• 한국영재학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국영재학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.137-138
• /
• 2003

Understanding how and why people differ is a fundamental, if distant, goal of research efforts to bridge psychological and biological levels of analysis. General fluid intelligence (gF) is a major dimension of individual differences and refers to reasoning and novel problemsolving ability. A conceptual integration of evidence from cognitive (behavioral) and anatomical studies suggeststhat gF should covary with both task performance and neural activity in specific brain systems when specific cognitive demands are present, with the neural activity mediating the relation between gF and performance. Direct investigation of this possibility will be a critical step toward a mechanistic model of human intelligence. In turn, a mechanistic model might suggest ways to enhance gF through targeted behavioral or neurobiological intervent ions, We formed two different groups as subjects based on their scholarly attainments. Each group consists of 20 volunteers(aged 16-17 years, right-handed males) from the National Gifted School and a local high school respectively. To test whether individual differences in general intelligence are mediated at a neural level, we first assessed intellectual characteristics in 40 subjects using standard intelligence tests (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking) administered outside of the MR scanner. We then used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRl) to measure task-related brain activity as participants performed three different kinds of computerized reasoning tasks that were intended to activate the relevant neural systems. To examine the difference of neural activity according to discrepancy in general intelligence, we compared the brain activity of both extreme groups (each, n=10) of the participants based on the standard intelligence test scores. In contrast to the common expectation, there was no significant difference of brain region involved in high-g tasks between both groups. Random effect analysis exhibited that lateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate and parietal cortex are associated with gF. Despite very different task contents in the three high-g-low-g contrasts, recruitment of multiple regions is markedly similar in each case, However, on the task with high 9F correlations, the Prodigy group, (intelligence rank: >99%) showed higher task-related neural activity in several brain regions. These results suggest that the relationship between gF and brain activity should be stronger under high-g conditions than low-g conditions.

• Asia Marketing Journal
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.57-75
• /
• 2013

It is a well-established theory that emotion is influential in cognitive processing. Extensive prior research on emotion has shown that emotional factors, such as affect, mood, and feeling, play as information indicating whether he or she has enough knowledge. Most of their findings focused on the effect of emotional valence (i.g., one's subjective positivity or negativity related with the emotion). Recently, several studies on emotion suggest that there is another dimension of emotion, which affects the type of cognitive processing. The studies argue that emotional certainty facilitates heuristic processing, whereas emotional uncertainty promotes systematic processing. Based on the findings, current study examines the effect of certainty on attitudes and recall. Specifically, the authors investigate the effect of certainty on how much effort individuals use to process advertising information and how certainty affects attitude formation toward the advertised product. The authors also focus on recall to clarify the working mechanism of certainty on attitudes, because recall performance reflects the depth of information processing. Based on previous findings, the authors hypothesize that uncertainty (vs. certainty) leads to more favorable attitudes as well as better recall, and conduct an experiment using a fictitious advertisement with 218 participants. The results confirm the predicted effects of certainty only on attitudes not recall. A possible explanation of this discrepancy between attitudes and recall lies in the measurement method, unaided recall. To rule out this possibility, the authors perform an additional analysis with the participants who recall any correct information of the target advertisement. The results show certainty has a negative effect on both attitudes and recall. A bootstrapping test reveals that recall mediates the effect of certainty on attitudes. This result confirms that certainty decreases elaboration, which in turn leads to less favorable attitudes relative to uncertainty. Additionally, our data shows the association among certainty, recall, and attitudes by showing the indirect effect of certainty on attitudes via recall. This research encourages practitioners in the field to emphasize that they should focus on target audiences' emotional certainty before they provide the persuasive message, by showing that uncertainty promotes effortful processing, which in turn leads to better memory and more favorable attitudes.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.344-350
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) into the Korean language. Methods: The process of translation and adaptation of the ICF used here followed the translation guidelines of WHO. Implementation of this procedure comprised of four steps; forward translation, expert panel back-translation, pre-testing and cognitive interviewing, and final adaptation. The translators included health professionals with knowledge of ICF and non-health professionals blinded to the ICF. Clinical academics with significant experience in the use of disability survey, medical doctors, special educators, related policy makers, clinicians, architecture professionals, and international experts in ICF were invited to integrate all versions of the ICF for testing; 151 clinicians volunteered from 19 medical institutes across the country. Four different core-sets and a questionnaire were used for testing its practical usability and adaptation. Results: All translations were reviewed and a consensus was reached on any discrepancy from the earlier versions. Over 90% of the newly translated version of K-ICF was found to be different from the 2004 K-ICF version in the ICF language. Understanding of K-ICF language was responded difficult and very difficult by 50% of participants, whereas its practical use was responded 'useful' by more than 50% of subjects. Conclusion: It can be suggested that the new version of K-ICF should be widely used for final adaptation in the field of areas. Future studies will be required for implementation of K-ICF.

• Architectural research
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.35-40
• /
• 2000

Housing Adjustment is a set of creative human activities that take place to meet various housing needs. Thus far, numerous studies have given attention to speculate a typology of those activities on an empirical base. Overall, though, little is known about its theoretical underpinning, due to the independent nature of each individual study in interpreting differences in conclusions. This study examines and compares results from two previous studies on housing adjustment. Previous research on housing adjustment suggests that, other than household and housing characteristics, housing satisfaction as an intervening variable is deeply associated with the choice of housing adjustment involved in mobility, home improvement, or cognitive adaptation. The two studies used similar theoretical schemes, asked similar questions, yet one sample consisted of Korean American residents and the other sample was poor housing residents in Korea. This study shows that differences in sample characteristics lead to a strong discrepancy in interpreting Speare's (1974) satisfaction theory of housing adjustment. For Korean Americans, housing satisfaction turned out to be a good predictor of housing adjustment preference, while it is not the case for poor housing residents in Korea. This implies that findings of any Single study can not be generalized directly to the population as a whole. Thus, continued effort should be made to compare specific findings from various research studies, seeking explanations for differences in conclusions. Theory can be legitimately built and strengthened in this integrated manner.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.53-66
• /
• 2004

Purpose: To compare differences in BMI, body weight perception and satisfaction, and eating behavior by gender among middle school students. Methods: From 19 middle schools in W city four classes in two middle schools were selected by cluster sampling with multi-stage sampling. A structured questionnaire was answered by 143 adolescents. Results: Differences in BMI between boys and girls were significant (x$^2$=13.15, p=.00l). Boys reported higher ideal body weight than girls (t=6.33, p<.000l), and discrepancy between ideal body weight and body weight perception in girls was significantly greater than in boys(t=-5.0l, p<.0001). There was no significant gender difference in body weight perception but more boys were satisfied with their body weight(t=-4.48, p<.0001). Comparison of eating behavior showed that girls reported high scores in disinhibition (t=-2.29, p<.05) and hunger (t=-2.81, p<.01), while boys reported higher scores in cognitive restraints (t=3.22, p<.01). Conclusion: Interventions to help girls improve body image and satisfaction with body image are crucial. In order to establish proper diet habits and balanced nutritional status for adolescents, educational interventions should address characteristics of eating behaviors.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제43권3호
• /
• pp.253-263
• /
• 2023

이 연구에서는 초등학교 과학 빛의 직진과 반사 단원의 교사용 지도서 텍스트와 초등예비교사의 내용 지식 체계 사이의 불일치를 탐색하였다. 이를 위하여 교육대학교에 재학 중인 초등예비교사 279명이 교사용 지도서의 '그림자와 거울' 단원의 정해진 분량을 읽고 생성한 과학 지식에 대한 질문 455개와 답변 543개를 분석하였다. 질문은 과학 개념의 종류와 불일치 유형에 따라 분류하였고, 답변은 정확도를 분석하였다. 질문의 과학 개념을 분석한 결과, 초등예비교사들은 직진 개념에서는 그림자에 대해, 반사에서는 상에 대해, 그 외 개념에서는 광원에 대해 가장 궁금해하였다. 부정확한 답변이나 무응답률이 높아서 정답률이 낮은 질문은 반사에 의한 빛의 중첩, 실험도구의 원리, 렌즈에 의한 상 등으로 초등과학 교육과정에 일부포함되어 있거나 심화된 내용이었다. 불일치 유형에 따라 질문은 분류하면, 지식 충돌에 의한 질문보다 지식 결핍에 의한 질문 빈도가 89.5%로 높게 나타났으며, 지식 결핍 유형 중 현상의 원인에 대한 설명 요구 유형이 45.9%로 질문도 가장 많고, 답변의 정확도도 가장 낮았다. 이를 통해 초등예비교사의 지식 결핍에 의한 인지적 불일치가 해소될 수 있도록 초등교육과정에 현상 중심으로 제시되어 다루지 않는 개념이라도 교사가 알아야 할 개념은 교사용 지도서의 내용을 보강할 필요가 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 교과서에 제시된 실험을 현장의 상황에 맞게 재구성할 때 정확한 실험이 이루어질 수 있도록 실험 설정의 이유와 실험 도구의 작동 원리에 대한 추가 설명을 지도서에 포함해야 할 필요가 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 지식 충돌에 의한 불일치는 현실에서 경험하는 것과 교과용 지도서에 제시된 내용이 충돌하여 생기는 사례가 많았다. 따라서 이를 해소하기 위해 우리 삶의 실제 맥락과 교과서 맥락에 대한 차이를 교사용 지도서에 포함하여 교사용 지도서 텍스트와 초등예비교사의 지식 사이의 불일치를 줄일 필요가 있다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.496-504
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary intake, obesity index and psychosocial factors influencing obesity among 200 high school girls in Seoul. The Social Cognitive Theory provided the Conceptual basis for this study. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine factors related to obesity, including self-efficacy for controlling overeating, social support for eating behavior, perception of body image and weight control, nutrition knowledge, and attitudes toward obesity. The data were analyzed using t-test and multiple logistic regression. The results of this study are as follows : 1) The mean age of the girls was 16.4 years, and the rate of overweight and obesity(measured by obesity index) was 27.0$\%$. 2) The mean energy intake of subjects was 1832.3$\pm$384.0kcal. The energy derived from carbohydrates, proteins and fats was 62.7$\%$, 13.8$\%$, and 23.5$\%$, respectively. There was no significant difference between the obese and the comparison group in energy intake. 3) The result of multivariate analysis indicated that obesity had a significant relation to the perception of ideal body image, social support for eating behavior, and self-efficacy for controlling overeating(p〈0.01). As subjects preferred thinner body images(OR=0.39) and received less social support(OR=0.93), the odds of being classified as obese increased. The odds of being obese were also associated with self-efficacy, however, the relation was not strong(OR=1.04). 4) Specific social support was related to obesity among adolescent girls. As subjects received more support from family member, the odds of being obese decreased. The emotional support as well as family member's positive nutrition behavior plays a significant role. In addition, instrumental support from friends was associated with obesity. With repect to self-efficacy, the odds of being obese were increased as subjects felt less confident in controlling overeating when tempting food was placed in front of them or after an argument. In contrast, the obese group felt more confident in controlling overeating for the rest of the specific situations examined. These findings suggest that educational interventions for weight control should incorporate strategies to help participants realize their degree of obesity, to reduce the discrepancy between current and ideal body image, to elicit and maintain social support from friends and family, and to increase the self-efficacy for changing eating behaviors. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 496-504, 1997)

• 보건행정학회지
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.57-74
• /
• 2000

This study is conducted to compare how the Western.Oriental medical practitioners and health professionals perceive reciprocal development strategies respectively of Western.Oriental Medicine in Korea. A total of 3,273 persons were questioned by direct distribution, e-mail, and mail with a self-developed questionnaire. Of those questioned, 362 responded (the response rate of 11.1%), and of them n persons (Western medical practitioners 206, Oriental medical practitioners 90, and health professionals 64) were analyzed with SPSS for Windows. The results were as follows： The need for legislation on the mutual development system for Western.Oriental Medicine was recognized by 66.9% (218 persons) of respondents. Among them, largest group who agreed with this need was the health professionals. Western medical practitioners chose the "the difference of approach methods on the diseases between Western.Oriental Medicine" as their response, and Oriental medical practitioners ＆ health professionals selected "the indifference or bias of Western medical practitioners"as the reasons for the inactivity in developing a mutual system of Western.Oriental Medicine. Therefore, Western medical practitioners and health professionals selected the category of "the reformation of educational system", while Oriental medical practitioners selected the category of "the activation of joint research on Western.Oriental medical care" as the most important condition for setting a precedent. Also, Western medical practitioners preferred "cooperative health care system for Western medical care supported by Oriental medical care", but Oriental medical practitioners and health professionals preferred “cooperative health care system of Western.Oriental medicine on equal terms" In conclusion, Western '||'&'||' Oriental medical practitioners have to make every effort to close the gap between differing views through mutual understanding and respect if joint research of Western.Oriental medical care is to become a reality. The government should continuously enforce the health policy on development of a legal and systematic infrastructure for mutual development strategy of Western.Oriental Medicine in Korea.strategy of Western.Oriental Medicine in Korea.