• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.351-367
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• 1991

This research was attempted to investigate the correlation between food habits as well as preferences and health conditions of middle-aged people. 380 people living in Dae-gu, kimch$\breve{o}$n and k$\breve{u}$mr$\breve{u}$ng gun in the 40's or 50's were selected for this research as subjects from July 1 to August 15, 1990. The data analysis was made by way of frequency, percentage, ${\chi}^2-test$ and Pearson correlation using SAS package. The summarized results are as follows. 1. Among the total subjects of this research, 200 people (52.6%) were male and 180 people (47.4%) were female. The regional distribution was like this; 115 people (30.3%) lived in large city, 154 people (40.5%) in small and medium city and 111 people (29.2%) in rural region. 2. The survey on food life attitude on the subjects showed that they had a relatively good attitude, and there were little significant differences (p<.05) between men and women. But there were significant differences (p<.001) between rural region and city. 3. On the preferences for taste, food and cooked food the subjects showed the lowest preferences for processed milk-fat food and the highest for soybean and processed soybean food. 4. The research on health condition 1) 30.8% of the subjects were obesity. And this research showed that the percentage of obesity was higher among men (33.5%) than women (27.8%), and higher in cities (40.4, 34.4%) than rural region (16.2%), (p<.05, p<.01). 2) 90.8% of the subjects showed negative according to Diabetes inspection. 3) 2.0% of the subjects were hypertensive, and the percentage was higher among women than men, and higher in rural region than cities. 4) 12.6% of the subjects were anemia, and the percentage was higher among women (17.8%) than men (8.0%), and higher in rural region (23.4%) than cities (7.0, 9.1%). 5) DMFT index and DMF rate of dental caries was higher among women (DMFT index; 10.6 DMF rate; 88.9) than men (DMFT index; 7.3 DMF rate; 81.5), and higher in rural region (DMFT index; 11.8 DMF rate; 90.1) than cities (DMFT index; 7.4, 7.9 DMF rate; 79.1, 85.7). 6) According to the survey on self-diagnosed health status of subjects, the percentages of articular·neuralgia (48.9%) was the highest. And that of stomach digestion troubles (31.1%), headache (22.4%), anxiety excitement (12.9%), spastic constipation (12.4%), insomnia (9.7%), melancholia (7.9%) and etc (1.6%) followed. 7) People had allergied food which contained animal protein such as pork, chicken, mackerel, siakworm pupa, clam and so on. 8) In female cases, 46.7% of women became already menopausal and 13.3% of them was under menopause. 5. This research showed that there were significant correlation between food life attitude and health condition in obesity, anemia and dental caries but not in blood pressure. 6. And this research also showed that there were significant correlations between food preference and health condition in obesity, anemia and dental caries but not in blood pressure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.723-730
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• 2016

Domestic Manila clam production has been reduced due to coastline changes and environmental degradation, but aquaculture industry is facing difficulties caused by an increase in imports. It is important to recognize the integral habitat environment in order to do sustainable aquaculture. The habitat environment of Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) is closely related to the productivity of aquaculture farms. This study investigated 3 indexes, survival (sediment type, hydrodynamic), growth (Chlorophyll a, DIN, DIP) and environment (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, sediment chemical oxygen demand, ignition loss) as indicators of habitat characteristics for a tidal flat farm in Geunso Bay (Pado and Beopsan) from June 2015 to May 2016. As a result, Pado (maximums.; sand 48.76 %, hydrodynamic 10.59 cm/s, Chlorophyll a 12.70 ug/L, exposure time 3 hours, DO 18.65 mg/L) had a higher sand content, faster current speed, more abundant nutrients and DO, providing more favorable conditions for Manila clams than Beopsan (maximums.; sand 37.40 %, hydrodynamic 6.02 cm/s, Chlorophyll a 6.41 ug/L, exposure time 7 hour, DO 14.81 mg/L). In fact, Pado showed a higher density than Beopsan. This study considered the habitat environments of Pado and Beopsan to provide a basis for optimal management practices and potential suitable sites in Geunso bay.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.68-80
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• 1984

Garolim Bay is not only important fishing ground but also expected area for the tidal power plant. The construction and operation of tidal power plant will make change the ecosystem of this bay. Therefore, the actual fisheries stocks should be precisely understood for the effect estimation and overall utilization of the bay after the construction of the tidal power plant. During the study period from January through December in 1981, forty-six adult fishes species, 3 species of fish egg and 25 fishes larvae species have occurred in the bay. Considering the result on monthly distribution of eggs and larvae, the inner area of the bay seems to be important as nursing ground of larvae spawned at the outside bay in winter, e. g., Ammodytes personatus, and Enedrias sp. This inner bay is also major spawning ground for many species spawning in spring and summer, e. g., Gobiidae, Konosirus punctatus, Engraulis japonica, etc. Taking into consideration the annual mean production for three years($1978{\sim}1980$), there are two major fishing seasons. The one is in May-June for Enedrias larvae stock, and the another in October-November for big eyed herring stock. For the mariculture stocks, short necked clam, oyster and laver are important species. After construction of the tidal power plant, the migratory species, i. e., larvae of Enedrias and Ammodytes personatus, Mugil cephalus, Konosirus punctatus, etc. will be directly damaged by the interuption of migration route. On the otter hand, the change of physico-chemical factors of seawater will also affect the ecosystem of the bay. Consequently, for the overall utilization of the bay after construction, the actual ecosystem including the fisheries stocks, must bs precisely revealed, and the mechanical designs, e. g., sluice position and its demension, should be also considered with these biological characters of the bay.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.3-9
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• 1984

Preference on protein rich foods of 103 children, aged 4 to 6, of kindergarten located in Masan Jin-hea, Chang-won cities, was conducted April 25 to May 4, 1983. The results are summarized as follows ; 1) Seventy six percent of the subjects were from families having two three children, without grandmothers in the home About 43% of mother had completed high school, 37% had completed middle school. Mothers' ages ranged from 26 to 50 years, with 57.3% in the 31-40 age bracket. About 63% of the fathers were office and government employees, while 77.6% of mothers were unemployed. 2) Over 50% of the children disliked or refused pork, thick beef soup, liver, soybean, oyster, clam, anchovy, croaker, mackerel, loach, hairtail, porgy, flatfish, a walleye, pollack, a dried walleye pollack, a sciaenoid fish. Taste bad, the characteristic fragrance and lack of experience were the main reasons why the children refused these foods. Over 33% of the children were unexperienced liver, ribs of beef. the small intestine of cattle, a loach, an eel. Over 50% liked milk, egg, dried filefish, sausage, a cattlefish, beef, chicken, a crab, shrimp, bean curd. 3) Most of children hoped that their daily meals should be made in prettier, more sabory, and various ways. Mothers also hoped to have practical knowledge of nutrition and its influence on our body.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.94-102
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• 2012

There is a limitation to estimate vitamin $B_{12}$ intake due to a lack of data on vitamin $B_{12}$ content in many Korean foods. In this study, vitamin $B_{12}$ content was determined in some seaweeds, fish, and shellfish and their product that are consumed in Korea using a modified microbioassay with Lactobacillus delbruecki ATCC 7830. Dried laver and dried seasoned and toasted laver contained very high levels of vitamin $B_{12}$ (66.8 and $55.2-71.3\;{\mu}g$/100 g, respectively. Sea lettuce and seaweed fulvescene also contained high vitamin $B_{12}$ content of 5.47-9.41 and $6.46-7.20\;{\mu}g$/100 g, respectively, whereas sea mustard and sea tangle contained low levels of vitamin $B_{12}$; vitamin $B_{12}$ was not detected in seaweed fusifome. Pacific saury, trout, sea-bass, or squid contained 12.01, 2.00, 0.49 and $2.33\;{\mu}g$ vitamin $B_{12}$/100 g, respectively. Ochellatus octopus, and naked sand lance contained 0.72-1.43 and $3.68\;{\mu}g$ vitamin $B_{12}$/100 g, respectively. Dried Alaska pollack con-tained $0.19-2.64\;{\mu}g$ vitamin $B_{12}$/100 g. Shellfish such as little neck clam and small ark shellfish contained high levels of vitamin $B_{12}$ of $30.5-40.5\;{\mu}g$/100 g, and mussel and abalone contained 17.71 and $7.82\;{\mu}g$/100 g, respectively. Of unique Korean traditional fermented seafood products, salt-fermented products of squid ($2.91\;{\mu}g$/100 g), clams ($34.31\;{\mu}g$/100 g), Ala-ska pollack roe ($9.98-12.02\;{\mu}g$/100 g), hairtail guts ($4.58\;{\mu}g$/100 g) or small shrimp ($0.58-1.55\;{\mu}g$/100 g), and fish sauce from anchovies ($1.52-1.78\;{\mu}g$/100 mL), sand eel ($0.22-0.24\;{\mu}g$/100 mL) or small shrimp ($0.19-0.78\;{\mu}g$/100 mL) were analyzed. A few commercial brands of flying fish roe ($0.73-1.73\;{\mu}g$/100 g), canned tuna ($0.40\;{\mu}g$/100 g), and fried fish paste ($0.25-0.69\;{\mu}g$/100 g) were also analyzed. In conclusion, vitamin $B_{12}$ content in these foods, chosen considering the Korean food culture, should contribute to improve the present vitamin $B_{12}$ food database. It may be helpful to estimate vitamin $B_{12}$ intake more correctly than before, and provide additional information for dietary education related to vitamin $B_{12}$ and meal management.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.95-99
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• 2014

In the present study, we surveyed the molluscan fauna in a lagoon located near Seong-san harbor on the east coast of Jeju Island in July 2012. For the survey, a $25{\times}25cm$ quadrat was deployed over 3 randomly selected sites in the intertidal area of the lagoon. Sediment from the surface to a depth of 25 cm in the quadrat was removed and sieved using a 1 mm mesh sieve. All molluscan fauna retained on the sieve was identified to the species level. From the survey, 25 species of mollusca belonging to 2 orders and 16 families were identified. Species richness, in terms of total number of species, was found to be the highest at sampling site 1, where the substrate was composed of coarse sand and some rocks, while it was lowest at sampling site 3, composed of compact fine sand. Regardless of the type of substrate at the sampling sites, the mud-creeping snail Batillaria cumingii (Crosse, 1862) occurred at a high density, ranging from $324-468ind./m^2$. The luciniid bivalve Pillucina pisidium also occurred at a high density at sampling site 1, at $336ind./m^2$, while the density of this species was only $4ind./m^2$ at sampling site 3. The Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum could be found at all 3 sampling sites with very low density ranging from $16-48ind./m^2$. The density and species richness of molluscs observed in this study was lower compared to the previously reported molluscan fauna in Jeju Island, suggesting that further investigation needs to be carried out to conserve the unique marine lagoon ecosystem in Jeju Island.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2013

The reproductive cycle, gonad index, condition index, and the sex ratio in female and male Coecella chinensis, which were collected from the coastal waters of Namhae, the South Coast of Korea, were investigated by histological analysis and morphometric data. Monthly variations of the gonad index and condition index of this species showed similar patterns to that of the reproductive cycle. The reproductive cycle in female and male C. chinensis can be classified into six successive stages: early active stage (April), late active stage (May), ripe stage (June), partially spawned/spent stage (June to August), degeneration stage (August) and inactive stage (September to March). According to monthly changes in relative frequency distributions of ovarian egg diameters of this species, in particular, a number of ripe eggs ranging about 70 ${\mu}m$ appear in June, however, in July and August, although the mode of egg diameters ranging about 50 ${\mu}m$ appear about 80%, these ripe eggs ranging from 60 ${\mu}m$ to 70 ${\mu}m$ are gradually decreased during the period from June to August. Therefore, the spawning period of this species is continued from June to August with a peak between July and August when the seawater temperature exceeds about $24.5^{\circ}C$. The sex ratio of female and male individuals was not significantly different from 1:1 (${\chi}^2$=1.20, p>0.05). No hermaphrodites were found.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2004

In the present study, we investigated the effects of food and salinity on growth and survival of river puffer, Takifugu obscurus offsprings in indoor land-based tank during the early development. In the food experiment, the river puffer larvae (TL 8.7$\pm$0.1 mm, BW 20.0$\pm$3.2 mg) were fed with tubificid, Limnodrilus gotoi, water flea, Daphnia carinata, mysid, Neomysis awatschensis, Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum and artificial food together Artemia nauplii for 30 days, and the growth and the survival of larvae were investigated. In the salinity experiment, the river puffer larvae and juvenile at three stages (Stage I: TL 5.8$\pm$0.4 mm; Stage II: TL 12.0$\pm$0.2 mm, Stage III： TL 44.5$\pm$0.7 mm) were supplied with Artemia nauplii, water flea and/or artificial food and were reared in 0, 10, 20 and 30 psu at respective stages. The results shows that the growth rates of larvae feeding with artificial food and tubificid together Artemia nauplii were higher than those of larvae in other groups, but the survival rates of larvae feeding with water flea and mysid together Artemia nauplii were higher than those of larvae in other groups. In salinity, the results shows that the growth and survival rates of offsprings were significantly higher in 10∼20 psu than those in 0 and 30 psu at Stage I and n. At Stage III, the growth and the survival rates were the highest in 20 psu, but the lowest in 0 psu. However, it should be noted that the rates in 0 and 30 psu were significantly enhanced at Stage III in comparison with those at Stage I and II. Therefore, it is concluded that river puffer, T. obscurus is euryhaline marine species, which can normally grow and live at salinities from 0 to 30 psu, and that a combinative supplement with Artemia nauplii and water flea, D. carinata may confer an advantage on growth and survival of the river puffer offsprings in indoor land-based tank.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.3 s.93
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• pp.314-336
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• 2006

In this treatise, we investigated the Korean literature of main dishes before the 17th century : ${\ulcorner}Sangayorock{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Sasichanyocho{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Soowonjabbang{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Yongjechongwha{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Dongyoebogam{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Domoondaejak{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Geebongyouseul{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}New-Guwhangchalyo{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Eumshickdimibang{\lrcorner}$,, ${\ulcorner}joobangmoon{\lrcorner}$, and ${\ulcorner}Yorock{\lrcorner}$. Main dishes were classified 19 kinds of rice, 64 kinds of gruel, 6 kinds of thin gruel, 1 kind of Moori, 1 kind of rice-cake soup, 37 kinds of noodles and 20 kinds of dumpling. Rice varieties were brown rice, rice, hulled rice, millet rice, foxtail millet rice, barley rice, sesame rice and flax seed rice. Gruel ingredients were cereal, beans, vegetables, nuts or seeds, medical plants or hardy wild plants, poultry, pork's kidney, dog's liver or oyster, clam and/or milk Rice-cake soup was 'Tangbyun' in ${\ulcorner}Domoondaejak{\lrcorner}$. Noodles were divided by main flours: wheat flour, buckwheat flour, mung bean flour and other flours. Noodles were made by pressing or cutting method. Pressing method used a mold with a hole. The husk of dumpling was made by wheat flour, buckwheat flour, mixed flour of wheat and buckwheat, sliced fish or meat, and/or a gray mullet. Another special method was 'Sangwha' made by fermentation. Bun stuffing of dumpling used fishes, meat, vegetables, beans, flours and seasonings. Cooking methods of dumpling were boiling, baking, steaming and pan-frying. From this investigation of the Korean main dishes described in the Korean literature before the 17th century, we expect to develop useful recipes for those who are concerned about health and want longevity, and thereby to advance the Korean food culture.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1999

This study was carried out to describe the growth of Ruditapes philippinarum on Chohwa and Toksan tidal flat in Kwangyang Bay, from June 1994 to July 1995. On the Chohwa tidal flat, the mean gran size, organic content and chlorophyll-a of the surface sediment were the range of 2.50-4.46 , 4.99-5.11%, 14.53-19.90 $\mu\textrm{g}$ cm$\^$-3/, and on the Toksan tidal flat, 0.83-1.66 , 2.22-2.34%, 6.20-6.90 $\mu\textrm{g}$ cm$\^$-3/, respectively. The shell length of R. philippinarum increased rapidly from spring to summer, and gently from summer to autumn, and ceased during winter. Fresh weight increased during spring and autumn, and decreased during summer and winter. condition factors also showed the same variations of weights. Synthesized annual growth pattern of 4 year classes in shell length fitted the von Bertalnffy growth model well. The annual growth of weight fitted the Gompertz model relatively well. The values of w, initial shell growth rate, and AGR$\sub$max/, maximum weight growth rate, on the Chohwa tidal flat were lower than those on the Toksan tidal flat. Comparing the growth patterns in the same tidal flat, growth rate was higher on the lover tidal flat than those on the higher tidal flat. In conclusion, the Chohwa tidal flat maintaining higher density showed lover growth rate, because of relatively insufficient food supply and inhabiting space.