• 대한수의학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 1980

One hundred and eighteen cultures of Gram-negative rods isolated from cases of clinical bovine mastitis during lactation were examined for distribution of specific types, and activity of several antimicrobial agents to the isolates was determined by two-fold tube dilution method employing sterile whole milk as fluid medium. Of the isolates, 59.2% were Escherichia coli. Most of the remaining isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes. Most Gram-negative rods(89.8%) were isolated from acute local and chronic mastitis. The cases of peracute systemic form with a marked symptoms of toxemia were associated with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The minimal lethal concentrations (MLC) of gentamicin and oxolinic acid in sterile whole milk were 16-128 times higher than the MLC obtained in trypticase soy broth (TSB), while the MLC of ampicillin and tetracycline in milk increased 2-4 times compared with TSB. Of the drugs tested, gentamicin was the most active antibiotics with MLC of $100{\mu}g/ml$ in sterile whole milk against all of Gram-negative rods isolated from bovine udder infections.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.666-671
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• 2017

Objective: Aim of the current comparative study was to evaluate production outputs, reproduction efficiency and functional traits in dual-purpose Fleckvieh and Braunvieh cows, reared under temperate European conditions. Methods: A data-set from 414 Fleckvieh and 42 Braunvieh cows and 799 lactations was analysed. ID tag number, milk yield per milking session, number of steps/interval and milk conductivity were recorded and collected daily using AfiMilk 3.076 A-DU software (Afimilk Ltd., Kibbutz, Israel). Production and milk quality data were taken from the results of the official performance recordings and the reproductive outputs of cows were recorded by the research stations veterinarians. Comparisons between the two genotypes were carried out using the one way analysis of variance protocol, with categorical factor being considered the breed of cows. All the statistical inferences were carried out using Statistica software (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). Results: Fleckvieh cows significantly outperformed ($p{\leq}0.05$) the Braunvieh herd, with average milk yields of $5,252.1{\pm}35.79kg$ and $4,897.6{\pm}128.94kg$, respectively. Age at first calving was significantly ($p{\leq}0.01$) influenced by the breed, with Fleckvieh heifers being more precocious ($32.8{\pm}0.29mo$) compared to those of Braunvieh breed ($35.7{\pm}0.84mo$). Reproduction efficiency as defined by the number of inseminations per gestation, calving interval, dystocia, days dry and days open, was not influenced by genotype (p>0.05). Incidences of sub-clinical mastitis, clinical mastitis, lameness and abortions were not influenced by the breed factor (p>0.05). Stay-ability of cows was significantly ($p{\leq}0.001$) influenced by genotype, with Braunvieh cows having an average age at culling of $117.88{\pm}11.78$ months compared to $90.88{\pm}2.89$ months in Fleckvieh. Conclusion: Overall, results have shown that genotype significantly influenced milk yield, age at first calving and longevity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.479-484
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• 2011

The study was conducted on 20 Holstein X Sahiwal cross bred dairy cows, with an average milk production of $2,752{\pm}113.79$ liters in $284{\pm}5.75$ days during a single lactation, that were divided in to two groups of 10 animals. We investigated the oxidative stress and antioxidant status during the transition period in dairy cows. In this study, plasma level of MDA was considered as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and SOD, catalase, GSH and GSHPx as antioxidants. The lipid peroxidation was significantly (p<0.001) higher in cows during early lactation as compared to the cows in advanced pregnancy. A significant positive correlation (r = +0.831, p<0.01) was determined between MDA and catalase in early lactating cows. In early lactating cows, blood glutathione was significantly lower than in advanced pregnant cows. However, early lactating cows showed non-significant negative correlation for all antioxidant enzymes with lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, dairy cows seemed to have more oxidative stress and low antioxidant defense during early lactation or just after parturition than advanced pregnant cows, and this appears to be the reason for their increased susceptibility to production diseases (e.g. mastitis, metritis, retention of fetal membranes etc.) and other health problems.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.278-282
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• 2004

Compost is used mainly as an organic fertilizer, but it is also used as bedding material for cattle. Dairy cattle have been identified as a main reservoir of pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Further, E. coli is regarded as an environmental pathogen that causes bovine clinical mastitis. Hence, its growth in compost spread or compost bedding should be avoided. Physical and chemical conditions, available nutrients and microflora in compost change greatly during the composting process. Since pathogen growth in compost seems to be related to these changes, we assessed the possibility of E. coli growth in compost samples collected at 0, 7, 13, 22, 41, 190 and 360 d. Cattle waste composts with and without added tofu residue were collected from static piles and immediately air-dried. Compost samples were inoculated with a pure culture of E. coli, the moisture content was adjusted to 50%, and the samples were incubated for 5 d at $30^{\circ}C$. The numbers of E. coli in compost before and after incubation were determined by direct plating on Chromocult coliform agar. Almost all compost samples supported E. coli growth. Samples collected during or immediately after the thermophilic phase (day 7) showed the highest growth. Growth in samples more than 13 d old were not significantly different from those of aged compost samples. The addition of tofu residue gave a higher growth than its absence in younger samples collected prior to 13 d. To minimize the risk of environmental mastitis, the use of compost in the initial stage of the process is better avoided.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.193-199
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• 1983

대전근교(大田近郊)의 목장(牧場)에서 자유중인 유우(乳牛)를 대상(對象)으로 CMT법(法)에 의하여 유방염(乳房炎)으로 판정(判定)된 양성우(陽性牛)의 유즙(乳汁)으로부터 분리(分離)한 Staphylococcus aureus를 공시(供試)하여 유방염치료(乳房淡治療)에 있어 보다 개선(改善)된 방법(方法)을 모색(模索)하기 위하여 시판(市販)되고 있는 복합처방(複合處方)된 항균제(抗菌劑)를 선택(選擇)하여 내성시험법(耐性試驗法)을 개발(開發)할 목적(目的)으로 실시(實施)한 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 요약(要約)한다. 1. 치료용(治療用) 항균제(抗菌劑)를 계속(繼續) 반복(反復)하여 사용(使用)하게되면 차등(差等)있는 내성(耐性)을 나타내었다. 2. Rifamastene, Neo-cillin은 다같이 4회(回)까지 Abimasten-100, Neo-Masti, Special formula, Mastalone은 6회(回)까지 약(弱)한 내성(耐性)을 나타내었다. 3. Tardomyocel-L는 6회(回)까지 내성(耐性)이 거의 나타나지 않았다. 4. 내성시험(耐性試驗)을 거처 선택(選擇)된 약제(藥齊)를 3일간격(日間隔)으로 교체사용(交替使用)할 것을 권장한다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the effects of recombinant BST formulation treatment on the milk yield, milk components, mastitis, and general cow health condition when the formulations of retinyl palmitate, cholecalciferol and rBST were administered after the peak period of milk production. The milk yields of treatment groups (Group I, II, III and IV) were increased from 21.5% to 29.0% than that of control group. There was significant difference in milk production between treatment group II, IV and control group (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in milk production between treatment group I, III and control group (P<0.05). And the addition of retinyl palmitate and cholecalciferol into rBST formulation did not increase the milk yield. The milk of treatment groups with sustained-release rBST did not show significant difference in milk components (milk fat, protein, lactose, and solid not fat). However, there were minor changes, primarily in fat content of milk, during the first few weeks of rBST administration. There was no incidence of clinical mastitis between rBST treatment groups and control group. Addition of high and medium concentration of retinyl palmitate and cholecalciferol into sustained-release rBST formulation was efficient in reduction of somatic cell count in milk. There was great energy deficit in all treatment groups compared with control group during the early study period. Thus, the body condition score of all treatment groups showed lower value than control group. No evidences of metabolic health problems, such as ketosis, milk fever, and downer cow were observed. Incidence of general lameness did not appear on all treatment groups during 140 days of this study.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.78.1-78.13
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• 2022

Background: Florfenicol might be ineffective for treating Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants (SCVs) mastitis. Objectives: In this study, florfenicol-loaded chitosan (CS)-sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) composite nanogels were prepared to allow targeted delivery to SCV infected sites. Methods: The formulation screening, the characteristics, in vitro release, antibacterial activity, therapeutic efficacy, and biosafety of the florfenicol composite nanogels were studied. Results: The optimized formulation was obtained when the CS and TPP were 10 and 5 mg/mL, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the optimized florfenicol composite nanogels were 87.3% ± 2.7%, 5.8% ± 1.4%, 280.3 ± 1.5 nm, 0.15 ± 0.03, and 36.3 ± 1.4 mv, respectively. Optical and scanning electron microscopy showed that spherical particles with a relatively uniform distribution and drugs might be incorporated in cross-linked polymeric networks. The in vitro release study showed that the florfenicol composite nanogels exhibited a biphasic pattern with the sustained release of 72.2% ± 1.8% at 48 h in pH 5.5 phosphate-buffered saline. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of commercial florfenicol solution and florfenicol composite nanogels against SCVs were 1 and 0.25 ㎍/mL, respectively. The time-killing curves and live-dead bacterial staining showed that the florfenicol composite nanogels were concentration-dependent. Furthermore, the florfenicol composite nanogels displayed good therapeutic efficacy against SCVs mastitis. Biological safety studies showed that the florfenicol composite nanogels might be a biocompatible preparation because of their non-toxic effects on the renal tissue and liver. Conclusions: Florfenicol composite nanogels might improve the treatment of SCV infections.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.131-134
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• 1979

In order to know the main causative agent and distribution of the agents in Gram-negative bacillus infections of bovine udders, one hundred and forty-eight cultures of Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical cases of mastitis during lactation over a period of 2 years in 6 herds of 180 Holstein cows were studied. Escherichia coli occupied 54.7% of the isolates was the most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacillus. 30 of the isolates (20.3%) were Enterobacter aerogenes, but Enterobacter cloacae was not isolated. Remaining isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Preudomonas aeruginosa and Alcaligenes faecalis. Most of the isolates (75.0%) were isolated from rear quarters.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.268-272
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• 2015

The current study was carried out to determine the influence of different resting surfaces and stall types on milk yield and animal health. Study was carried out in Bursa that is one of the most important cities of Turkey in terms of dairy production. Effects of resting surfaces and stall types on milk yield were found to be important. Also influence of different resting surfaces and stall types on lactation length was examined and found that rubber mats were different from the two other options. Relationships between different resting surfaces or stall types and health problems were examined and connection between stall type and repeat breeding (RB), dystocia, retained placenta and a connection between resting surface types and RB and clinical mastitis were found to be important. Considering their economic reflections, it can be said that results are quite important to the Turkish dairy industry.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.579-583
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• 1994

In the present studies, samples of blood were taken from 24 Holstein cattle over 2 years old. By using the angled tube method the normal ESR values were determined in cattle under various diseases. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; The standardized ESR/hr using 45$^{\circ}$ angled capillary tubes were 19.0% in case of necrotic mastitis, 23.0% in nephritis, 12.2% in anemia and 4.2% in diarrhea. And the ESR was increased from some necrotic disease, decreased from diarrhea conditions and general the normal ESRs were shown in the sub-clinical or recovery stage of infections or disorders.