• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.442-448
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• 2014

The major objective of this study was to investigate the usability as cultivar for processing of new Citrus hybrid 'Hamilgam'. We investigated various antioxidant activities, such as DPPH radical, ABTS radical, Hydroxyl radical and Superoxide anion radical effect, along with total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content of Citrus hybrid 'Hamilgam', C. unshiu, C. natsudaidai. The total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content were the highest in the Hamilgam. The major flavonoids of Hamilgam and Natsudaidai were naringin and neohesperidin, and those of Unshu were narirutin and hesperidin, as determined by HPLC. Especially, the neohesperidin content of Hamilgam showed much higher (100 times over) than that of Unshu. However, the aglycone form was not found. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were the highest in Hamilgam peels. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was high in the order of Unshu, Hamilgam and Natsudaidai. Superoxide anion radical scavenging of 3 cultivars peels displayed low activities compared to DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging. Based on these results, Hamilgam peel extracts possess antioxidant activities and may thus serve as potential sources of functional food, cosmetic products, etc.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.66-66
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• 2023

만감류 5종(한라봉, 천혜향, 황금향, 레드향, 카라향) 부위별 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 활성에 관하여 총 폴리페놀 함량 측정, 총 플라보노이드 함량 측정, DPPH radical 소거 활성 실험을 실시하였다. 만감류 5종(한라봉, 천혜향, 황금향, 레드향, 카라향)의 총 폴리페놀 함량의 경우, 레드향 과피 처리구(93.97mg/g)에서 가장 높았으며, 천혜향을 제외한 모든 만감류 품종 부위들 가운데, 과피 처리구에서 높은 폴리페놀 함량을 나타내었다. 만감류 5종(한라봉, 천혜향, 황금향, 레드향, 카라향)의 총 플라보노이드 함량은 한라봉 전체 처리구(23.65mg/g)에서 가장 높았으며, 모든 처리구에서 30mg/g 함량보다 낮은 결과를 나타내어 총 폴리페놀 함량 대비 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 이러한 현상은 만감류 5종(한라봉, 천혜향, 황금향, 레드향, 카라향) 가운데 과피 두께의 비율이 영향을 미친 것으로 판단되어진다. 만감류 5종(한라봉, 천혜향, 황금향, 레드향, 카라향)의 DPPH radical 소거 활성의 경우, 한라봉 전체(81.01%)를 시작으로 한라봉 중피(73.13%), 한라봉 외피(63.94%) 처리구에서만 DPPH radical 함량이 EDA 50% 이상 값을 나타내었다. 특히 총 폴리페놀 함량(mg/g)과 총 플라보노이드 함량(mg/g) 모두에서 높은 수치를 기록했던 처리구들 가운데 한라봉 중피(79.75, 23.16), 한라봉 전체(75.51, 23.65) 처리구에서 높은 항산화 활성을 보인 반면, 레드향 과피(93.97, 20.59)의 활성은 49.26%로 DPPH radical EDA 50%에 미치지 못하였다. 이러한 결과는 과피와 과육의 에센셜 오일과 성분의 차이에서 기인된 것으로 추측된다.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.598-604
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• 2015

This study was carried out to develop molecular techniques to allow the selection of zygotic seedlings in the early stage of the plant development. We identified 37 pollen-specific molecular markers from RAPD analysis and successfully used them for identification of the zygotic seedlings from various hybrid crosses. Three Satsuma mandarin cultivars ('Morita unshiu', 'Nangan 20' and 'Miyagawawase') were used as mother parents and seven cultivars ('Ponkan', 'Lee', 'Kinokuni', 'Shiranuhi', 'Tamnaneunbong', 'Shinyegam', and 'Sunburst' mandarins) served as pollen parents. PCR analysis showed that 2 primers could identify zygotic hybrid seedlings. Among them, an UBC-27 primer was used to identify the zygotic seedlings from hybrid crosses of "'Nangan 20' ${\times}$ 'Kinokuni'" mandarin, "'Nangan 20 ${\times}$ Ponkan'" mandarin and "'Miyagawawase ${\times}$ Sunburst'" tangerine. In total 29 out of 40 seedlings (73%), 9 out of 47 seedlings (19%), and 13 out of 45 (29%) were identified as zygotic seedlings, respectively. These results can show that the pollen-specific markers selected in this study can be used effectively for early identification of zygotic seedlings from Citrus hybrid crosses.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.106-110
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• 2020

Citrus mosaic sadwavirus (CiMV) is a closely related virus with the Satsuma dwarf virus (SDV) along with Navel orange infectious mottling virus (NIMV), Natsudaidai dwarf virus (NDV), and Hyugagatsu virus (HV). The present study found that the typical symptoms of CiMV-infected citrus fruits include the appearance of dark blue speckles or ringspots on fruit rinds and the browning of oil glands in the spots as rind coloring began. As rind coloring progressed, the spots gradually faded, whereas the browning of the oil glands worsened to the point that the tissues surrounding the oil glands became necrotic. In very early satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu 'Miyamoto Wase') and 'Setoka' cultivar (C. hybrid 'Setoka') of late-maturity citrus, the symptomatic fruits were eventually dropped. And in early satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu 'Miyakawa Wase'), the peel hardness of the virus-infected fruit (1,618.3 ± 305.5, g-force) was more than twice as hard as that of the healthy fruit (636.5 ± 39.1, g-force). The ratio of flesh weight to total fruit weight was higher for the healthy fruit (77.3 ± 1.7%) than for the infected fruit (70.7 ± 0.6) and peel puffing was more severe in the infected fruit (2.9 ± 0.4 mm) than in the healthy fruit (0.9 ± 0.2 mm). The soluble solids content in infected citrus fruits was less values than the healthy fruit by 0.5-1.5 °Brix. These findings reveal that CiMV infection on citrus trees reduces the fruit quality of citrus.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.525-529
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• 2013

As most of citrus, shiranuhi mandarin ((Citrus unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulata) mainly use the trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) as its rootstock which has dwarf and cold hardness in Korea. However, recently, scion root was observed in 'Shiranuhi' mandarin tree grafted onto the trifoliate orange. This study was carried out to find out effects of scion root occurrence on the fruit quality, flowering and yield of shiranuhi mandarin. For the experiment, we selected six farmers who have outbreak of scion root in their Shiranuhi mandarin orchards and surveyed the difference of fruit quality of shiranuhi mandarin hybrid between scion root and control (trifoliate orange root). In the results, flowering was severely decreased in scion root trees compared to control. As a result of survey of 174 Shiranuhi mandarins, 160 trees were proved to be scion root, and had less flowering. Fruiting of scion root also severely dropped compared to control and thus, yields of scion root (6.4 kg) reduced by 24% compared to control (26.7 kg). The fruit size, weight and soluble solid contents of scion root were significantly reduced, but there were no differences in acid contents and coloring of fruit. From the results, we concluded that scion root had negative influence on flowering, fruit size and the yields of Shrinanuhi mandarin hybrid.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.253-256
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• 2003

Citrus canker disease is caused by bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis .pv. Citri. Shiranuhi cultivar, a hybrid of Kiyomi tangor and Nakano No.3 ponkan was evaluated for resistance to citrus canker based on initiation of disease, percent area of lesion infected and growth rate of bacteria in the leaf under growth chamber condition. Significant differences between susceptible plant and resistant plants were observed in these assays. Resistant plants showed delayed disease symptoms compared to the susceptible plants after spray inoculation of the pathogen. The resistant verities, satsuma, yuzu, and Shiranuhi showed symptoms after six days where as susceptible, mexican lime showed the symptoms just after three days of inoculation. 18 days after inoculation, percent area of lesions developed on leaf and disease severity differed significantly in susceptible and resistant plants, and were ranked as follows: mexican lime > early satsuma =Shiranuhi =yuzu (P <, 0.01). However, 30 days after inoculation, percent area of lesion was further differentiated into resistant and highly resistant plants. That was ranked as follows: sweet orange> early satsuma =Shiranuhi =Kiyomi > yuzu (P < 0.01). These results indicate that host reaction to the bacterial was more distinct when the disease developed for a longer period. Growth rates of a citrus canker bacterium during 16 40 h also were distinct after infiltration into leaves of susceptible and resistant plants, and were ranked as follows: sweet orange> early satsuma =Shiranuhi =Kiyomi =yuzu (P < 0.01). Based on these results, we concluded that Shiranuhi is resistant to citrus canker as compared to Kiyomi, early satsuma, and yuzu.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.235-246
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• 2023

Yellowball (Citrus hybrid cv. Yellowball ) is a new citrus hybrid between Haruka (C. tamurana × natsudaidai ) and Kiyomi (C. unshiu × sinensis) and is known to possess strong antioxidant activity. However, detailed information on the antioxidant components of its peel has not yet been reported. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the peel and identified the antioxidant components by fractionating a methanolic extract of Yellowball peels using liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane, ethyl ether (ether), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol, and water. The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the n-hexane, ether, and EA fractions were higher than those of the other fractions, and these fractions were further separated by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four antioxidant peaks, EA1, EA2, EA3, and He1, were isolated and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time- of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MS). Sinapoyl glucoside and hesperidin were identified in EA2 and EA3, respectively, and a polymethoxylated flavone (PMF) complex (5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, natsudaidain, tetrameth- oxyflavone, and tangeretin) was identified in He1. A compound in EA1 with m/z 223.0246 [M-H] could not be identified and was named unknown2. The antioxidant activity of unknown2 (IC₅₀=69.17 ㎍/mL) was similar to that of Trolox, which was noted as a major antioxidant in Yellowball peel. Further studies on the antioxidant capacity of Yellowball peel are required; however, these results provide a foundation for using Yellowball peel as an antioxidant.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1452-1459
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• 2011

Citrus is a common term and genus (Citrus) of flowering plants in the rue family, Rutaceae. Citrus is believed to have originated in the part of Southeast Asia bordered by Northeastern India, Myanmar (Burma) and the Yunnan province of China. The taxonomy and systematics of the genus are complex and the precise number of natural species is unclear, as many of the named species are clonally propagated hybrids, and there is genetic evidence that even some wild, true-breeding species are of a hybrid origin. One of the most popular sequences for phylogenetic inference at the generic and infrageneric levels in plants is the chloroplast trnL-trnF region. We evaluated the seven taxa with the trnL-trnF region to estimate phenotypic relationships within the genera Citrus, Poncirus, and Fortunella in Korea. Alignment of the DNA sequences required the addition of numerous gaps. Sequence variation within Citrus was mostly due to insertion/deletion. Within the genus Citrus, C. lomonia and C. sinensis were relatives and sistered with C. aurantium in the four phylogenetic analyses (MP, ML, ME, and NJ). However, some external nodes were poorly supported.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.215-222
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• 2017

The potential change of the cultivation area of main citrus cultivars, satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrid [(Citrus unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulata] were determined with base year (1981 to 2010) to 2090. The meteorological data provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), and the digital agricultural climate map of 30m-solution based on the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 was used for projection of potential cultivation area. As a result, the potential suitable region of satsuma mandarin included almost Jeju region during base year. At the 2030s, the potential suitable region of satsuma mandarin increased and the cultivable region also increased focused on the coast region of Jeonnam province. From the 2060s, the suitable area spread out to mountain area of Jeju, Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and the coast region of Kangwon, and the cultivable region expanded to the area of Gyeongbuk, Chungnam, and Jeonbuk. In the case of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrid, the suitable region included only the partial coast area of Jeju, and cultivable area covered Jeju region and the partial southern coast of Jeonnam during the standard period. At the 2030s, the suitable region of 'Shiranuhi' included the current cultivation area of satsuma mandarin, and the cultivable region moved to northward by the partial southern coast region. At the 2090s, the slightly increased suitable region covered all Jeju regions, Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and the coast area of Kangwon, and the cultivable region proceeded northward focusing on the coastline. In conclusion, the prediction of the potential land for citrus cultivation based on the RCP 8.5 showed that the suitable region of satsuma mandarin decreased, whereas that of cultivation of 'Shiranuhi' increased. Moreover, it was forecasted that citrus cultivation area would extend to Kangwon region at the end of the $21^{st}$ century.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.256-262
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: 'Shiranuhi' mandarin is one of the popular citrus cultivars in Jeju Island, Korea. However, the emergence of scion roots since the past few years has altered its flowering, fruiting, and quality. Girdling of branches is one of the methods of increasing flowering in citrus trees. METHODS AND RESULTS: This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of girdling on the flowering and yields of scion rooted 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrid. We selected normal trees without scion roots as controls. The trees with scion roots were divided into two groups: trees without girdling and with girdling on main branches. Each group contained five replications and the experiment was conducted in Gosan and Harye of Jeju Island. The scion rooted trees revealed severely decreased flowering and low flowering/leaf ratios; however, the leaf/fruit ratio significantly increased. But, girdling on main branches significantly increased flowering and the flowering/leaf ratio. In the scion rooted trees, yields dropped due to poor flowering; however, girdling of branches efficiently improved the yields of the trees. Fruit quality, fruit size, and fruit weight of scion rooted trees were low in comparison with the control, whereas girdling of the branches improved flowering and the fruit weight to some extent. No significant difference in soluble solid contents was observed. CONCLUSION: Girdling is an effective method to induce flowering of the scion rooted 'Shiranuhi' mandarin trees. In addition, yields of scion rooted trees were improved.