• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.233-248
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• 2019

This study shows that the Argovian Cantonal School in Aarau, Switzerland, which Albert Einstein attended from 1895 to 1896, had been closely related to the ideological education controversy in German Gymnasium throughout the 19th century. Due to this controversy, Einstein hardly received a formal science education in Bavaria. Despite the lack of formal education in Germany, he had a habit of self-studying from an early age and continued with this practice all through his life. He had a hard time at the authoritarian school in Munich, but at the democratic school in Aarau, where freedom and autonomy were secured, he was able to achieve emotional stability. For a long time, the city Aarau prevailed as a location of tolerance and multi-culturalism, without religious, regional, and national discrimination. This was possible due to the influence of external and unrestricted social mobility, as well as the Enlightenment from France. As a result, this small public school was able to acquire a mass of qualified human resources from outside of Switzerland. As a consequence of the controversy regarding the educational ideology, the Cantonal School adopted practical thoughts and the Enlightenment that fit the spirit of the times. The school consisted of two independent educational organizations: the Gymnasium, where the 'neuhumanistsch' education for the elite training was conducted, and the 'Gewerbeschule', where a more realistic education system was set up to suit the citizen life. In particular, after 1835, the Gymnasium changed gradually from the pure humanistic education to the 'utraquistisch' ways by introducing practical subjects such as natural history. Thereafter, the Cantonal School became an institution that was able to achieve a genuine humanity, academic, and civic life education. Einstein, who attended the 'technische Abteilung' of the 'Gewerbeschule,' considered this school as a role model of an institution that realized true democracy, and that left an unforgettable impression on him.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.10-22
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• 2010

Purpose: Through a thorough examination of the CCSC (Community Comprehensive Support Center) system in Japan, this study suggests a scheme to provide community-based preventive health care services for the elderly in Korea. Methods: The study inquired into the applicability of the Japanese model by reviewing the data related to the CCSC project, aided by both in-depth interviews with staff in the field and consultations with specialists. Results: Rearrangement of the Visiting Health Management Project system is needed to manage the collective or individual visiting care management for frailty prevention of the elderly in communities. The delegated service system for preventive care in the community, including direct management by one of the public health centers, also needs to be reviewed and the application of stricter standards for the selection of the agency or corporation to run the delegated service is necessary. Long-Term Care Insurance, along with national and local grants, is to be considered as a financial resource for the community-based preventive health care model for the elderly. By making active use of education rooms at district offices, senior citizen centers in neighborhoods for the elderly with easy access can be created. The project needs to raise active supports from communities, develop programs which can be absorbed into particular local cultures, and promote the understanding of the preventive project in local communities. The preventive program should focus on first solving the problems of depression, seclusion, and lack of mobility of the elderly. Second, the program should instruct physical self-management for exercise-nutrition-dental maintenance, and third, the program should strengthen the cognitive abilities of the elderly. In addition, it is necessary to systematize and implement counter-plans of the family and community to protect the elderly who has mental and cognitive problems. Finally, by establishing a network of public health welfare resources based upon research on a community level, assessment and planning for the health of the elderly should be one with their family, and comprehensive consultation and recommendations should be provided to the family. Conclusion: Taking into consideration the experience Japan has had with respect to a similar project, it is appropriate to develop and implement a service system which would combine the Visiting Health Management Project system which has already been established and a preventive health care model for the elderly on a community level.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.5-39
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• 2017

In March 2016, the computer Go program, AlphaGo, defeated Sedol Lee, a Korean professional Go player of 9-dan rank. This victory by AlphaGo shows the rise in popularity of artificial intelligence (AI). Not only was this game a testament to machine performance, it was the type of game that extended the Turing test. When the interrogator cannot differentiate between human being and machine, the machine has passed the test. This article examines the interactions between AI and human beings and studies the social nature of intelligence through the AlphaGo case. Collins insists that knowledge or intelligence is social and embodied, and the interrogators in the Turing test can identify the difference between native members and non-members through their knowledge only. Applying this concept, AlphaGo, as subject A of this test, fulfilled its role of stirring up the classical "truth of human." Meanwhile, Lee as subject B, played to speak the truth by revealing his own qualities. Here, it is also important role that interrogators judge what it is. Many spectators, as interrogators, have intervened to confirm the border between human beings and machines by using their embodied and social knowledge.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.123-153
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• 2001

This article addresses the 2nd Korean consensus conference on cloning that was held by the Korean National commission for UNESCO in 1999. Though previous perspectives recognized the conference as a new citizen's participatory institution. they do not consider that it contains the ideal of deliberative democracy. This article notes that the citizens participated directly and handled the important social agenda through debate in the consensus conference. The consensus conference is another democratic form derived from preference aggregating democracy in the sense that it basically depends on public judgement of the citizens. This consensus conference has the historical meaning because it is in fact the first experiment of deliberative democracy in Korea. 1) We examine the theoretical foundations of consensus conference. They are social constructionism of science, the tradition of societal debate, and deliberative democracy. 2) We explore what deliberative democracy is. It is different from aggregating preference democracy in the sense that it depends on public judgement rather than private preferences. 3) We investigate the features and meaning of deliberative democracy which has experiment on the conference. In the Consensus Conference it was observed that citizens changed their preferences and went forward to developing their view of community as a result of the process of deliberation. It can be said to confirm the significance of deliberative democracy. However, it is simultaneously an opportunity to clarify some problems of deliberative democracy. First of all, it shows that there were hierarchies within the citizens' panel as well as between the citizens' and the specialists' panels. Secondly, there are difficulties in expressing the value of life in argument or discourse. Also, we need the institutional efforts concerning future generations and nonhuman beings in the respect that cloning relates to them.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.65-98
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• 2016

Living Lab is being introduced and applied as an innovation model driven by social entities (residents, users, etc.) and as an innovation place based on local and field. This study analyzed three living lab cases of Bukchon IoT living lab, Seong-Daegol energy transition living lab, and Daejeon Geonneoyu project, which were designated as 'Living Lab' to solve local problems. We analyzed the local problem, the problem solving goal, the role of each participant and the subject, the living lab promotion system, the significance in each case. In addition, the types and characteristics of living labs were elucidated and future development plans were discussed. The result is as follow. First, each case has a tendency to link science technology and ICT with local problem solving though there is a difference between the technologies used. Second, local residents played a leading role in the whole living lab process from problem identification to technical experimentation, diffusion and application. Third, the role of the intermediaries commonly played an important role in the operation of the living lab. Last but not least, each case has different types of living lab. Bukchon IoT living lab being operated as a project by the government / municipality to create a living lab activity-base or to support actors' activities. On the other hand, the Seong-Daegol energy transition living lab and Daejeon Geonneoyu project were conducted by the civil society itself to define problems and explore technologies in order to solve local problems.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.34
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• pp.7-32
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• 2013

The idea of this study was derived from awareness of local governments and police's limitation on attempts to 'creating safe park'. The purpose of this study is to examine current political measures of preventing various types of possible crimes in the park and the limitation of those policies. Furthermore, this study aims to suggest possible explanations to utilize Private Security Sector for the effective and continuous way of managing park safety by considering legal and practical solutions and its expectations. The methods of analysis used in this study are, first, literature review of current park safety management policies. Second, this article examined implications of strategies of those policies throughout the case study of the USA's park safety policy. Third, this study suggested plans of action and role of Private Security Sector to improve park safety. The results present several arguments for the park safety. First, legislation of mandatory crime preventing programme in the early stages of designing park is required. Introducing the 'park special judicial police system' to the major parks for a immediate response to the crime can be one of suggestions. Moreover, proactive police response systems, such as one of the Seoul Metropolitan Police's policies- 'returning safe parks to a citizen' are required. Second, the case study of the USA regarding park safety confirmed that major parks in the USA have rigorous and detailed park regulations. It also showed that those parks take not only preventing measures, but also follow-up measures against crimes. Third, the results suggest creating human resources by contracting out Park Managers and Private Security Sector that have specialized experiences and techniques to prevent crimes and public disorders. Overall in this study, increased citizen's satisfaction level, control of continuous and systematic crimes, the spread of joint-production of public safety, and increased fields of the Private Security Sector are expected from the findings.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.62
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• pp.35-63
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• 2020

As the frequency and intensity of catastrophic disasters increase, there is widespread public sentiment that government capacity for disaster response and recovery is fundamentally limited, and that the involvement of civil society and the private sector is ever more vital. That is, in order to strengthen national disaster response capacity, governments need to build disaster systems that are more participatory and function through the channels of civil society, rather than continuing themselves to bear sole responsibility for these "wicked problems." With the advancement of smart mobile technology and social media, government and society as a whole have been called upon to apply these new information and communication technologies to address the current shortcomings of government-led disaster management. As illustrated in such catastrophic disasters as the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan, the 2010 Haitian earthquake, and Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005, the realization of participatory potential of smart technologies for better disaster response has enabled citizen participation via new smart technologies during disasters and resulted in positive impact on the management of such disasters. In this context, this study focuses on the South Korean context, and aims to analyze Korean government officials' readiness for public participation using smart technologies. On this basis, it aims to offer policy suggestions aimed at promoting smart technology-enabled citizen participation. For this purpose, it proposes a particular model, termed SMART (System, Motivation, Ability, Response, and Technology).

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.59
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• pp.37-69
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• 2019

According to viewpoints of researchers and stakeholders, various opinions can be suggested on self-governing police system. Therefore, success of Korean self-governing police system will be defending on how to balance among conflicting values such as Empowerment, Political neutrality, Financial issues, Comprehensive competence in maintaining public safety. Before the launching of self-governing police system nation-wide, the experience of Jeju provincial police will be valuable model case. In specific, enlargement of work scope of self-governing police in Jeju province which has been introduced since last year will be a useful reference. There is more pessimism about self-governing police of Jeju province so far. However, this perspective is mostly based on the issue regarding hardwares such as manpower, equipment, law and organization. Issues regarding softwares such as organizational culture, operation system and work process need more attention to evaluate self-governing police system properly. To mark the first year after enlargement of work scope of Jeju police, this study demonstrate the overall result and implications of self-governing police of Jeju province based on documents, statistics, reports and media reports. In result, several preconditions are needed to implement the self-governing police system nation-wide successfully. 1. Strengthen the link between local government and local police 2. Establish the foundation for collaboration of state and local police 3. Enhance the aspect of citizen autonomy in local level 4. Reinforcing the capability of handling situation of state and local police 5. Invigorating the inter-organizational working group to operate self-governing police system effectively. The self-governing police system is unclosed topic to discuss. After this study, in-depth studies should be followed with more resources. Particularly, additional perspective including redundancy and equity need to be considered regarding self-governing police. By getting with the changes of macroscopic trends - lowbirth and aging, the fourth industrial revolution and possible reunification of north and south Koreas - these studies should suggest the long-term blueprint of self-governing police system of Korea.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.2 s.60
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• pp.189-200
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• 2005

Paper currency is a cultural symbol sign representing identity of a nation as well as a tool of barter system and a measure of value. The purpose of this study is to analyze the design characteristics shown in the pattern of the paper currencies of advanced countries and Korea and to make comparative analysis of the image type of each nation as a cultural code. The results show that 1) the usability of paper currency design was evaluated by denominations, size type, color, braille system and the paper currencies of Switzerland and EU were judged superior to those of the other counties. 2) The national image type represented paper currencies was classified as 'state oriented type' and 'culture & art oriented type'. The countries of Korea, U.S.A, Japan etc. have on the paper currencies the ruling class who contributed to organizing the national system foundation emphasizing their nationalism. In the case of European countries, their paper currencies reveal a variety of citizen who have contributed to art, science, music, architecture without distinction of gender and this fact puts an emphasis on egalitarianism and equality of both senders and importance or cultural art. 3) Paper currency design of Switzerland, Netherlands, France, U.K. was visualized as an art work with utilization of work-type subject, brilliant color, CG technique, unique layout etc. This study provides us with a valuable opportunity to examine the present state of the Korean paper currencies design in Comparison With those of the world's advanced countries. It is expected that this study could be a resource material for new paper currency design and emphasize the importance of the paper currencies representing a national image as a cultural design.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 2020

In recent urban policies, the importance of 'health' has increased significantly. In Korea, the deterioration of physical health due to environmental problems caused by rapid urbanization and the deterioration of mental health due to the disconnection of social relations in a competitive society are constantly occurring. this study aims to examine the effect of the satisfaction and safety recognition on pedestrian environment on the subjective health status focused on gender difference of the intermediating effect of social capital. I used 2018 Seoul Survey and employed Structural Equation Model multi-group analysis. According to the empirical analysis, in male groups, the satisfaction and safety recognition on the pedestrian environment affect social capital. Also, satisfaction and social capital affect subjective health status. On the other hand, in female group, perception of pedestrian environment affect social capital. In addition, satisfaction, safety recognition and social capital affect subjective health status. Therefore, interdisciplinary study in the field of health and urban policy and discriminatory policy for strategic urban policy for citizen's health is necessary.