• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.51-70
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• 2023

The Personal Information Protection Commission has been promoting the adoption of co-regulation to replace/improve the existing self-regulation programs since 2022. While the Commission's co-regulation framework has received positive feedback for its contribution to address the regulatory issues, it has also faced criticism for being seen as "co-regulation in appearance only without any real differentiation from existing self-regulation." This study aims to examine the case of industry-specific co-regulation proposed by the Personal Information Protection Commission, with the objectives of 1) determining whether their approach can be categorized as a type of co-regulation with differentiation from the existing self-regulation programs, and 2) proposing improvements for successful regulation. The 'co-regulation' of the Commission can be classified as a form of co-regulation that differs with traditional self-regulation, as it involves government and private organizations collaborating to establish self regulatory codes reflecting industry-specific characteristics as well as provides interest groups with incentives to comply with the codes. The co-regulation framework is evaluated to some extent as successful, but there is still room for improvement in three major aspects. (1) When selecting the areas for co-regulation, a focus should be placed on areas where technological changes are rapid, and government regulations should be applied in areas where they are not. (2) It is necessary to enhance the expertise of regulatory agencies, and (3) ensuring the democratic nature of regulation, such as encouraging the participation of civil organizations, is necessary.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제63권
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• pp.159-184
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• 2014

Climate change is one of the biggest dangers facing all living creatures in the earth. It has been understood that emissions of greenhouse gases from human activity is the cause of climate change. Cars are responsible for around 12% of total EU emissions of CO2, the main greenhouse gas. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) on 9 May, 1992, which entered into force on 21 March 1994. The European Commission first adopted a Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars in 1995. On 19 December 2007, the European Commission proposed "Proposal for Setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars to reduce CO2 emissions", which was adopted on 23 April 2009 as "Regulation (EC) No 443/2009". Prior to submitting the Proposal, the European Commission performed impact assessment and prepared impact assessment report which was reviewed by the Impact Assessment Board. The objective of this Regulation is to set emission performance standards for new passenger cars registered in the Community, which forms part of the Community's integrated approach to reducing CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles while ensuring the proper functioning of the internal market. In the event that a manufacturer fails to meet its target, it will be required to pay an excess emissions premium in respect of each calendar year from 2012 onwards. On 11 March 2014, Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 was adopted. Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amends Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 to implement the modalities of meeting the 95g CO2/km target for new passenger cars to be reached in 2020. As industry benefits from indications of the regulatory regime that would apply beyond 2020, the Regulation includes a further review to take place by, at the latest, 31 December 2014.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2002

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is the enzyme that controls no devo fatty acid biogynthesis, and this enzyme catalyzes the carboxylation pathway of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression was regulated by nutritional and hormonal status. The present study was performed to identify the regulation mechanism of ACC gene promoter I. The fragments of ACC promoter I -1.2-kb region wert recombined to pGL3-Basic vector with luciferase as a reporter gene. The primary hepatocytes from the rat were used to investigate the hormonal regulation of ACC promoter I activity. ACC PI (-1.2)/Luc plasmid was trtransferred into primary hepatocytes using lipofectin. Activity of luciferase was increased two-fold by 10-9M, three-fold by 10-8M, 10-6M, 3.5-fold by 10-6M, and 4.5-fold by 10-7M insulin treatment, respectively. In the presence of dexamethasone (1 $\mu$M), the effects of insulin increased about 1.5-fold, showing the additional effects of dexamethasone. Moreover, the activity of luciferase increased with insulin+dexamethasone, insulin+T3, dexamethasone+T3, and dexamethasone+insulin+T3 treatment approximately 6-, 4-, 6.5-, and 10-fold, respectively. Therefore it can be postulated that 1) these hormones coordinately regulate acetyl-CoA caroxylase gene expression via regulation of promoter activity, 2) the -1.2-kb region of ACC promoter I may have the response element sequences for insulin, dexamethasone, and T3.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.277-295
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• 2007

This paper presents the ODR phenomenon with a specific focus on regulatory problems. It argues that the current regulatory framework for online dispute resolution is, to a large extent, defective. Existing deficiencies result not only from a lack of comprehensive ODR law, but also from the weakness of the other modalities of regulation : norms and market. The current today's approach to regulating ODR has been unsuccessful, and it is time to re-examine that position. I would like to say that suggesting details of the optimal ODR regulatory framework is beyond the scope of this paper. From a broader perspective, the field of ODR seems to be not sufficiently regulated. Neither by law, nor by the restrains set by other norms or market. Given the current weakness of the modalities of regulation, online dispute resolution requires greater institutional and international support. It appears that adoption of internationally harmonized ODR law would not hamper the development of norms and market, but rather support their proper growth. As a result, the co-regulation approach recommended in this paper is different from both traditional state-oriented models of regulation and self-regulatory systems. Arguably, this co-regulation approach is the optimal model for regulation of online dispute resolution under current circumstances.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2007

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to negatively control protein-coding genes by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cytoplasm. In innate immunity, the role of miRNA gene silencing is largely unknown. In this study, we performed microarray-based experiments using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages derived from wild-type, MyD88 knockout (KO), TRIF KO, and MyD88/TRIF double KO mice. We employed a statistical approach to determine the importance of the commonality and specificity of miRNA binding sites among groups of temporally co-regulated genes. We demonstrate that both commonality and specificity are irrelevant to define a priori groups of co-down regulated genes. In addition, analyzing the various experimental conditions, we suggest that miRNA regulation may not only be a late-phase process (after transcription) but can also occur even early (1h) after stimulation in knockout conditions. This further indicates the existence of dynamic interactions between miRNA and signaling molecules/transcription factor regulation; this is another proof for the need of shifting from a 'hard-wired' paradigm of gene regulation to a dynamical one in which the gene co-regulation is established on a case-by-case basis.

• 에너지공학
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

세계적으로 기후변화에 대응하기 위한 탄소배출 규제가 강화됨에 따라 한국도 기후변화협약의 당사국으로서 강력한 이행을 권고 받고 있다. 특히 한국은 환경규제 강화에 대한 정부와 산업계, 국민의 이해관계가 복잡한 만큼 환경규제가 경제성장과 전력소비량, 이산화탄소 배출량 감축에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 관한 연구는 매우 중요하다. 이에 본 논문은 한국에 있어 환경규제와 경제성장, 전력소비량, 이산화탄소 배출량에 관한 인과관계를 실증분석하였다. 이를 위해 1987 ~ 2014년 동안의 시계열 자료를 바탕으로 단위근 검정, 공적분 검정, 벡터오차수정모형(VECM)을 통한 인과성 검정을 실시하였다. 분석의 결과, 환경규제는 전력소비량과 이산화탄소 배출량 간 양방향의 장기 및 강인과관계를 가지며, 전력소비량과 단기적으로 영향을 받는 반면, 경제성장에는 영향을 미치지 못하면서 일방적으로 장기 및 강인과관계로 영향을 받는 것으로 분석되었다. 경제성장은 장기적으로 전력소비량, 이산화탄소 배출량, 환경규제에 영향을 미치면서 단기적으로 전력소비량에 단방향의 인과관계를 보였고, 이산화탄소 배출량은 양방향의 인과관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과에 대응할 수 있는 정책적 시사점으로는, 환경규제가 이산화탄소 배출량 감축을 위한 기술혁신과 생산성 향상을 유발하여 경제성장에 기여할 수 있도록 하는 정책개발이 필요하다. 또한 국제 탄소배출 규제가 본격적으로 실행될 경우, 환경규제가 혁신을 통한 경제성장, 전력소비량에 따른 전원구성의 변화와 이산화탄소 배출량의 감축 등에 관련된 정책 간에 충돌을 일으키지 않고 시너지 효과를 창출하도록 하는 세심한 정책구상이 필요하다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.131-140
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate the heating regulation systems and the thermal environment of the Co-Generation apartment house in winter. Personal self-administration and interview method were used in the survey of this study. The respondents were 352 housewives who resided in Mokdong apartement using Co-Generation heating systems. Data was analyzed using SPSS PC+ computer package. The results of this study were summarised as follow; The typical patterns of heating regulation systems were intermittent and partial heating in the living room and bedroom exclusive of kitchen area. The present condition of the thermal environment were relatively warm in winter and Heatng regulation systems were influenced by type of location. Determinants of the thermal sensation and thermal comfort were the type of location of apartment as a architectural factor, clo as a personal factor.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2017년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.27-27
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• 2017

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.195-199
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• 2007

Inositol hexaphosphate ($IP_6$) is a major constituent of most cereals, legumes, nuts, oil seeds and soybean. Previous studies reported the anticancer effect of $IP_6$ and suggested that co-treatment of $IP_6$ with inositol may enhance anticancer effect of $IP_6$. Although the anticancer effect of $IP_6$ has been intensively studied, the combinational effect of $IP_6$ and inositol and involved mechanisms are not well understood so far. In the present study, we investigated the effect of $IP_6$ and myo-inositol (MI) on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis using PC3 prostate cancer cell lines. When cell, were co-treated with $IP_6$ and MI, the extent of cell growth inhibition was significantly increased than that by $IP_6$ alone. To identify the effect of $IP_6$ and MI on apoptosis, the activity of caspase-3 was measured. The caspase-3 activity was significantly increased when cells were treated with either $IP_6$ alone or both $IP_6$ and MI, with no significant enhancement by co-treatment. To investigate the effect of $IP_6$ and MI of cell cycle arrest, we measured p21 mRNA expression in PC3 cells and observed significant increase in p21 mRNA by $IP_6$. But synergistic regulation by co-treatment with $IP_6$ and MI was not observed. In addition, there was no significant effect by co-treatment compared to $IP_6$ treatment on the regulation of cell cycle progression although $IP_6$ significantly changed cell cycle distribution in the presence of MI or not. Therefore, these findings support that $IP_6$ has anticancer function by induction of apoptosis and regulation of cell cycle. However, synergistic effect by MI on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis was not observed in PC3 prostate cancer cells.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2017

본 연구는 간호 대학생을 대상으로 팀 학습 환경에서 개인의 심리적 임파워먼트가 과제성취도에 미치는 영향과 협력적 자기조절의 매개효과를 확인하기 위한 연구이다. 연구 대상자는 G광역시 4년제 대학에 재학 중인 243명의 간호대학생이었으며, 2017년 5월 23일부터 5월 30일까지 자료를 수집하였다. 자료는 SPSS 21.0을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation, Multiple regression으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 심리적 임파워먼트는 협력적 자기조절과 과제성취도, 협력적 자기조절은 과제성취도와 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 과제성취도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 협력적 자기조절, 심리적 임파워먼트, 협력과 조정 향상, 학년으로 나타났으며, 설명력은 57.2%이었다. 심리적 임파워먼트와 과제성 취도간의 관계에서 협력적 자기조절의 매개효과를 검정한 결과 부분 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 과제성 취도를 높이기 위한 간호교육 프로그램을 개발하는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하였으며, 추후 과제성취도와 관련된 다양한 변수를 포함한 반복연구가 필요하다 하겠다.