• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.248-257
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of smoking on dietary behavior and nutrient intake among the male college students. The subjects were divided into three groups; non smoker(n=84), moderate smoker(n=68), and heavy smoker(n=89) according to duration and degree of smoking. And they were asked for general characteristics, life style, eating pattern, food frequency, and nutrient intake using questionnaire and 24-hr recall method. The mean age, height, weight, and BMI of the subjects were 26.2$\pm$6.2 years, 173.3$\pm$5.3㎝, 66.5$\pm$9.3㎏, and 22.1$\pm$2.7㎏/$m^2$, respectively. The type of residence and frequency of alcohol drinking were significantly different among three groups; the frequency of self-boarding and alcohol drinking in moderate smoker and heavy smoker was higher than those in non smoker. Comparing with non smoker, the frequency of skipping meals, especially breakfast and supper, was significantly high in moderate smoker and heavy smoker. The most common reason why heavy smoker skipped meals was ‘eating habit’, while it was ‘lack of time’ in non smoker. The results showed that the heavy smoker tended to drink coffee more often compared to the other two groups. There were no significant differences in nutrient intakes among three groups. In conclusion, heavy smoking students have unhealthy dietary behaviors in terms of high frequency of alcohol drinking, habit of skipping meals and frequent coffee drinking showing a strong need of proper education on smoking withdrawal and meal practice for them.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 2002

Objectives : To investigate the fetal cholesterol levels and related factors in a rural adult population. Methods : 3,207 adults(1,272 men and 1,935 women) were examined in 1997 Their heights, weights, and fasting serum total cholesterol levels were measured, and their body mass indices were calculated. A questionnaire interviewing method was used to collect risk factor data. Results : The mean value of total cholesterol were 190.5 mg/dl, and 198.8 mg/dl, and the age-adjusted prevalence rates for hypercholesterolemia (above 240 mg/dl) were 13.7% and 10.2%, in men and women, respectively. From simple analyses, age, educational level, coffee intake, amount of meat and food intake, waist circumference, waist-hip circumference ratio(WHR), and body mass index(BMI) were significant risk factors in men (p<0.05) relating to serum total cholesterol levels. In women, age, educational level, hypertension history, diabetes history, herbal drug history, amount of feed intake, alcohol consumption, waist circumference, WHR, BMI, and menopausal status were significant risk factors (p<0.05). In multiple linear regression analyses, waist circumference (p<0.01), BMI (p<0.01), and coffee intake (p<0.05) proved to be significant risk factors in men. Whereas, menopausal status (p<0.01), BMI (p<0.01), herbal drug history (p<0.01), amount of food intake (p<0.05), waist circumference (p<0.05), and alcohol consumption (p<0.05) were significant risk factors in women. Conclusions : The significant risk factors, for both men and women, relating to the serum total cholesterol were waist circumference and BMI. Thus, for the reduction of serum total cholesterol level, it is recommended that health education for the control of obesity should be implemented.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.515-522
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake, dietary habits and serum lipid profiles of smoking male college students to those of non-smoking subjects. The subjects were composed of two group: 111 smokers and 120 non-smokers was used along with a questionnaire. Anthropometric measure, dietary intakes using 24-hours recall method were compared. The average ages of smokers and non-smokers were 21.6 and 21.1 years old, respectively. The height, weight and BMI of smokers and non-smokers were no significant difference. The average numbers of smoked cigarettes were 15.9/d and the average packyear was 4.9 in the smokers. About 92.8% of the smokers drank alcoholic beverages, while 72.5% of the non-smokers did. The smokers tended to eat less breakfast meal, but drink coffee more often compared to the non-smokers. The mean daily energy and food intake were 2,135.8 kcal and 1,169.5 g in the smokers and 2,034.3 kcal and 1,229.4 g in the non-smokers. The smokers consumed significantly higher intake of fat. The serum triglyceride level of the smokers was significantly higher than that of the non-smokers. In conclusion, the smokers of this study showed a more undesirable dietary intake in the light of their high Int an alcoholic beverages, and coffee. Therefore, it could be suggested that more systematic research be conducted with respect to serum triglyceride and smoking and that increased nutrition education and guidelines for smokers are required.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.215-222
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• 2019

PURPOSE. To evaluate the polishing effect on roughness and color change of pressed and layering ceramics after immersion in coffee solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 88 ceramic discs ($1.0mm{\times}10.0mm$) were manufactured - 44 nano-fluorapatite layering ceramics (IPS e.max Ceram. Group C) and 44 pressed lithium disilicate ceramic discs (IPS e. max Press - Group P). Each group was divided into 4 subgroups according to surface treatments: (G) Glaze, (S) Shofu polishing system (Shofu Inc.), (E) Edenta AG polishing System, (KG) $30-{\mu}m$ diamond granulation tip. Surface roughness (Ra) and color change (${\Delta}E$) measurings after the surface treatments were performed, before and 12 days after the immersion in coffee solution. A samples' qualitative analysis was conducted with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were statistically-treated with one-way-ANOVA and Duncan's tests, apart from paired t-test and Pearson's correlation test (${\alpha}=5%$). RESULTS. The decrescent order, both for surface roughness (Ra) and ${\Delta}E$ for both ceramics were: KG > E > S > G (P<.05). With exception for PG and CG subgroups, which did not present statistical difference between them, all other pressed ceramics subgroups presented smaller Ra values and greater ${\Delta}E$ values than the layering ceramics subgroups (P<.05). CONCLUSION. Although mechanical polishing systems presented intermediate Ra values, their colors were considered clinically acceptable. There is a strong correlation between the surface roughness and the color change of tested ceramics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.620-629
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary and the living habits of 606 university students located in the Chonnam area. The subjects included 290 freshmen (47.9%) and 316 undergraduate students (52.1%). This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. Most students (73.9%) skipped breakfast because of lack of time (65.8%) of the cases. Self-reported eating habits problems were eating irregular meal (52.8%), overeating (21.1%), unbalance diet (13.0%) and skipping meal (7.3%). The type of favorite snack was biscuit (31.8%) and cup Ramyon(31.8%). The weight control was higher in freshmen compared to undergraduate. The rates of smoking in freshmen and undergraduate were 21.0% and 26.6% respectively. The coffee intake and alcohol drinking frequency was higher in undergraduate compared to freshmen. The living habits of undergraduate students were undesirable. Therefore they should have a nutritional program to improve their food habits and the dietary behaviors for students' health. And nutritional education program should be organized practically and systematically.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.235-245
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• 1998

This survey was carried out to investigate the beverage consumption pattern. The Questionnaire, which consists of preference, quantity of daily consumption, selection, consumption of traditional beverages and so on, was distributed to elementary, middle and high school students and Home Economics teachers. Compared with teachers, students prefer soft drinks to coffee and tea. The factor considered as important appeared taste when they choose beverages. The reasons why they drink beverage were its being tasty and their heavy thirst. Among traditional beverages, sikhae was consumed most frequently at home. More than 50% of respondents answered that they had experiences of drinking whachae, soochungkwa, citron tea and ginger tea.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.419-432
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• 2009

To better understand the prevalence of constipation and related lifestyle factors, the excretion habits, lifestyle, frequency of food intake, food preference, and stress of 1,157 high school students (713 males and 444 females) in the city of Gimhae, Korea were surveyed. The study was part of research aimed at providing basic nutritional data to alleviate or prevent constipation. Most respondents were male (61.6%). Of all the respondents, 55.4% reported that they have been constipated, with females reporting more episodes. Stress, lack of exercise, and bad eating habits were linked to constipation. Students reporting constipation slept less, were more sedate, ate less, and drank less water than non-constipated respondents. Their diet frequently consisted of noodles, sugary food and coffee. The results suggest that students could benefit from nutritional education in lessening the prevalence of constipation.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.120-138
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• 1995

In order to find smoking status and its related factors for female students, a survey was conducted for 1,045 female students of a women's university in Seoul from 22nd of May to 18th of June, 1995. The results were as follows: 1. Of the 1,045 respondents, 7.4% of them were current smokers and 20.6% of them were ex-smokers. The rate of smoking by the major field of study was 18.5% in art and physical education, 10.6% in liberal art and social science, 1.9% in natural science, and 1.2% in medical science. The rate of smoking by the grade was 4.1% in the freshman, 5.9% in the sophomore, 10.9% in the junior, and 10.0% in the senior grade. 2. 7.2% of respondents experienced first smoking at junior high school, 16.8% at senior high school, 4.1% after high school, and 69.2% at college. 3. The major motivation to start smoking was 'curiosity'(57.9%), 'releasing stress'(21.6%), and 'temptation from friend or senior'(12.0%). 4. The first smoking place was 'entertainment place'(49.6%), 'own room'(20.5%), and 'school '(11.3%). And the first smoking companion was 'friend'(62.3%), 'alone'(19.9%), and 'senior or junior'(5.1%). 5. The average quantity of a daily smoking was 6.16±5.29 cigarettes in current smokers and 31.2% of them had experience to quit smoking at least one or more time. 6. Most of the reasons to quit smoking in ex-smoker were due to 'bad taste '(60.5%), 'health concern'(27.4%) and 'religion'(2.3%). 7. Current smoker and ex-smoker had more positive attitude for the female smoking than nonsmoker. And 76.7% of nonsmokers answered that they would not smoke in the future. 8. Most correspondents(89.8% of nonsmoker, 83.7% of ex-smoker, 80.5% of current smoker) strongly supported the antismoking movement. 9. The major information source in smoking were from 'radio, TV'(51.0%), 'newspaper, magazine'(38.8%) and 'school'(7.7%). 10. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the related factors for smoking status were satisfaction of home life, coffee intake, alcohol drinking, sister's smoking, girl friend's smoking, and knowledge about smoking.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.53-61
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• 2013

Voice disorders are most common in female teachers due to work-related vocal demands; however, only a few studies tried to evaluate individual risk factors with work-related risk factors to diagnose voice disorders. This study evaluated sixty-seven female elementary teachers (36 with voice disorders and 31 without voice disorders) to compare their vocal misuse, overuse, and vocal hygiene behaviors. Total Voice Handicap Index scores and VHI subscale (P, E, F) scores were not significantly different between two groups (p>0.05) and there was no relationship between VHI and acoustic measures (p>0.05). Loud talking, talking in noisy situations, and excessive speaking were significantly more frequent in female teachers with voice disorders (p<0.05) and thereby these overuse and misuse behavioral patterns were identified as risk factors to develop voice disorders in female teachers. Also, hydration was the most common behavior for vocal hygiene when experiencing vocal fatigue; however, hydration with hot green tea or coffee and throat clearing were often misused for vocal hygiene. This study found that female teachers from both groups presented higher voice handicap regardless of voice disorders. This study suggests a multidimensional voice assessment protocol is required to reflect voice problems in teachers and a vocal education program may be important to improve vocal hygiene knowledge and behavioral changes in female teachers.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.159-170
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• 2014

Purpose: This research investigated the degree and predictors of hot flashes and hypogonadism symptoms in patients with prostate cancer receiving hormone replacement therapy. Methods: The subjects were 111 patients with prostate cancer receiving hormone replacement therapy in two university hospitals located in D city. The measurement tools included Hot Flash Diary and AMS (Aging Male's Symptoms rating scales). The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and binary logistic regression analysis. Results: The percentage of patients who experienced hot flashes among the participants was 14.4%. The predictors for hot flashes were eating irregularly, having coffee frequently and the types of hormone. The average score of hypogonadism symptom was 2.16 out of five-point scale and the highest score of hypogonadism symptom was the sexual symptoms (2.77 out of five-point scale). The predictors for hypogonadism symptom were eating habits and years of having the illness. Conclusion: These findings provide the information that irregularly eating habit was an important factor in hot flashes and hypogonadism symptoms of the participants. Therefore the development of a nutritional education encouraging regular meals is necessary for the given population.