• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권7호
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• pp.1035-1040
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• 2015

껍질을 제거하지 않은 새우의 경우 10일 동안 저장하는 과정에서 갈변이 심각하게 진행된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 갈변은 두흉부, 등껍질 그리고 꼬리 순서로 진행되었으며, 4-hexylresorcinol 침지액에 의해 갈변이 억제될 경우 꼬리, 등껍질 그리고 두흉부 순서로 억제되었다. 껍질을 제거하지 않은 새우의 경우 10, 20 mg/L 4-hexylresorcinol 침지액 농도에서 72시간 침지한 새우로부터 각각 1.36, 2.33 mg/kg의 잔류농도를 확인하였으며, 해외에서 규정하고 있는 최대잔류수준 이상의 4-hexylresorcinol이 검출되어 갈변억제 효과는 있었지만 사용방법으로 부적합한 것으로 나타났다. 껍질을 제거한 새우의 경우에는 가식부위가 직접 침지액에 침지되기 때문에 대부분의 새우에서 1 mg/kg 이상의 4-hexylresorcinol 잔류량이 확인되었으며, 껍질을 제거한 새우를 20 mg/L 4-hexylresorcinol 침지액에 72시간 동안 침지한 처리군에서 13.46 mg/kg으로 가장 높은 4-hexylresorcinol 잔류량이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 캐나다 및 중국뿐만 아니라 유럽에서 규정하고 있는 최대잔류수준을 초과함에 따라서 새우의 침지 조건으로 새우 껍질을 제거한 뒤 침지하는 방법은 적합하지 않은 것으로 판단되며, 갈변억제 효과는 20 mg/L 4-hexylresorcinol 침지액에서 24시간 동안 침지한 처리군에서 가장 높은 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과 4-hexylresorcinol 침지액 농도와 침지 시간에 따라 4-hexylresorcinol 잔류량 및 갈변억제 효과에 높은 상관관계를 나타내었으며, 규정에 제시되어 있는 최대잔류허용량을 초과하지 않고 효율적인 갈변억제 효과를 얻기 위한 방법으로는 껍질을 제거하지 않은 새우에서 20 mg/L 4-hexylresorcinol 침지액에서 24시간 동안 침지처리하는 방법이 가장 적절한 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2005

암반에 근입된 대구경 현장타설말뚝에 대한 하중-침하량 특성을 조사하기 위하여 35개소에서 실시된 말뚝재하시험 결과를 분석하였다. 일반적으로 단단한 암반에 근입된 대구경 현장타설말뚝의 침하량은 대단히 미소하여 말뚝의 설계 시방서상에 제시된 말뚝의 전체침하량이나 잔류침하량에 대한 규정을 적용하여 극한하중을 결정할 수가 없다. 따라서 암반에 근입된 대구경 현장타설말뚝의 항복하중을 결정하기 위하여 항타말뚝을 대상으로 이전에 제시된 P-logS분석법을 적용하여 보았다. 적용결과, 이 방법은 기존의 다른 분석법인 P-S, logP-logS, S-logt 및 P-S분석법에 비하여 항복하중결정이 비교적 간편하고 정확하였다. 그리고 암반에 근입된 대구경 현장타설말뚝의 하중이 항복하중에 도달하기 전까지의 말뚝의 하중-침하량 관계를 나타낼 수 있는 회귀분석식이 제시되었다. 또한, 지지층의 종류와 암반 근입심도에 따른 말뚝의 침하거동특성도 조사하였다. 끝으로 현장말뚝재하시험결과에 대한 고찰을 통하여 암반에 근입된 현장타설말뚝의 항복하중을 결정할 수 있는 새로운 침하량 기준값이 제시되었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.527-532
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• 1995

Human taurine transporter has 12 transmembrane domains and its molecular weight is 69.6 kDa. The long cytoplasmic carboxy and amino termini might function as regulatory attachment sites for other proteins. Six potential protein kinase C phosphorylation sites have been reported in human taurine transporter. In this report, we studied the effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and glucocorticoid hormone on taurine transportation in the RAW 264.7, mouse macrophage cell line. When the cells were incubated with $[^{3}H]taurine$ in the presence or absence of $Na^+$ ion for 40 min at $37^{\circ}C$, the [$[^{3}H]taurine$ uptake rate was 780-times higher in the $Na^{+}-containing$ buffer than in the $Na^{+}-deficient$ buffer, indicating that this cell line expresses taurine transporter protein on the cell surface. THP1, a human promonocyte cell line, also showed a similar property. The $[^{3}H]taurine$ uptake rate was not influenced by the inflammatory inducing cytokines such as interleukin-1, gamma-interferon or interleukin-1+gamma-interferon, but was decreased by the PMA in the RAW 264.7 cell line. This suggests that activation of protein kinase C inhibits taurine transporter activity directly or indirectly. The inhibition of $[^{3}H]taurine$ uptake by PMA was time-dependent. Maximal inhibition occurred in one hr stimulation with PMA Increasing the treatment time beyond one h reduced the $[^{3}H]taurine$ uptake inhibition due to the depletion or inactivation of protein kinase C. The cell line also showed concentration-dependent $[^{3}H]taurine$ uptake under PMA stimulation. The phorbol-ester caused 23% inhibition at the concentration of 1 ${\mu}m$ PMA. The inhibition was significant even at a concentration as low as 10 nM PMA The reduced $[^{3}H]taurine$ uptake could be recovered by treatment with glucocorticosteroid hormone. Dexamethasone led to recover of the reduced taurine uptake induced by phorbol-ester, recovering maximally after one hr. This may suggest that macrophage cells require higher taurine concentration in a stressed state, for the secretion of glucocorticoid hormone is increased by hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activation in the blood stream.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2014

Taste is an important sense in survival and growth of animals. The growth and maintenance of taste buds, the receptor organs of taste sense, are under the regulation of various neurotrophic factors. But the distribution aspect of neurotrophic factors and their receptors in distinct taste cell types are not clearly known. The present research was designed to characterize mRNA expression pattern of neurotrophic factors and their receptors in distinct type of taste cells. In male 45-60 day-old Sprague-Dawley rats, epithelial tissues with and without circumvallate and folliate papillaes were dissected and homogenized, and mRNA expressions for neurotrophic factors and their receptors were determined by RT-PCR. The mRNA expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3), receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), exclusion of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-4/5 (NT4/5), receptor tyrosine kinase A (TrkA), receptor tyrosine kinase C (TrkC), and p75NGFR were observed in some population of taste cell. In support of this result and to characterize which types of taste cells express NT3, BDNF, or TrkB, we examined mRNA expressions of NT3, BDNF, or TrkB in the $PLC{\beta}2$ (a marker of Type II cell)-and/or SNAP25 (a marker of Type III cell)-positive taste cells by a single taste cell RT-PCR and found that the ratio of positively stained cell numbers were 17.4, 6.5, 84.1, 70.3, and 1.4 % for $PLC{\beta}2$, SNAP25, NT3, BDNF, and TrkB, respectively. In addition, all of $PLC{\beta}2$-and SNAP25-positive taste cells expressed NT3 mRNA, except for one taste bud cell. The ratios of NT3 mRNA expressions were 100% and 91.7% in the SNAP25-and $PLC{\beta}2$-positive taste cells, respectively. However, two TrkB-positive taste cells co-expressed neither $PLC{\beta}2$ nor SNAP 25. The results suggest that the most of type II or type III cells express BDNF and NT3 mRNA, but the expression is shown to be less in type I taste cells.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.1104-1108
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• 2006

다시마(Laminaria japonica)는 우리나라 해역에서 생산되는 대표적인 갈조류로 칼슘, 칼륨, 요오드, 아연 등 신체의 생리대사에 관여하는 주요 무기질이 풍부하게 함유되어 있으며, uronic acid로 구성된 alginic acid, 황산기를 함유하는 fucoidan 및 laminaran과 같은 식이섬유도 함유되어 있다. 다시마로부터 추출된 푸코이단의 항 간독성 효과를 확인하고자 흰쥐의 복강 내에 다시마 푸코이단 추출물을 14일간 투여하고 15일째 되는 날에 $CCl_4$를 투여한 후에 혈액 및 간 조직에서의 효소 활성의 변동을 통해 간독성에 대한 효과를 관찰하였다. GOT의 경우 정상군에 비해 대조군에서 $CCl_4$의 간 장애 유발로 인해 효소 level이 약 3.8배 증가하였고 시료군인 LFC군과 대조군을 비교하였을 때 40% 감소하여 다시마 푸코이단 추출물의 효과를 확인할 수 있었다 역시 GPT level에 있어서도 $CCl_4$를 투여한 대조군이 정상군에 대해 약 11.5배정도 증가하여 간 장애 유발이 확인되었고 LFC군이 대조군에 비해 64%로 감소하는 것으로 나타나 다시마 푸코이단 추출물의 효소 level 감소 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 간 조직에서의 SOD 활성정도는 대조군에서 정상군에 비해서 약 1.79배 정도로 낮게 나타났고 LFC군은 대조군에 비해 114%의 상승효과를 보였다. 또한 CAT의 활성도는 대조군에서 정상군에 비해 약 1.59배 감소를 보였으며 LFC군은 대조군보다 36.1% 높게 나타났다. GPx활성도의 경우 대조군은 정상군에 비해 약 2.5배의 감소율을 보였으며 LFC군은 대조군에 비해서 55.9%의 증가율을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 다시마 푸코이단 추출물이 간독성에서 효소 조절 효능을 가지므로 기능성 식품소재로 활용될 수 있음을 보여 주었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.222-229
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• 2017

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were previously considered to have an anti-inflammatory effect, and Interleukin-$1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) was found to be a pro-inflammatory factor in chondrocytes, but the mechanism underlying ADSCs and $IL-1{\beta}$ is unclear. In this study, we investigate whether P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) signalling, regulated by microRNA 373 (miR-373), was involved in the ADSCs and $IL-1{\beta}$ mediated inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA). Chondrocytes were collected from 20 OA patients and 20 control participants, and ADSCs were collected from patients who had undergone abdominal surgery. The typical surface molecules of ASDCs were detected by flow cytometry. The level of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by Griess reagent. Concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP-3) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expressions of IL-6, MMP-3, miR-373 and P2X7R were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of P2X7R. The typical potential characters of ADSCs were verified. In chondrocytes or OA tissues, the miR-373 expression level was decreased, but the P2X7R expression was increased. $IL-1{\beta}$ stimulation increased the level of inflammatory factors in OA chondrocytes, and ADSCs co-cultured with $IL-1{\beta}$-stimulated chondrocytes decreased the inflammation. OA chondrocytes transfected with the miR-373 inhibitor increased the inflammation level. The miR-373 mimic suppressed the inflammation by targeting P2X7R and regulated its expression, while its effect was reversed by overexpression of P2X7R. $IL-1{\beta}$ induced inflammation in OA chondrocytes, while ADSCs seemed to inhibit the expression of P2X7R that was regulated by miR-373 and involved in the anti-inflammatory process in OA.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to assess both the approximate lethal dose and the single dose intramuscular injection toxicity of Danggui (Angelica gigantis radix) pharmacopuncture (DGP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The experiments were conducted at the good laboratory practice (GLP) laboratory, Biotoxtech Co., which is a laboratory approved by the ministry of food and drug safety (MFDS). The study was performed according to the GLP regulation and the toxicity test guidelines of the MFDS (2009) after approval of the institutional animal care and use committee of Biotoxtech. Single doses of DGP were injected intramuscularly into the rats in three test groups of 6 week old SD rats (5 male and 5 female rats per groups) in the amounts of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mL/animal for groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and normal saline solution in the amount of 1.0 mL/animal was injected intramuscularly into the rats (5 male and 5 female rats) in the control group. Observations of the general symptoms and weight measurements were performed during the 14 day observation period after the injection. Hematologic and serum biochemical examination, necropsy, and a local tolerance test at the injection site were done after the observation period. Results: No death was observed in three test groups (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL/animal group). In addition, the injection of DGP had no effect on general symptoms, weights, hematologic and serum biochemical examination, and necropsy. The results from the local tolerance tests at injection site showed no treatment related effects in the SD rats. Conclusion: The results of single dose intramuscular injection of DGP suggest that the approximate lethal dose is above 1.0 mL/animal for both male and female SD rats and that intramuscular injection of DGP may be safe.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.259-267
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• 1997

To improve the efficiency of production of cloned embryos and animals by nuclear transplantation in the rabbit, the effect of cell cycle of donor nuclei and type of recipient cytoplasm on the in vitro developmental potential and production efficiency of offspring was determined. The embryos of 16-cell stage were collected from the mated does at 48h post-hCG injection and they were synchronized to G$_1$ phase of 32-cell stage. The oocytes collected at 14h post-hCG injection were freed from cumulus cells and then enucleated. One group of the enucleated cytoplasms was activated by electrical stimulation prior to injection of donor nucleus, and the other group was not pre-activated. The separated G$_1$phase blastomeres of 32-cell stage embryos were injected into the perivitelline space of recipient cytoplasms. After culture for 20h post-hCG injection, the nuclear transplant oocytes were electrofused and activated by electrical stimulation and the fused nuclear transplant embryos were co-cultured for 120h and the nuclear transplant embryos developed to blastocyst stage were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye and their blastomeres were counted. Some of the nuclear transplant embryos developed in vitro to 2- to 4-cell stage were transferred into the oviducts of synchronized recipient does. The electrofusion rate was similar between the types of donor nuclei and recipient cytoplasms used. However, the nuclear transplant embryos using G$_1$ phase donor nuclei were developed to blastocyst at higher rate(60.3%) than those using S phase ones(24.7%). Also, when non-preactivated oocytes were used as recipient cytplasms, the develop-mental rates of nuclear transplant embryos to blastocysts were significantly(P< 0.05) higher(57.1%) than those using preactivated ones(20.8%). The cell counts of nuclear transplant embryos developed to blastosyst stage were increased signficantly(P<0.05) more in the non-preactivated recipient cytoplasm(163.7 cells), as compared whit the preactivated recipient cytoplasm(85.4 cells), A total of 49 nuclear transplant embryos were tranferrid into 5 recipient does, of which two offsprings were produced from a foster mother 31 days after embryo transfer. these results showed that the blastomeres of G1 phase and non-preactivated oocytes might be utillzed efficiently as donor nuclei and recipient cytoplasms in the nuclear transplant procedure, thought the offspring production remained still low.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2012

본 연구는 현미의 새로운 가공법 개발을 위하여 현미의 과피층을 0%, 5%, 및 10%를 도정하여 이에 따른 현미의 단백질 및 총 식이섬유 함량변화를 조사하였다. 그리고 쌀의 품질 특성 조사를 위하여 과피층 제거 정도 따른 알칼리붕괴도(ADV)를 조사하고 현미밥의 경도, 끈기, 인성 및 부착성을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 설갱벼를 제외하고 과피층이 감소할수록 현미의 단백질 및 총 식이섬유 함량이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. ADV는 삼광벼가 과피층 제거에 의하여 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내어 과피층 제거에 의하여 호화가 용이해질 것으로 판단된다. 또한 현미밥의 기계적 식미치를 측정한 결과, 백진주벼 및 큰눈벼의 경도 및 인성은 감소하였고, 백진주벼, 큰눈벼, 설갱벼의 끈기 및 부착성은 증가하였다. 그리고, 과피층 제거에 의하여 백진주벼<삼광벼<큰눈벼 순서로 부착성-경도 비율이 증가하는 결과를 보였다. 따라서 밥맛이 따라서 과피층의 부분적인 도정이 현미의 품질 및 식감을 향상시킬 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2010

콩의 생산성을 높이는데 중요한 역할을 하는 효소의 활성변화와 종실 수량과의 관련성을 탐색하기 위해 등숙관련효소인 ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGP)의 활성변화를 콩 품종별로 등숙기간에 따라 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 풍산나물콩은 협수 및 잎수가 131개 및 102개로 가장 많았으며, 100립중은 10.4g으로 가장 낮았으나 수량은 275kg/10a으로 가장 높아 물질생산 및 건물축적 효율이 우수한 것으로 나타났는데, 개화시기$(R_1,\;R_2)$에 AGP의 활성도 가장 높은 경향이었다. 2. 품종별 $CO_2$ 동화량은 풍산나물콩이 $20.96{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$로 가장 많았으며 검정콩1호는 $12.54{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$로 가장 적었다. 3. 단파흑은 개체당 잎면적이 $3,968cm^2$로 가장 많고 100립중도 30.5g으로 가장 높은 반면 수량은 149kg/10a으로 가장 낮아 건물축적 효율이 가장 낮았으며, 생육단계별 AGP활성도 가장 낮은 수치를 나타냈다. 4. AGP의 small subunit은 60KD의 single band를 나타냈는데 개화기 이후 AGP의 활성변화와 일치하는 경향을 보였다.