• 대한간호학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive functions, depression, and life satisfaction among the elderly receiving visiting nursing services. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of 221 elderly individuals who were receiving visiting nursing services from a public health center located in Gyeonggi-do. The Mini-mental State Examination Korea version (MMSE-K), Geriatric Depression Scale-short form-Korea version (GDS-K), and Life Satisfaction Scale were utilized to determine cognitive functions, depression, and life satisfaction, Collected data was analyzed by the SPSS PC Win 12,0 program. Results: The prevalence of cognitive impairment (MMSE-K$\leq$24) was 86.4%, and the proportion of severe depression (GDS-K$\leq$10) was 22,6%, Older age, lower education, and low income were associated with cognitive impairment, and low education, no religion, and low income were associated with depression. Cognitive function negatively correlated with depression. Life satisfaction level was fairly low and was not associated with any variables. Conclusion: The high prevalence of cognitive impairment and low life satisfaction status were determined among low-income elderly who were registered at a visiting health care center. Thus, in the future at visiting health care services, efficient and various programs for the elderly should be tried, to improve cognitive functions and reduce depression. Additionally, consistent evaluation studies for those programs will be required.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.122-130
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was aimed at finding factors influencing cognitive impairment which is one of the typical symptoms among the demented elderly. Methods: The number of subjects was 417 elderly residents aged over 65 yr in a community. A cognitive function and a depression level were measured using the Korean Version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K) and the Korean Form of Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS). Alcohol abuse was measured using the CAGE instrument. Chi-square test and Logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify factors affecting cognitive impairment. Results: The prevalence rates of cognitive impairment of the sample was 43.5%. Sex, age, educational level, perceived health and alcohol abuse were strong factors influencing cognitive impairment. However, the effects of smoking, living alone, depression, family history in dementia and stroke were not strong. Conclusion: Risk for cognitive impairment were increased by being female and older than 70 yr, having low education, perceiving health as poor, and drinking alcohol abusively. Therefore, a reinforcement system, continuous research and the development of proper programs should be preformed in order to prevent cognitive impairment.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to identify the effect on cognitive function in elderly people above 65 years of age. Methods : The data were collected from June 1 to August 30 2014. Data were collected by questionnaire from 994 elderly people. The instruments for this study were ADL, IADL, depression, MMSE-DS. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, multiple linear regression with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results : The significant factors influencing MMSE-DS were education(${\beta}=-0.314$, p<.001), IADL(${\beta}=0.196$, p<.001), age(${\beta}=-0.168$, p<.001), exercise time(${\beta}=0.089$, p=.004), economic conditions(${\beta}=0.086$, p=.007), depression(${\beta}=-0.084$, p=.001), income(${\beta}=-0.083$, p=.003), sleep time(${\beta}=-0.079$, p=.001), medical insurance(${\beta}=0.059$, p=.024) and leisure(${\beta}=0.057$, p=.039). Conclusions : Based on the study, subjects with cognitive impairment detected at an early stage it is necessary to intervene in consideration of the individual characteristics and to develop and apply the program that improve the living habits such as exercise and sleep, and decreasing depression.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare the level of cognitive and physical function by the level of social disengagement in institutions and community dwelling elderly. Method: The study subjects were 209 people whose age ranged from 65 to 94. The data were surveyed with social disengagement index, MMSE-K, and ADL, and analysed by SPSS 11.0 using frequency, t-test, ANCOVA and ANOVA. Results: 1) The level of social disengagement was 1.67 in institution and 3.25 in community elderly, and showed statistically significant difference (F=41.07, p<.001). 2) There were statistically significant difference in MMSE-K (F=15.51, p<.000), and activity of daily living (F=9.65, p=.002) between two residence after control the age, gender, religion, allowance and number of children. 3) There were statistically significant difference in MMSE-K (F=6.55, p=.002) by social disengagement in community dwelling elderly. Conclusions: Programs for successful aging to reduce social disengagement should be developed that stimulate social activities and then improve cognitive function for the elderly. For these, establishing social policies in nation and local government is needed. Especially, these policies should be conducted among the elderly with low-income living in institutions.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2001

Online games have become the focus of entertainment and multimedia industries as the developments in computer technologies are accelerated and the use of the Internet diffuses broadly. In spite of such growth of online games, academic discussions regarding online games are relatively limited. This research examines several factors that affect player loyalty to online games. In this research, the loyalty is classified into two categories, the behavioral loyalty measured by the intensity, volume, and frequency of use, and the cognitive loyalty measured by the degree of immersion in online games. In this research, an integrated model to explain and predict player loyalty to online games in proposed. Two studies are conducted to test to research model. Throughout analyzing 334 respondents, the first study finds that the impulsive personality of individual players significantly affects both behavioral loyalty and cognitive loyalty. Additionally, it finds that, whereas the behavioral loyalty is influenced by the convenience of online game playing, the cognitive loyalty is influenced by the motive of game playing and the playfulness of games. The second study finds that the behavioral loyalty differs across demographic differences of players (age and occupation), preferred online games of players, and online game playing locations, but the cognitive loyalty differs across only age differences of players. This research has opened a forum for social awareness about the online game culture, provided information to guide online game producers to prepare customer-oriented online games, and created a foundation for academic research on online game industry.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.451-457
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• 2012

The purposes of the study were to analyze nutritional status, psychosocial stimulation, and factors affecting the cognitive development of preschool-age children. This study was conducted in the Village of Babakan, Sub-District of Dramaga, Bogor Regency, West Java. This cross-sectionally designed study was conducted with mothers who had preschool children aged 3-5 years as respondents. Fifty-eight children were included. The distribution of mother's educational level was quite diverse, and the largest percentage (44.8%) had senior high school education. Approximately 78% of the family income per capita was classified into the non-poor category and 22.4% into the poor category. The average mother's nutritional knowledge score was $76.7{\pm}2.5$ (moderate category). Most of the preschool children (84.4%) had psychosocial stimulation scores in the moderate category (30-45). The nutritional status of children showed that 15.5% were underweight, 5.2% were wasted, 3.4% were severely wasted, and 19% of the children were in the short and very short categories (stunted). The stepwise regression results showed that psychosocial stimulation (P < 0.001), participation in early childhood education (P = 0.002) and nutritional status based on the height index for age (P = 0.028) had a positive and significant effect on cognitive development of the preschool children (adjusted $R^2$, 0.434; P = 0.028).

• 인지과학
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.245-265
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• 2017

최근 인지적 통제에 대한 연구들은 최적의 통제 수준이 보상과 비용에 의해 결정된다는 것을 밝혀냈다. 보상이 가지는 가치는 주관적이며 이에 따라 최적의 신호 강도도 달라진다. 우리는 인지적 통제에 대한 노화의 영향에 대한 연구 결과들이 비일관적인 이유가 노인이 탄력적으로 통제 신호를 조절한 결과일 수 있다고 보았다. 다시 말해, 노인은 최적의 통제 수준을 결정하는 능력을 잘 유지하고 있을 수 있는데, 이는 전대상회의 역할로 알려져 있다. 반면 인지적 통제에서 노화에 따른 기능의 감퇴는 주로 규칙 표상의 유지와 억제에서 나타나는데, 이는 주로 외측전전두피질이 담당하고 있다. 본 연구는 청년과 노인에게 보상의 유형을 조절한 Go-Nogo 과제를 수행하게 하여 각 보상 조건에서 행동결과와 ERN(Error-Related Negativity) 크기를 비교하였다. 두 집단 모두는 각 연령에게 가장 중요하다고 여겨지는 조건에서 가장 뛰어난 행동 수행과 가장 큰 ERN 크기를 나타내었다. 또한 노인은 d'과 정확률에서는 연령차를 나타내었으나 ERN의 크기에서는 연령차를 나타내지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과는 인지적 통제의 각 과정에 대한 노화의 영향이 상이할 수 있을 가능성을 보여준다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.207-218
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• 2022

본 연구는 노인의 무릎통증이 인지기능에 미치는 영향과 우울의 매개효과를 확인하기 위한 신체와 심리적 기제 간의 융합연구로 노인 인구의 성별, 연령, 학력에 따른 집단별 차이를 확인하여 치매의 위험예측 요인인 인지기능개선에 연구 목적이 있다. 분석자료는 2020년 제8차 고령화연구패널(KLoSA) 자료이며, Process macro, model 4번을 활용해 연구모형을 검증하였다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 우울은 무릎통증과 인지기능 간 영향관계에서 부분매개효과를 갖고 있음을 나타내었다. 둘째, 성별에 따른 우울의 매개효과는 유의하게 나타났으나, 직접효과는 남성노인이 여성노인의 두 배이며, 간접효과는 성별에 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 연령에 따른 우울의 매개효과는 후기노인 집단이 전기노인 집단에 비해 영향력이 상대적으로 큰 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 학력 구분에 따른 우울의 매개효과는 대학교 졸업 이상 집단의 경우 매개효과는 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났으나 나머지 3개 하위 집단은 유의하게 나타났다. 본 검증결과를 토대로 노인의 인지기능 개선을 위해서는 무릎통증과 우울관리에 대한 성별, 연령, 학력에 따른 집단별 차이를 중심으로 적극적 개입 전략이 필요하다는 시사점을 도출할 수 있다.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.469-491
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• 2015

본 연구는 영재아동들의 집행기능 중 억제처리과정을 폭넓게 살펴보기 위하여 진행되었으며, 억제처리과정을 인지적 차원과 정서적 차원으로 구분하여 처리 양상을 비교 분석하였다. 실험은 국내의 ${\times}{\times}$ 대학부설 영재교육원에 재학 중인 영재아동들 총 100명(성별에 따라 남62 및 여38, 학년에 따라 초등46, 중등54)을 대상으로 진행되었다. 실험 1에서는 인지적 요소가 포함된 억제처리 기능을 알아보기 위하여 단어-색상 스트룹 과제(word-color Stroop task)를 사용하였고, 실험 2에서는 정서적 요소가 포함된 억제처리 기능을 알아보기 위하여 정서 스트룹 과제(emotional Stroop task)를 사용하였다. 실험 결과, 영재아동들은 억제처리 과정에서 인지적 자동반응을 억제하기 위한 인지적 비용이 발생하였으며, 이는 성별에 따른 차이는 없었으나 연령이 증가할수록 인지적 비용이 유의미하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 정서적 요소가 포함되는 억제처리 과정에서는 간섭 비용이나 정서로 인한 인지편향이 유의하게 발생하지 않았으며, 성별이나 연령에 따른 차이도 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 연구결과는 영재아동들의 인지적 억제처리와 정서적 억제처리가 동일한 기제가 아닌 구분되는 처리 양상임을 시사한다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.178-186
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• 2020

Background: Cognitive impairment is a public health burden. Our objective was to investigate associations between work hours and cognitive function. Methods: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants (n = 2,497; 50.7% men; age range 44-84 years) reported hours per week worked in all jobs in Exams 1 (2000-2002), 2 (2002-2004), 3 (2004-2005), and 5 (2010-2011). Cognitive function was assessed (Exam 5) using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (version 2), a measure of global cognitive functioning; the Digit Symbol Coding, a measure of processing speed; and the Digit Span test, a measure of attention and working memory. We used a prospective approach and linear regression to assess associations for every 10 hours of work. Results: Among all participants, associations of hours worked with cognitive function of any type were not statistically significant. In occupation-stratified analyses (interaction p = 0.051), longer work hours were associated with poorer global cognitive function among Sales/Office and blue-collar workers, after adjustment for age, sex, physical activity, body mass index, race/ethnicity, educational level, annual income, history of heart attack, diabetes, apolipoprotein E-epsilon 4 allele (ApoE4) status, birth-place, number of years in the United States, language spoken at MESA Exam 1, and work hours at Exam 5 (β = -0.55, 95% CI = -0.99, -0.09) and (β = -0.80, -1.51, -0.09), respectively. In occupation-stratified analyses (interaction p = 0.040), we also observed an inverse association with processing speed among blue-collar workers (adjusted β = -0.80, -1.52, -0.07). Sex, race/ethnicity, and ApoE4 did not significantly modify associations between work hours and cognitive function. Conclusion: Weak inverse associations were observed between work hours and cognitive function among Sales/Office and blue-collar workers.