results: All PDQ-K domains showed significant improvement after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment. More severe initial depressive symptoms, fewer sick-leave days at study entry, and reduced use of concomitant anxiolytics/hypnotics during treatment were significantly associated with greater cognitive improvement. Conclusion: Cognitive symptoms are more responsive to antidepressant treatment in patients with severe MDD. Reduced use of anxiolytics and hypnotics could improve the cognitive functioning of patients with MDD taking antidepressants.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.570-576
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• 2014

Studies have demonstrated that electromagnetic waves, as the one of the most important physical factors, may alter cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors, depending on the frequency and energy. Moreover, non-ionizing radiation of low energy waves e.g. very low frequency waves could alter this phenomenon via alterations in neurotransmitters and neurohormones. In this study, short, medium, and long-term exposure to the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) (1 and 5 Hz radiation) on behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic changes in male Wistar rats (250 g) were studied. In addition, changes in plasma concentrations for two main stress hormones, noradrenaline and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were evaluated. ELF-EMF exposure did not alter body weight, and food and water intake. Plasma glucose level was increased and decreased in the groups which exposed to the 5 and 1Hz wave, respectively. Plasma ACTH concentration increased in both using frequencies, whereas noradrenaline concentration showed overall reduction. At last, numbers of rearing, sniffing, locomotor activity was increased in group receiving 5 Hz wave over the time. In conclusions, these data showed that the effects of 1 and 5 Hz on the hormonal, metabolic and stress-like behaviors may be different. Moreover, the influence of waves on stress system is depending on time of exposure.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2010

Objective : Mismatch negativity (MMN) provides an electrophysiological index of an involuntary attention switching process. This study investigated MMN anomalies and their relationship to clinical variables in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods : Study participants were 29 OCD patients and 24 normal controls. We used a 128-channel EEG to measure MMN during a passive oddball paradigm. Then we assessed the correlations between MMN amplitudes and clinical measures. Results : The OCD patients exhibited significantly greater MMN amplitude compared to the controls. Also, the right frontal lobe MMN amplitudes correlated significantly to the OCD patients' Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale total scores (r=-0.520, p=0.005). Conclusion : These results suggest that MMN anomalies in OCD patients reflect a monitoring circuit dysfunction, raising the possibility that the OCD's pathophysiology includes glutamatergic dysfunction.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.114-122
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effect of integrated nursing using cognicise and neurofeedback on cognition and α waves among elderly individuals. Methods: This quasi-experimental single group pretest-posttest study included 29 Korean adults aged 65 years or older who participated at a senior welfare center in Y city from February to May 2019. Each integrated nursing session consisted of cognicise (10 minutes) and neurofeedback (20 minutes). Subjects participated twice a week for 10 weeks. Structured questionnaires to assess participants' general characteristics and the Korean version of the Mini-Mental Status Examination for Dementia Screening (K-MMSE-DS) were applied. Alpha waves were measured using BrainMaster. Results: Following the integrated nursing program, alpha waves improved in F3 (t=2.41, p=.023), C3 (t=3.00, p=.006), C4 (t=2.60, p=.015), P3 (t=2.43, p=.022), O1 (t=2.30, p=.029), T3 (t=3.05, p=.005), T4 (t=2.28, p=.030), T5 (t=2.91, p=.007), Fz (t=2.30, p=.029), Cz (t=2.73, p=.011), and Pz (t=2.23, p=.034). Most subjects experienced improvement in concentration after participating in the intervention. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the use of a neuroscientific approach including brain wave measurement to improve cognitive health among community-living elderly people.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2022

인공지능 기술이 발달하면서 뉴로사이언스 마이닝(NSM: NeuroScience Mining)과 AI를 접목하려는 시도가 증가하고 있다. 나아가 NSM은 뉴로사이언스와 비즈니스 애널리틱스의 결합으로 인해 연구범위가 확장되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 fNIRS 실험을 통해 확보한 뉴로 데이터를 분석하여 비즈니스 문제 해결 창의성(BPSC: business problem-solving creativity)을 예측하고 이를 통해 NSM의 잠재력을 조사한다. BPSC는 비즈니스에서 차별성을 가지게 하는 중요한 요소이지만, 인지적 자원의 하나인 BPSC의 측정 및 예측에는 한계가 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 BPSC 예측 성능을 높이는 방안으로 CNN, BiLSTM 그리고 어텐션 네트워크를 결합한 새로운 NSM 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 NSM 기법을 15만 개 이상의 fNIRS 데이터를 활용하여 유효성을 입증하였다. 연구 결과, 본 논문에서 제안하는 NSM 방법이 벤치마킹한 알고리즘(CNN, BiLSTM)에 비하여 우수한 성능을 가지는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

Background: Although ginsenosides such as Rg1, Rb1 and Rg3 have shown promise as potential nutraceuticals for cognitive impairment, their use has been limited due to high production cost and low potency. In particular, the process of extracting pure Rg3 from ginseng is laborious and expensive. Methods: We described the methods in preparing ginseol k-g3, an Rg3-enriched fraction, and evaluated its effects on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Results: Ginseol k-g3 (25-200 mg/kg) significantly reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance, but not in Y-maze testing. Ginseol k-g3 (50 and 200 mg/kg) improved escape latency in training trials and increased swimming times within the target zone of the Morris water maze. The effect of ginseol k-g3 on the water maze task was more potent than that of Rg3 or Red ginseng. Acute or subchronic (6 d) treatment of ginseol k-g3 did not alter normal locomotor activity of mice in an open field. Ginseol k-g3 did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, unlike donezepil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Rg3 enrichment through the ginseol k-g3 fraction enhanced the efficacy of Rg3 in scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice as demonstrated in the Morris water maze task. Conclusion: The effects of ginseol k-g3 in ameliorating scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests indicate its specific influence on reference or long-term memory. The mechanism underlying the reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia by ginseol k-g3 is not yet known, but is not related to anticholinesterase-like activity.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2019

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is the major cause of intractable focal epilepsy in childhood leading to epilepsy surgery. The overall seizure freedom after surgery ranges between 50-75% at 2 years after surgery and the long-term seizure freedom remain relatively stable. Seizure outcome after surgery depends on a various factors such as pathologic etiologies, extent of lesion, and types of surgery. Therefore, seizure outcome after surgery for FCD should be analyzed carefully considering cohorts' characteristics. Studies of pediatric epilepsy surgery emphasize the early surgical intervention for a better cognition. Early surgical intervention and cessation of seizure activity are important for children with intractable epilepsy. However, there are limited data on the cognitive outcome after surgery in pediatric FCD, requiring further investigation. This paper reviews the seizure and cognitive outcomes of epilepsy surgery for FCD in children. Several prognostic factors influencing seizure outcome after surgery will be discussed in detail.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.254-267
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of brain-wave biofeedback training nursing intervention (NFT) upon enhancing self-regulation response in adolescence with emotional behavior problems in school. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was conducted. The participants were assigned to the experimental group (n=24) or the control group (n=24). The experimental group additionally received NFT. The NFT was conducted 10 sessions for 30 minutes per session with the band reward and inhibit training which matched their Quantitative Electroencephalography (QEEG), participant's demand and chief complaint. Data were collected with QEEG and heart rate variability (HRV) in physiological response, self-efficacy in cognitive response, depression in emotional response, impulsivity and delay gratification in behavioral response of self-regulation. Results: The general characteristics and the pre-test scores of two groups were all homogeneous. The experimental group was reported to be significantly higher in QEEG homeostasis, HRV homeostasis, self-efficacy, and delay gratification than the control group. The experimental group was reported to be significantly lower in depression and impulsivity. Conclusion: The results indicate that NFT using brain cognitive neuroscience approach is effective in enhancing self-regulation response. Therefore, this nursing intervention using brain cognitive neuroscience approach can be applied as an effective self-regulation nursing intervention for adolescents with emotional behavior problems in communities for adaptive life.

• 한국인지과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국인지과학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.211-215
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• 2002

본 실험은 종합적 인지과정을 추론할 수 있는 결합 문제(binding problem)를 언어적인지 과정을 통해 알아 본 실험으로, 총 10 명(남:61여:4, 평균나이:24.40 $\pm$ 1.35)의 정상군을 대상으로, 4개의 음소로 이루어진 단음절 명사를 목표 자극(target stimulus)으로 하고, 4개 음소의 임의적인 조합으로서 글자를 이루지 못하는 비목표 자극(non-target stimulus)을, 각각 200 회와 800 회씩 시각적으로 0.5초씩 무작위로 제시하여 128 채널 고밀도 사건관련전위(ERP)를 측정하였다. 이번 실험 결과의 주요 특징은 글자가 아닌 비목표 자극보다 글자인 목표 자극에서 두드러지게 나타난 두정엽 부근의 P500 과 N900 이라고 할 수 있다. 자극 제시 비율의 차이에서 오는 oddball 효과로 인한 기존 P300 의 인지적 의미를 이번 결과의 P500 이 함축한다고 볼 수 있으며, 단음절 단어를 인지할 때, 글자임을 인식하는 순간은 의미적인지 과정이 진행되었다기보다 그 글자의 형태만으로 낯익은 글자인지를 분간하는 것으로 보인다 따라서, 이 경우 기존 언어 실험에 자주 등장하던 의미론적 peak 인 N400 은 보이지 않고, 곧바로 형태적이고, 통사적(syntactic)인 인지 처리 과정인 P500이 나타났다고 해석할 수 있다. 하지만, 이번 실험에서는 N400 대신에 N900 이 나타났다. 이 결과는 이번 ERP 실험과 병행된 프로토콜 분석을 통해, 피험자가 자극 제시 후, 약 900ms 정도에, 이미 제시되고 사라진 글자 자극을 다시 한번 떠올리는 인지 과정이 일어난다는 점과 관련 지어 해석하면, 기존에 의미적(semantic) 인지 과정으로만 해석했던 negative-peak 를 생각(thinking)과 같은 내재적인지 과정(internal cognitive process)으로 확장하여 일반화하는 추론도 생각해 볼 수 있다. 요컨대, 언어인지를 통한 이번 실험을 통해, 뇌파에서 검출되는 negative-peak 은 internal cognitive process로 추측되고, positive-peak 는 external cognitive process 라고 생각된다. 덧붙여, 유의해서 볼 점은 각 peak-topology 에서 Cz 의 진폭이 Fz 보다 크게 나온 점과, 일반적으로 언어 기능을 담당한다는 좌측 측두엽(T7)이 우측(T8)보다 통계적으로 더 유의미한 차이를 보였다는 점등이다.