• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2017

Detection of underling proteinopathies is becoming increasingly important across neurodegenerative conditions due to upcoming disease intervention trials. In this review, we explored how temporal lobe changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) can potentially predict underlying TDP-43 pathology subtypes in FTD. To date, emphasis has been given to frontal lobe changes in the study of the cognitive and behavioural impairments in both syndromes but an increasing number of pathological, imaging and neuropsychological studies suggest how temporal lobe changes could critically affect the cognition and behaviour of these conditions. In this current article, we reviewed pathological, imaging as well as clinical/neuropsychological findings of temporal involvement in the ALS-FTD continuum, how they relate to temporal lobe changes and the underlying TDP-43 pathology in FTD. Findings across studies show that TDP-43 pathology occurs and coincides in many structures in ALS and FTD, but especially in the temporal lobes. In particular, anterior and medial temporal lobes atrophy is consistently found in ALS and FTD. In addition, memory and language impairment as well as emotional and Theory of Mind processing deficits that are characteristics of the two diseases are highly correlated to temporal lobe dysfunction. We conclude by showing that temporal lobe changes due to TDP-43 type B might be particular predictive of TDP-43 type B pathology in behavioural variant FTD, which clearly needs to be investigated further in the future.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.348-358
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• 2009

미만성 축삭손상(diffuse axonal injury)은 외상성 뇌손상의 일반적인 형태이며, 인지 장애의 주요 원인으로 생각되어 진다. 흔들린 아기 증후군(shaken baby syndrome)과 같이 뇌에 전단력이 심하게 가해졌을 때도 신체 장애 뿐만 아니라 인지 장애가 특징적으로 나타난다. 신체 활동은 건강 증진과 더불어 기억 및 학습과 관련된 해마의 기능 향상에도 영향을 미친다. 본 연구의 목적은 흰쥐를 대상으로 미만성 축삭 손상을 일으킨 후 반복적인 운동 훈련을 통해 운동 수행력을 관찰하고 해마에서 GAP-43의 발현을 통해 축삭 재생의 변화를 관찰하는 것이었다. 실험동물은 운동 훈련을 적용시키는 실험군과 대조군으로 구분하였고, 각각의 군을 다시 1일, 7일 및 14일군으로 구분하였다. 그 결과, 운동 훈련을 적용시킨 실험군이 대조군보다 운동 수행력의 향상이 더 유의했으며, 해마에서 GAP-43의 발현도 같은 양상을 나타냈다. 이러한 차이는 7일군과 14일군보다 1일군과 7일군 사이에 더 크게 나타났다. 그러므로 미만성 축삭손상 후 운동 훈련은 운동 수행력의 향상에 영향을 미치며, 인지와 관련된 해마의 구조적 변화도 야기 시키는 것으로 생각된다.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.256-262
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• 1999

만성 통증은 신체적, 심리적, 사회환경적 요인들이 복합적으로 작용한 결과로서 나타나기 때문에 생물정신사회적 관점에서 접근해야 하며 치료는 다각적이고 포괄적인 체제하에서 상호 긴밀한 협력을 필요로 한다. 치료의 목표는 즉각적인 통증의 해소보다는 재활에 초점을 맞추어 환자의 활동과 기능이 증진됨에 따라 부수적으로 통증이 완화될 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 정신과적 영역에서 만성 통증의 치료는 정신의학적 평가로부터 시작하는데 여기에는 스트레스와 연관된 통증의 정신생리적 기전과 이상 질병행동과 관련된 조작적 조건화 기전, 그리고 증상으로서 통증을 동반하거나 만성 통증에 의해서 유발되는 정신과적 질환들에 대한 평가가 포함된다. 정신과적 치료를 약물치료와 심리적 치료로 나눌 때 약물치료에는 마약성 진통제, 비스테로이드성 소염제, 향정신성약물, 항경련제 들이 포함되는데 그 중에서도 항우울제가 가장 중요한 역할을 한다. 심리적 치료로는 역동적 정신치료와 행동치료적 방법들이 있고 행동치료적 접근법에는 자가조절기법과 조작적 조건화기법 등이 포함되는데, 환자가 갖는 대인관계의 어려움, 신체적 손상, 이상 질병행동 등을 고려하여 적절한 방법을 적용하게 된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.603-610
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• 2016

Recently, an increasing number of studies have focused on the effects of CD4+ T cell on cognitive function. However, the changes of Th2 cytokines in restricted CD4+ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire model and their effects on the adult hippocampal neurogenesis and memory are not fully understood. Here, we investigated whether and how the mice with restricted CD4+ repertoire TCR exhibit learning and memory impairment by using OT-II mice. OT-II mice showed decreased adult neurogenesis in hippocampus and short- and long- term memory impairment. Moreover, Th2 cytokines in OT-II mice are significantly increased in peripheral organs and IL-4 is significantly increased in brain. Finally, IL-4 treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of cultured adult rat hippocampal neural stem cells. Taken together, abnormal level of Th2 cytokines can lead memory dysfunction via impaired adult neurogenesis in OT-II transgenic.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.371-380
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• 1998

저자들은 최근 루푸스가 뇌 혈관계를 침범하여 신경 정신과적 이상 증상을 보였으며 면역 검사, 뇌파 검사 및 뇌 자기공명사진에서 중추 신경 루푸스의 소견에 부합되는 양상을 보였고 고용량의 부신피질 호르몬 충격 요법에 반응이 좋았던 2례를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.126-132
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• 2015

This study investigated the anti-amnesic effect of fermented Ganoderma lucidum water extracts (GW) on scopolamine- induced memory impairment in rats. GW were fermented by the lactic acid bacterium Bifidobacterium bifidum (FGWB), followed by Lactobacillus sakei LI033 (FGWBL). To induce amnesia, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into rats 30 min before the behavioral tests. Step-through latencies of rats treated with primary fermented extracts (300 mg/kg, FGWB) and secondary fermented extracts (300 mg/kg, FGWBL) were significantly longer than those of rats treated with GW (300 mg/kg) in the retention trial of the multiple trial passive avoidance test. In the Morris water maze task, FGWBL significantly shortened escape latencies in training trials. Furthermore, swimming times within the target zone during the probe trial with FGWBL were significantly higher than the GW and FGWB treatments. In addition, acetylcholinesterase activities were lower in the brains of scopolamine-treated rats treated with FGWBL. These results suggest that FGWBL could be useful to enhance learning memory and cognitive function via cholinergic dysfunction.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2002

Background & Purpose:Neuropsychological disorders after traumatic brain injury(TBI) are poorly correlated with structural lesions detected by structural neuroimaging techniques such as computed tomography(CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). It is well known that patients with TBI have cognitive and behavioral disorders even in the absence of structural lesions of the brain. This study investigated whether there are abnormalities of regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) in TBI patients without structural abnormality on MRI, using technetium 99m ethyl cysteinate dimer(Tc-99m-ECD) single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) scans. Materials and Methods:Twenty-eight TBI patients without structural abnormality on MRI(mild, n=13/moderate, n=9/severe, n=6) and fifteen normal controls were scanned by SPECT. A voxel-based analysis using statistical parametric mapping(SPM) was performed to compare the patients with the normal controls. Results:rCBF was reduced in the right uncus and the right lateral orbitofrontal gyrus in the TBI patients. However, no increase of rCBF was noted in the patients in comparison to the normal controls. Conclusions:These results suggest that the TBI patients, even in the absence of structural lesion of the brain, may have dysfunction of the brain, particularly of the orbitofrontal and anterior pole of the temporal cortex. They also suggest that SPECT can be a useful method to identify brain dysfunctions in combination with structural brain imaging and neuropsychological tests.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.146-155
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• 1995

Jet lag can be defined as the cumulative physiological and psychological effects of rapid air travel across multiple time zone. The consequences of jet lag include fatigue, general malaise, sleep disturbances, and reductions of cognitive and psychomotor performance, all of which have been documented in experimental biological and air crew personnel studies. Thus authors tried to study the jet lag of natural travellers by modified self reporting sleep log. Total 61 healthy travellers was studied for 3 days before and 7 days after jet-flights across seven to ten time zone. The eastbound travelling group was 38 persons, aged 19 -70 and westbound travelling group was 23 persons, aged 13 - 69. Sleep onset time, wake-up time, sleep latency, awakening frequency on night sleep, awakening duration on night sleep, sleepiness at wake-up and nap length were evaluated. Our results suggested that the 7 to 10 time zone shift gave significant influence to traveller's sleep-wake cycles. The date which subjective physical condition was recovered on was $5.16{\pm}1.50$ day after arrivals for eastbound, while for westbound, $4.91{\pm}1.62$ day. In eastbound travelling, sleep onset time became later than baselines and could not recover until 7th day. But in westbound, it became earlier than baseline and could recover until 6th day. The mean score of 24-hour sleepiness was greater in eastboumd than westbound. Therefore the eastbound travelling caused more sleep-wake cycle disturbance and daytime dysfunction than westbound travelling. In other parameters, there was no definite difference between east and westbound. From our results, it was suggested that the symptom severity of jet lag was dependent on the travelling direction. To demonstrate more definite evidence, large sized data collections and comparision by age difference were needed.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.130-132
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• 2013

Distinguishing wild plants in spring from ingestible plants is difficult. Differentiation of budding plants from other plants is particularly difficult. Many people want to find edible plants for health during the spring season. Scopolia japonica can cause symptoms of mania. The author experienced three cases of poisoning by Scopolia japonica. We reported on the cases with literature reviews.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2017

Objective: Elderly people with dementia experience not only cognitive dysfunction but also motor function deficits, such as balance and gait impairments. Recently, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been used to reduce pain as well as to control muscle spasm, spasticity and motor performance in various types of subjects. The purpose of this study determined the effect of a single trial TENS on balance and gait function in elderly people with dementia. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-two subjects with dementia were assigned to the TENS group (n=12) and ten subjects were assigned to the control group (n=10) randomly. Subjects were classified into two groups: the TENS group (n=12) and the placebo-TENS group (n=10). The TENS group had electrical stimulation applied on the calf muscle for 15 minutes, while the placebo-TENS group had not received real electrical stimulation. The timed up and go test (TUG) and functional reach test (FRT) were used to measure the balance function, and the 10 meters walk test (MWT) and 6MWT were used to assess gait ability. All tests were performed before and after intervention under a single-blinded condition. Results: After intervention, there were significant improvements in TUG, FRT, 10MWT, and 6MWT results in the TENS group (p<0.05), while the placebo-TENS group did not show significant changes in all outcome measurements. There were also differences in all tests between the two groups at post-measurements (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that a single trial TENS application on the calf may be used to improve balance and gait function in elderly people with dementia.