• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.42
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• pp.505-524
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• 2016

This study examines the ways District 9, a film released in 2009, reworks the sci-fi genre to explore the human encounter with "other" alien populations. Like Avatar, released in the same year, District 9 addresses the tropes of conflict over land and human-alien hybridity and introduces non-humans and aliens, not as invaders, but as objects of human oppression and cruelty. Unlike many other science fiction films where the encounter between humans and non-humans occurs in an unidentifiable future time and location, District 9 crosses genre barriers to engage with urban realism, producing a social critique of contemporary urban population problems. The arrival of aliens in District 9 occurs as part of the recorded human past and the film's action is carried out in the present time in the specifically identified city of Johannesburg. A distinctly anti-Hollywood film that locates the action at the street level, District 9 plays out human anxieties about contact with others by referencing the divisions and conflicts historically attached to South Africa's sprawling metropolis and its current problems of urban poverty and illegal immigrants. Focusing on how this particular urban setting frames the film, the study investigates the ways Blomkamp's sci-fi film about extra-terrestrials presents a curious postcolonial mix of aliens and immigrants surviving in abject conditions in an urban slum and forces a realistic examination of the contemporary social problems faced by South Africa's largest city and by extension other major global cities. The paper also examines the film's representation of the human-alien hybrid and its potential as a force to resist human exploitation of the other. It also claims that though the setting is highly local, District 9 speaks to a wider global audience by making obvious the exploitative practices of profit-seeking multinationals. A sci-fi film that is keen on making a social commentary on urban population conflicts, District 9 resonates with the wider sense of insecurity and fear of others that form the horizon of the uncertain and potentially violent contemporary human world.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.16-31
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• 2013

This study addresses how the main group of community ritual changed as the regional community changed during the period of Japan's colonial rule of Korea with emphasis on Gwanseongmyo in Jangchung-dong, Seoul. First, almost every regional community was changed because of city planning which was carried out by Japan in Korea for colonial exploitation and for the use of military bases. Mapo-dong and Seobinggo-dong were the appropriate examples. The city planning projects by the Japanese colonial government selected Jangchung-dong as the place of settlement of many Japanese people. The stream, Cheonggyecheon, made a border between the Korean and Japanese settlements and the traditional system of regional community in Jangchung-dong was changed and reorganized considerably. Second, the Japanese government used the rituals of regional community purposefully to combine them with the ceremony in the Japanese shrine. Those who supported Japan performed the regional rituals and tried to follow the policy of 'Rule of Culture' required by the Japanese colonial government. However, most regional rituals continued as they were before Japan's colonial rule of Korea without any change. Under this new trend the ritual of Gwanseongmyo was changed from the ritual for worshipping Guan Yu to that of the regional community. Last, the main groups that led the rituals of regional community were diversified during the period of Japan's colonial rule of Korea. In other words, the rituals of community used to be led by the families that lived in the region for generations before Japan's colonial rule of Korea. However, they were later led by various groups that emerged as a result of the colonial rule, urbanization, commercial development, regional differentiation, and so on. As an example,Yeongsinsa of Gwanseongmyo,which was the main group to lead the ritual of Gwanseongmyo, shows that the regional community rituals were extended to worshipping Guan Yu. The members of the main group to lead the ritual were pro-Japanese senior officials who were formerly military officers. This shows that the main groups leading the regional community rituals were further diversified.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.226-256
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• 2023

Gyeongju has been the capital of Silla Kingdom for about 1,000 years, and many cultural heritages of the Silla period, such as the Wolseong Palace Site, Daereungwon Ancient Tomb Complex and Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, are located in the city. Due to these characteristics, the process of heritagization has been carried out in Gyeongju from the Japanese colonial era to after liberation. Heritagization means selecting things from the past due to the needs of the present and making them heritages. In the case of South Korea, national government-led heritagization was achieved during the Japanese colonial period, and after liberation because of the restoration of national culture and the construction of a national identity. Gyeongju is a representative example. On the other hand, Gyeongju's heritagization process was carried out with little consideration of the local community, and thus the local community and Gyeongju's heritage have been distancing. In 2002, Gyeongju's heritage sites were nominated as World Heritage Sites. With the nomination, the perception of the role of local communities in heritage has been changed, and institutional mechanisms to promote the participation of local communities have been continuously reorganized. However, Gyeongju's heritagization process, which was thoroughly conducted through the central government and expert groups, was the reason why Gyeongju residents actually thought Gyeongju's heritage and the locality of Gyeongju were formed through the central government and expert groups. This has been the result of Gyeongju residents' passive participation in heritagization or heritage management to date. This study analyzed the heritagization process of Gyeongju through literature research and conducted an interview survey of residents who have lived in Gyeongju for a long time to understand the impact of the institutional heritagization process on residents and the relationship with heritage. Based on the analysis results, it was suggested that local residents and communities could take the initiative in managing the heritage of Gyeongju.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.90-103
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• 2009

The poem 'Kyungjusipiyung(慶州十二詠)' written by Seo, Geo-jeong(徐居正) describes sentiments felt for the ruined historical and cultural landscape of Silla's capital city, Kyungju. It differs from the existing 'Eight Sceneries(八景)' as it conveys the strong metaphorical aesthetics of ruins as the episodes and figures are sung, as well as the myths and stories related to the representative holy places of the Silla culture: Gyelim(鷄林), Banwolseong(半月城), Najeong(蘿井), Oneung(五陵), Geumosan(金鰲山), the scenic beauty of deep placeness, Poseokjeong(鮑石亭), Mooncheon(蚊川), Cheomseongdae(瞻星臺), Boonhwangsa(芬皇寺), Youngmyosa(靈妙寺) and Grave of the General Kim Yu-Sin(金庾信墓). Compared with the former "Eight Sceneries" Poems, including Seo Geojeong's 'Kyungjusipiyung', there is a difference in the content of theme recitation, as well as in structure and form, especially with the deep impression of the classical features of the meanings and acts. The sequence of theme recitation seems to be composed of more than two visual corridors visited during trips that last longer than two days. The dominant emotions expresses in this poem, through written in the spring, are regret and sadness such as 'worn', 'broken and ruined', 'old and sad', without touching on the beauty of nature and the taste for life that is found in most of the Eight Sceneries Poems. Thus, the feelings of the reciter himself, Seo, Geo-jeong, about the described sceneries and their symbolism are more greatly emphasized than the beauty of form. The characteristic aspect of his experiences of ruins expressed from 'Kyungjusipiyung' is that the experiences were, first of all, qualitative of the aura conveyed; that is, the quality omnipresent throughout the culture of Silla as reflected in the twelve historical and cultural landscapes. In this poem, the cultural ruins of the invisible dimension such as the myths and legends are described by repetition, parallelism, juxtaposition, reflection and admiration from the antiphrases, as well as the civilized ruins of the visible dimension such as the various sceneries and features of Kyungju. This seems to be characteristic of the methods by which Seo, Geo-jeong appreciates 'Silla' in the poem 'Kyungjusipiyung'. Ruins as an Aesthetic Object imply the noble pride of Seo, Geo-jeong in identifying himself with the great nature of ruins. In 'Kyungjusipiyung', the images of the ruins of Silla and Kyungju are interspersed in spite of his positive recognition of 'the village of Kyungju' based on his records. However, though the concept of ruins has a pessimistic tone connoting the road of extinction and downfall, the aspect here seems to ambivalently contain the desire to recover and revive Kyungju through the Chosun Dynasty as adominant influence on the earlier Chosun's literary tide. The aesthetics of the scenery found in Seo, Geo-jeong's 'Kyungjusipiyung' contain the strongest of metaphor and symbolism by converting the experiences of the paradoxical ruins into the value of reflective experiences.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.393-401
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• 1991

In order to compare the food consumption pattern of college girls on weekday and Sunday, the food intake of college girls in a district of Pusan city was analyzed through the factor analysis method. The principal results are as follows. 1. The amount of food intake on Sunday was generally larger than the average values of the food intake on weekday except for soybean & products, meats and beverage. 2. As for correlation coefficients among the intake of each food group, on weekday, positive correlation was noted among rice, potatoes, soybean & products and sea-weeds, fish & shells and fat & oil. And confectionery & sugar showed also a positive correlation to bread, while, on Sunday, vegetables, sea-weeds and meats showed a positive correlation to rice, and other cereals and eggs showed a positive correlation to bread & noodles, too. As for the relationship among rice and bread & noodles, a negative correlation was noted both on weekday and Sunday. 3. As for the factor analysis of the food intake on weekday through the correlation matrix, in the first factor, soybean & products, fat & oil, sea-weeds, rice and fish & shells showed comparatively large factor load, and in the second factor, meats, kimchi, vegetables, soybean & products, fruits and fish & shells showed large factor load. Here the first factor showed the Korean dietary life and the second factor showed subsidiary food (control nutrient) factor. In case of the food intake on Sunday, in the first factor, rice, meats, sea-weeds, soybean & products and vegetables showed large factor load, and in the second factor, fish & shells, vegetables, fat & oil, fruits and rice showed large factor load. Accordingly, the first factor and the second factor were considered to show Korean dietary pattern. 4. Nutrient intake on weekday and Sunday was substantially sufficient to RDA except for energy and iron.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2014

Ark shell Scapharca broughtonii length and total weight growth by density, which was hanging-cultured near the sea area of Yeosu-city, Hoenggan-island (below is Yeosu), showed inverse correlation with density. As for the average growth of shell length by density, the test area of 10 shells showed the best result as 5.21 mm, and it became lower as density became higher. Also, the increase of total weight by density showed the same result, thus on the whole, the increase of average shell length and total weight of 10-20 shell test area showed the better result than the test area of 30-40 shells. In addition, even if the parashell's shell length by density and total weight growth in the sea area of Namhae-gun, Mijo-fishing port (below is Namhae) showed inverse correlation with density, it showed the slighter inverse correlation than the sea area of Yeosu. As for the average growth of shell length by density, the test area of 10 shells showed the best result as 4.55mm, but the average growth of shell length by density in the test area of 20-40 shells appeared to be similar as 3.11, 3.36 and 3.27 mm. On the other hand, as for the increase of total weight by density, the test area of 10-20 shells showed the more increase than the test area of 30-40 shells. In conclusion, it is guessed that the culture density of 20 shells/$0.12m^2$ (166 shells / $1m^2$) would be appropriate when hanging-culturing the shells. At the sea area of A, the survival rate of Scapharca broughtonii parashell was 68-87% by density respectively, and it showed the density-dependent result, while the survival rate of sea area of Namhae, where phytoplankton as prey is abundant, showed the much better result as 91-100%. It is guessed that this may be due to the fact that the quantity of phytoplankton in sea area of Yeosu is just 55.89% of sea area of Namhae. When hanging-culturing the shells, the water temperature by sea area ranged from 16.22 to $25.66^{\circ}C$, salinity 30.07-33.48, pH 8.10-8.45, and DO 4.49-9.65 mg/L.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.167-185
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• 2000

The goal of this research was to provide the basic data of sexual education for late schooler by finding out what they want to know about sex, or to see, if any, its relevancy between female and male students and between each grade. The sample for this research was a total of 453 students in 4th, 5th and 6th grade from 12 different classes at two elementary schools which were located in C city and in B province. The children were requested to write down three points on what they want to know or to learn most about sex, and their answers were put through two analytical stages in order to classify and to examine. The followings are the conclusions from the data. 1. The female cluster took 44.2% out of the whole sample, and there were 151 students per each grade. The specific girl ratios for each grade were 42.4%, 50.3% and 39.7% respectively. 2. It was noted that a total of 1,195 questions were gathered from the students writings, 45% of the questions was raised by the female students. The 4th grade students raised 432questions (43.8% by the girl) while the 5th. and the 6th grade students raised 387 (53.2% by the girl) and 376 questions (42.3% by the girl) respectively. The average number of questions per students was 2.6 while the female students raised 2.8 questions which was more than the average 2.5 questions by male students. It was the 4th grade female student cluster, which raised the most question (3.0) while the 6th grade male students raised the least question (2.4) in average. 3. The questions raised by the children could be divided into seven categories of the knowledge need on sex. They were Reproduction (310 questions, 25.9%), Sexual Culture (230, 19.2%), Concept of sex (125, 18.0%), Changes of Puberty (172, 14.4%), Sexual Health (119, 10.0%), Anatomy and Physiology of Reproductive System (78, 6.5%) and Sexual Tendency and behavior (71, 5.9%). 4. 'Reproduction' was the most frequently raised questions not only by both sex groups but also by the 5th grade students. Both sexes in the 4th grade showed the highest interest in Sexual Culture while it was Changes in Puberty for the both sexes in the 6th grade. The knowledge need on sex of the children indicated what they understand sexuality. They apprehended sex as sex, gender and sexuality in an inclusive way. They showed a major interest in the biological sex and the sexual activities. It seems that the children managed to understand clearly the meaning of gender, furthermore, they even pointed out that the streotyped sex role, patrimonial system and the sexual discrimination were unreasonable. The students possessed not only the least but also the most negative understanding in regard of sexuality. Two suggestions were made from the above conclusions for the practical sex education as well as its research. 1. For the practice: The sex education for the elementary upper grade school student should be relevant with their cognitive characteristics, also it should be more specific on the reproductive organs of both sexes, the actual scenes of the pregnancy and child delivery procedures. The gender concept should be added to the biological sex education, which will lead them to understand the unreasonableness of today's male-superior phenomenon and correct them. It is also necessary to develop educational programs for this age group so as to help them to understand sex in the sense of sexuality as well. 2. For the research: It is not easy to draw out a through conclusion since this study was carried out as one-time data collection. Yet it is undeniably helpful for the sex education if we can understand what the children want to know about sex, how much they know about it by conducting deep-interview researches through a small number of sample.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 1980

These studies were conducted to induce the available mutant strains in acetic acid bacteria by the irradiation of UV-light and the treatment of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine. 109 strains which were capable of producing acid in the ethanol containing medium were isolated from vinegar and Kimchi collected from the region of Daejeon city. From the collection T-50 strain was identified to have a strong fermentation power and selected as a mother strain for the study. Two mutants were obtained by treating T-50 strain with UV and NTG, and these mutants had a rapid acid production in the initial stage. The study was then made to compare the basic condition for acetic acid production of the mother strain and two mutant strains. The summarized results were as follows; 1. The isolated strain (T-50) was identified as Acetobacter aceti by Bergey's manual and Acetic acid bacteria (Tokyo Univ. press). 2. The selected strain was died completely when the strain was irradiated with 15 W UV-light at a distance of 45 cm for 160 seconds. 3. The mutants such as U-48 and N-67 were rapid in the acetic acid production at the initial stage compare to the mother strain. 4. Acetic acid formation by the shaking culture method was maximized in 2 days culture, and the optimal temperature for acetic acid production was $30^{\circ}C$. 5. Acetic acid was effectively produced by the addition of 0.1% ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source and was also produced rapidly by the addition of 0.1% glucose.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.130-141
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• 2012

This study examines the characteristics of landscape elements and the reappearance techniques of traditional landscape image in Chinatown of the Shanghai Street in Busan, Korea. The subjects of the study are commercial buildings owned by Chinese residents, commercial buildings' naming design and environmental sculptures in the Shanghai Street. The results are as follows: First, the design methods of the front side of commercial buildings were classified into two parts: facede design of buildings and signboard design. The design form of the buildings' facades were classified into five types, there are: emphasis type on Chinese characters' signboard, addition type on decorative signboard, introduction type of traditional patterns, imitation type of traditional architectures and modern architectures' modes. The signs of chinese commercial buildings were observed mostly as having a traditional Chinese font in yellow/white on a red background. It has been found that this style was the most popular method of sign design. Secondly, The commercial buildings' naming design was analyzed into design methods and meanings. Design methods were classified into three types: a combination of meaning and place, a combination of season and atmosphere and tourist attractions. The meaning of the commercial buildings' names was divided into three kinds: the wishes of the prosperity, elegant type and the appropriation of local attractions. Thirdly, the environmental sculptures of Shanghai Street were found to have been influenced by both through out Chinese culture with mixed Korean culture. Finally, as for characteristics of landscape elements, we found three reappearance techniques - addition, replacement, juxtaposition. The technique of addition is added new face to the base map by just two methods - extending and overlapping area. Replacement is created new faces from base map by the action of replacing, it has three types - local replacement, package replacement, successive replacement. Juxtaposition is the fact of two or more things placed together with contrasting effect, it also has three types - the same kind juxtaposition, a different kind juxtaposition, topological juxtaposition. This study is the basic research which is analyzing the landscape design in chinatown. But the research only on Shanghai Street may have some limits in scope. It is considered an necessary study to add, which is about chinatown in other city such as Incheon, Jeonju. Then it is expected that the results of this study can be used for the basic data of the landscape plans, that municipalities are actively progressing their respective development projects of Chinatown.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.167-175
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• 2013

This study set out from the perception that one should develop and activate differentiated programs from those 5 programs of the Health Family Support Center (family counseling program, family education support project, family affinity culture support project, care support project, diversity family support project) on the subjects (n=299) of residents in G metropolitan city by reflecting the levels of family values, communication between family members and family relationship. To achieve the study purposes above, this study devised research questions as follows: Research question 1. What are the levels of local residents for their family values, communication between family members and family relationship? Research question 2. Is there any difference in demanding family support project programs according to the local residents' family values, communication between family members and family relationship? Following are the results of this study: First, the levels were analyzed to be more than the average (on a maximum scale of 5 points) with local residents' family values (M=3.55, S.D.=.664), communication between family members (M=3.65, S.D.=.669), family relationship (M=3.69 S.D=.584) Second, the necessity levels for family values, communication between family members and family relationship of the group below the average as compared with the group over the average was found to be significantly high in family education support project, family affinity culture support project, care support project and diversity family support project except family counseling program. Accordingly, strategic plans for increasing the participation rate for the programs by the Health Family Support Center and activating those programs could be by investigating in advance the levels of family values, communication between family members and family relationship by each program respectively and differentiating the target level for the program by the group, or by giving preference to the group below the average who have high needs of program necessity when making decisions for the participation preference of the programs.