• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.48-60
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• 1991

In a seroepidemiological study in several areas of Korea, the ELISA technique was performed to determine prevalence of some important helminthic diseases in our nation during March $15^{th}$ to June $30^{th}$. 1991. In this survey the serum antibody positive rates of anisakiasis, toxocariasis, clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis, cysticercosis, and sparganosis were measured. Among, 6,704 cases examined, 19.7% showed positive antibody titer at least one of the six items studied. Overall positive antibody rate was 8.1% in anisakiasis, 5.6% in toxocariasis, 3.6% in clonorchiasis, 1.7% in paragonimiasis, 4.5% in cysticercosis, and 2.6% in sparganosis respectively. In Pusan port southeastern part of Korea, antibody positive rate of anisakiasis was 2.9%, and clonorchiasis was 2.8% among 450 examine. In TaeJ$\check{o}$n city, central part of Korea. toxocariasis(6.7%) and anisakiasis(3.7%) showed high serologic positive rate. Of the 875 persons in Chunche$\check{o}$n gun(=province), northern central rural area of South Korea, anisakiasis was revealed as 3.4% seropositivity. In Tonghae port, eastern coast of South Korea. 9.9% of population examined showed positive antibody titer in anisakiasis. Of the 1,122 persons examined in Southern part of Cholla-Namdo(Southwestern coastal area of Korea), anisakiasis was 16.9%, cysticerocosis was 12.7% and the paragonimiasis was 3.3% respectively. In some localized area of Cholla-Pukdo, anisakiasis was 9.3% and cysticekosis was 4.3% among 702 cases examined. In some localized area of Kyungsang-Pukdo, anisakiasis was 10.6%. and toxocariasis was 16.1% among 900 cases examined. And finally, in Cheju-do, southern island of Korea, anisakiasis showed high positive rate(6.7%). Because cross reactions between related helminth group may disturb the analysis of these data, use of further developed techniques such as EITB(enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot) was considered as a essential tools for the study. We thought that probably most of the positive cases of cysticerosis were taeniasis cases. We can't rule out taeniasis even though EITB was employed as far as crude worm extract or cystic fluid of cysticercus was used as antigen. It was well Known that toxocariasis and anisakiasis also showed cross reactivity. However, the data presented here focus on seropositive rate of several helminthic diseases in Korea, not true prevalence rate of helminthiases, and to wait for more expensive purified antigen in sufficient amount for epidemiologic use is not necessary because increased immunologic sensitivity had little effect on epidemiologic sensitivity. We, here, suggest that ELISA should be applied as soon as possible to the evaluation of prevalence of tissue invading parasitic diseases, and a review of the antibody positive rate obtained in this study would be a basic data for controlling program of parasitic diseases in Korea.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 1989

The effects of gamma irradiation on the survival and development of C. sinensis metacercariae were studied to evaluate the feasibility of irradiation as a control measure for clonorchiasis. Pseudorasbora parve were collected at an endemic river of clonorchiasis and were used for irradiation of the fluke in three schemes. The first (Scheme 1) was irradiation of the isolated metacercariae from the fish followed by infection to experimental rats. The second (Scheme 2) was irradiation of the fish, and then the metacercariae were isolated and in(ected to rats. The third (Scheme 3) was irradiation on the rat livers after infection with normal metacercariae. Irradiation doses varied from 5 to 100 Gy for Schemes 1 and 2, and 10 to 25 Gy for Scheme 3. The rats were sacrificed 2 to 6 weeks after infection. In Scheme 1, the metacercariae irradiated at 50 Gy failed to survive in the rats after 2 or 6 weeks. However, 1 to 44% of the metacercariae irradiated at 5∼30 Gy survived. The estimated LD50 of Scheme 1 was 16.5 Gy. The flukes irradiated in Scheme 2 survived better than those in Scheme 1. The average worm recovery rate in 50 Gy was 28%(7∼39% individually). Increasing the dose up to 100 Gy brought a remarkably low survival rate of an average 1%(0∼3% individually). The LD50 of Scheme 2 was 47.5 Gy. Worm recovery rates in the 10 Gy group of Scheme 3 were 21∼39%, and those in the 25 Gy group were 2% and 34%. Although the metacercariae were irradiated, all of the recovered worms were morphologically normal. Only the worms irradiated with 10 Gy or 25 Gy after 9 days from infection in Scheme 3 showed underdeveloped testes and seminal receptacle. The present results suggest that irradiation of the fish by 100 Gy could be adopted as a control measure for clonorchiasis.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1973

It has been reported previously that 2,2-methylene bis(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid) (MTPA) is effective treating for clonorchiasis and less toxic to the hosts. In this studies the absorption, distribution and excretion of MTPA were observed. For this purpose $^{14}C-MTPA$ was synthesised from bis(2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trichlorophenoxyl) methan $^{14}C$ and administerd to the normal rabbit in a single dose of 10mg/kg IV or 20 mg/kg P.O. or to the Clonorchis infected rabbit in dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 6 days. Radioactivity in blood, tissue, bile, urine, feces and tissue of the fluke was measured after the drug was given. The concentration of MTPA in these samples were calcurated from the radioactivity. The result obtained as followes. 1. The increase in concentration of MTPA in blood and urine after oral administration of MTPA was so slow that the absorption of MTPA from the gastrointestinal tract appears very slow. 2. It is presumed that the excretion of MTPA also is slow because the reduction of MTPA concentration in blood after IV injection was very slow. 3. Large amount of MTPA was excreted from the bile. 4. During repeat dose of 20mg/kg/day for 6 days the concentration of MTPA in blood and tissue gradually increased. 5. The highest concentration of MTPA in the kidney and liver, heart, lung, spleen and muscle in decreasing order and the lowest concentration in the brain was noted. 6. During daily dose of 20 mg/kg of MTPA for 6 days of administration the concentration of MTPA gradually increased in urine and feces and the concentration of MTPA in feces was higher than of in urine. It appeares that MTPA take place enterophepatic circulation. 7. It is assumed that accumulation in large amount of MTPA in the liver and tissue of clonorchis, excretion of large amount from the bile is a favorable property of MTPA as a chemotherapeutic agent for clonorchiasis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 1983

In order to obtain more specific antigenic preparation for the diagnosis of human paragonlmiasis, crude saline extract of whole worm (=PwWWE), secretory.excretory components (PwSEC) and secretion-excretion-free somatic extract (PwSM) of 12 week-old ParagoninBus westermani were filtrated through Sephadex G-200 gel column. The adult Paragonimus worms were obtained from expevimentally infected doge. A total of 11 antigenic solutions was Iyophilised or diluted to adjust protein content of 1mg/ml. To evaluate the antigenicity of crude antigens and fractions, micro-ELISA was done with the sera from P westermani in(ected cases, C. sinensis infected cases and non-infected control cases to detect Paragonimus specific IgG antibody. The results were as follows: 1. When the PwWWE was filtrated through Sephadex G-200 gel, it was separated into three fractions; PwWWE Fr. 1, PwWWE Fr. 2 and PwWWE Fr. 3. The percentage of protein content was 28.0%, 21.6% and 50.4% respectively. The PwSM was also. separated into three fractions; PwSM Fr. 1, PwSM Fr. 2, PwSM Fr. 3. and their percentage of protein content was 41.3%, 38.6% and 20.1%. However, the PwSEC showed different fractionation pattern; i.e. fraction 1 (=PwSEC Fr.1) and 3 (PwSEC Fr. 3) without fraction 2. The percentage of protein content was 14.0% in PwSEC Fr. 1 and 86.0% in PwSEC Fr. 3. 2. When the antigenicity of each Paragonimus crude antigen and fractionated antigen was evaluated for specific IgG aritibody by micro-ELISA in 10 human paragonimiasis sera, PwSEC Fr, 1 was the most potent antigen showing the mean absorbance 1.98. The PwWWE Fr. 1, PwSEC, PwWWE were next to that: their mean absorbance were 1.72, 1.38 and 0.83 respectively. The antigenicity of fractions 2 and 3 was much weaker in binding specific IgG antibody. 3. When the antigens were reacted in micro-ELISA with 10 human clonorchiasis sera, most antigens showed weak reactivity. Each fraction 1 of crude antigens reacted higher than other fractions or crude antigens; the mean absorbance was 0.17 in fraction 1, but in others the absorbances were about 0.06. 4. With non-infected control sera, the result of micro-RLISA revealed almost same pattern with those of the clonorchiasis sera. From the above results, it became apparent that PwWWE Fr. 1, especially PwSEC Fr. 1 was the most potent antigen reacted with Paragonisfaus specific IgG antibody.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2006

Background: $Clonorchis$ $sinensis$ is an important human parasite that is usually found in the biliary tract. It is widely distributed in East Asia in Taiwan, Japan, China and Korea. About 2 million people are estimated to be infected with $C.$ $sinensis$ in Korea. This study was conducted to evaluate the state of infestation and clinical aspects of $C.$ $sinensis$. Material and Methods: We evaluate 1,063 patients with clonorchiasis retrospectively at Yeungnam University Hospital and Health Promotion Center from January 2001 to December 2003. All patients were diagnosed by a positive stool test for $C.$ $sinensis$ eggs. Clinical features, laboratory data and imaging studies were evaluated. Results: The ratio between affected males and females was 3.6 : 1. The highest infection rate was noted in the 40-60 age groups regardless of sex. The infection rate of $C.$ $sinensis$ among the residents of urban areas was higher than in rural areas. There were 813 (76.5%) patients who were asymptomatic. Common symptoms included right upper abdominal pain in 7.6% and epigastric pain in 7.2%. For the laboratory studies, serum ALP and GGT levels were within normal limits in 85.2% and 56.0% respectively. Peripheral eosinophilia was noted in 66.1% of cases. Of the 83 cases undergoing ERCP, 27 cases (32.5%) showed peripheral dilatation of the intrahepatic duct. Conclusion: This study suggests that $C.$ $sinensis$ infection is still endemic even in rural areas of Korea and that asymptomatic infections are common. Further work should be focused on the early diagnosis and treatment of patients with subclinical infection.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1993

The histological change of the billary mucosa in clonorchiasis is characterized as adenomatous hyperplasia, and cross-sectioned mucosa looks like intestinal mucosa. In addition to the glandular hyperplasla, the metaplasia of mucin secreting cells is also known. The present study investigated the presence of intestinal secretion from the biliary mucosal cells of rabbits and rats with Clonorchis sinensis infection. The rabbit was infected with 300 and the rat was infected with 100 metacercariae of C. sinensif. A part of the animals were followed up after praziquantel treatment. The rabbit livers were prepared for histochemistry to observe any endocrine secretion and the bile duct mucosa of the mice was processed far the activity of brush border membrane (BBM)-bound enzymes of the small intestine. Immunohistochemistry with the polyclonal antibodies and biotin-streptavidin-peroxidase staining kit showed no positive cells for gastrin and secretin, but a few cells were positive for serotonin. The proliferated billiw mucosa of the mice revealed no activity of dissaccharidases and aminopeptidase. Only alkaline phosphatase activity was found both in the control and the infected. The hyperplastic billary mucosal cells showed no gastrointestinal secretory functions. The serotonin secreting cells may be one of the inflammatory cells.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1993

Antibody test is sometimes necessary for the diagnosis of acute human metagonimiasis because eggs may not be detected in stool. The antibody test (ELISA) was evaluated for its significance by reacting human sera from clinically diagnosed metagonimiasis, fascioliasis, clonorchiasis and paragonimlasis with 4 crude extracts of Metosonimn vokognwai (metacercariael , adults of Fosciola hepatica Cronorchis sinenis and Paragonimus westermoni. By ELISA, 10 of 11 metagonimlasis sera showed the highest absorbance (abs.) to the homologous antigen. Cross reactions to M. yokogawai antigen occurred most frequently in clonorchiasis sera. The antigenic protein fractions in M. vokogawai metacercarial extract were observed by SDS-PAGElimmunoblot using patients and control sera together with experimental cat sera. Out of 14 protein bands In the extract, 11 bands were reacting. Cross reacting bands to other trematodiasis sera were frequently observed. Of the reacting bands, 66 and 22 kDa proteuls were recognized as specific for metagonimiasis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.155-164
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• 1997

Studies were conducted from May, 1993 to April, 1995 to determine the changing patterns of infection Ity the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, among residents and fish hosts in Kyongbuk Province. The infection rate among residents was 7.7% by stool examination. The rate in males (11.3%) was significantly higher than females (4.1%) Positive rate of intradermal test was 27.6% in the same population. The special type of a simple catalytic model was applied for the analysis of intradermal positive reactors by age arid sex, ann the equation was Y= 0.4776 t (1 -e-0.0375t) for mates ann, y : 0.2085 (1-e-0.0138t) for females. Analysis of stool examination data by two-stage catalytic model revealed y : 0.025 (e-0.0047t _ e-0.0235t). The annual Clonorchis infection rate was 4.7 per 1,000 susceptibles and the annual loss rate was 23.5 per 1,000 infected. The frequency distribution by the eggs per gram (EPG) was calculated as well as the cumulative percentages of positives. The regression equations were y : 0.929+ 1.506 log x for males and, y : 0.473 + 1.767 log x for females. Of the 25 fish species, 7 species were infected with Clonorchis mrtacercariae. Infection rates varied by the species, and ranged from 2.8% in Punfun,Bia herzi to 30.0% in Pseudorasbora panic. Average number of the matacercariae per gram of flesh was 58.1 in p. pnnpa, followed by 10.2 in Gncthopogon atromoculntus, 7.0 in Saurosobio dobryj, and 3.0 in Pcrccheilogncthus rhonlben. The present study indicates that clonorchiasis in Kyongbuk Province is less prevalent than that of several decades ago.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the prevalence and related factors of Clonorchis Sinensis for inhabitants of the Han riverside area and to identify knowledge related to Clonorchis Sinensis and intended behavioral changes to decrease risk of infection. Method: The data were collected from December 16, 2008 to January 10, 2009. Participants were 555 people who responded to a questionnaire. Frequency, percentage, $X^2$-test, and t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: The prevalence of Clonorchis Sinensis was 7.9% in this population. Related factors for Clonorchis Sinensis were gender (male=10.8%, female=3.6%, p=0.002) and smoking (p=0.007). but habits related to ingestion of alcohol and raw fish were not significant. As for knowledge of Clonorchis Sinensis, the Clonorchiasis group had a mean score of 10.09 $({\pm}3.95)$ of a possible 17 compared to a score of only 8.27$({\pm}4.60)$ for the negative group (p=0.011). The intended behavioral change related to risk of infection, according to presence of infection or not, was significant (p=0.004). Conclusion: These results suggest that Clonorchiasis is still highly endemic in all risk areas such as the Han riverside, indicating that it is necessary to set up effective management programs for patient care and prevention of Clonorchis Sinensis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.3-141
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• 1986

간흡충은 우리나라를 비롯하여 중국, 대만, 일본 및 월남등지에 널리 분포되어 있으며 1947년에 Stoll씨의 통계에 의하면 세계적으로 1,900만명이 넘는 감염자가 있다고 하였다. 현재 우리나라에서만 약 200만명의 간흡충 감염자가 있을 것으로 추산되고 있다. 간흡충은 McConnell이 1874년에 인도의 Calcutta에서 한 중국인의 간담도에서 본충을 처음 발견한 것이다. 이것을 Cobbold(1875)가 Distoma sinense라고 명명하였다가 후에 Looss (1907)가 Clonorchis sinensis라고 하였다. Kobayashi (1910)는 담수어가 간흡충감염의 중간숙주로 작용한다는 것을 처음으로 발견하였고 Muto (1918)에 의하여 왜우렁이가 제1중간숙주임을 발견함으로서 간흉충의 생활사가 확실해 졌다. Faust 및 Khaw (1927)에 의하여 중국에서 간흡충의 생물학 및 역학에 관한 광범한 연구업적이 발표된 이래 일본, 한국, 중국등 여러곳에서 많은 사람들에 의하여 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 적절한 치료방법이 없었고 또 민물고기를 생식하는 식습관과 위생시설의 미비등 여러가지 요인때문에 예방이 어려움에 직면하였다. 최근 다행히 새로이 개 발된 praziquantel이 간흡충중에 대하여 우수한 치료효과를 나타내고 집단치료에도 적합하다는 것이 증명됨으로서 간흡충증 예방과 관리에 큰 서광이 보이게 되었다. 따라서 간흉충증의 발생과 임상적 병증의 중요성을 좀 더 이해하기 위하여 간흡충체의 미세구조, 병인, 역학, 임상증상등 최근 알려진 새로운 지견과 우리나라에 있어서 간흡충증의 분포 및 유행지 형성 상황을 수학적으로 역학적 분석을 시도하였다. 그리고 과거 간흡충중의 화학치료에 관한 연구성적을 종합하여 화학요법제의 특성 빚 치료 적용여부에 대하여 논하였고 각약제의 시험관내 및 실험동물에 있어서의 살충효과와 임상시험에 있어서의 치료효과 및 부작용에 대하여 기술하였다. 그리고 새로 개발된 praziquantel의 간흡충에 대한 작용기전에 대하여도 논하였다. (중략)