• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.713-739
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• 2007

Nowadays computers can perform symbolic computations in addition to mere number crunching operations for which they were originally designed. Symbolic computation opens up exciting possibilities in Structural Mechanics and engineering. Classical areas have been increasingly neglected due to the advent of computers as well as general purpose finite element software. But now, classical analysis has reemerged as an attractive computer option due to the capabilities of symbolic computation. The repetitive cycles of simultaneous - equation sets required by the finite element technique can be eliminated by solving a single set in symbolic form, thus generating a truly closed-form solution. This consequently saves in data preparation, storage and execution time. The power of Symbolic computation is demonstrated by six examples by applying symbolic computation 1) to solve coupled shear wall 2) to generate beam element matrices 3) to find the natural frequency of a shear frame using transfer matrix method 4) to find the stresses of a plate subjected to in-plane loading using Levy's approach 5) to draw the influence surface for deflection of an isotropic plate simply supported on all sides 6) to get dynamic equilibrium equations from Lagrange equation. This paper also presents yet another computationally efficient and accurate numerical method which is based on the concept of derivative of a function expressed as a weighted linear sum of the function values at all the mesh points. Again this method is applied to solve the problems of 1) coupled shear wall 2) lateral buckling of thin-walled beams due to moment gradient 3) buckling of a column and 4) static and buckling analysis of circular plates of uniform or non-uniform thickness. The numerical results obtained are compared with those available in existing literature in order to verify their accuracy.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.348-363
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• 2013

The use of I-Core sandwich panel has increased in cruise ship deck structure since it can provide similar bending strength with conventional stiffened plate while keeping lighter weight and lower web height. However, due to its thin plate thickness, i.e. about 4~6 mm at most, it is assembled by high power $CO_2$ laser welding to minimize the welding deformation. This research proposes a volumetric heat source model for T-joint of the I-Core sandwich panel and a method to use shell element model for a thermal elasto-plastic analysis to predict welding deformation. This paper, Part I, focuses on the heat source model. A circular cone type heat source model is newly suggested in heat transfer analysis to realize similar melting zone with that observed in experiment. An additional suggestion is made to consider negative defocus, which is commonly applied in T-joint laser welding since it can provide deeper penetration than zero defocus. The proposed heat source is also verified through 3D thermal elasto-plastic analysis to compare welding deformation with experimental results. A parametric study for different welding speeds, defocus values, and welding powers is performed to investigate the effect on the melting zone and welding deformation. In Part II, focuses on the proposed method to employ shell element model to predict welding deformation in thermal elasto-plastic analysis instead of solid element model.

• 전산구조공학
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.79-89
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• 1991

유한요소법을 이용하여 적용범위가 제한되고 부정확한 기존의 설계방법을 대치할 수 있는 새로운 철근 콘크리트 슬래브 설계법을 제시하였다. 제시된 방법을 이용하면 어떠한 기하형태의 슬래브 시스템에 대해서도 정확하고 효율적인 설계결과를 얻게된다. 슬래브 설계에 사용되는 등매개 판요소는 적분에 소요되는 계산기간을 절감할 수 있도록 매우 효율적으로 유도되었다. 슬래브 철근의 설계는 강도설계법을 이용하였고, 시방서 최소 철근량과도 비교하였다. 해석결과 모멘트와 설계철근량은 컴퓨터 그래픽을 이용하여 일목요연한 등고선으로 도시하여 설계편의를 제고시켰다. 등매개 판요소의 정확한 전단력을 이용하여 전단에 대한 적절한 검토도 할 수 있게 하였다. 철근과 콘크리트의 균열을 고려한 비탄성 처짐계수법을 개발하여 사용하중하의 처짐을 적합하게 계산할 수 있도록 하므로써 슬래브의 사용성도 검토할 수 있도록 하였다. 개구부가 있는 원형 슬래브 예를 들어 비정형 슬래브 설계에도 제시하는 방법이 손쉽게 적용될 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2017

This paper introduces an optical encoder using the reflection in the slit. The digital optical encoder is a sensor to generate a pulse according to the displacement. An optical encoder is composed of 3 parts: light source, slit plate and light-receiving element. In a conventional encoder, one slit produces one signal. The resolution of the digital optical encoder is determined by the number of slits in the encoder plate. The small slit size is most important among the factors that determine the resolution in a generic-type optical encoder. However, a small slit has low productivity and technical difficulties, so analog optical encoders have emerged as an alternative. Nonetheless, this alternative requires additional circuitry and equipment because of the noise and drafts in the analog signals. A new sensor is presented in this paper with a high resolution and a slit of the same size using the reflection in the slit. Then, the path of the light that passes through the slit ccording to the shape was analyzed, and some paths were expressed in the mathematical expressions. In addition, the optical paths were analyzed in the rectangular, octagonal, and circular encoders, and shown the obtained number of signals per slit by using them. Thus, we confirm that this method has the best performance in circle-shaped slits.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.324-333
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• 1998

Measurements of the local heat transfer coefficients on a hemispherically concave surface with a round oblique impinging jet were made. The liquid crystal transient method was used for these measurements. This method, which is a variation of the transient method, suddenly exposes a preheated wall to an impinging jet while video recording the response of liquid crystal for the surface temperature measurements. The Reynolds number used was 23,000 and the nozzle -to -jet distance was L/d=2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 and the jet angle was $\alpha$=0$^{\circ}$, 15$^{\circ}$, 30$^{\circ}$and 40$^{\circ}$. In the experiment, the maximum Nusselt number at all region occurred at L/d(equation omitted)6 and Nusselt number decreases as the inclined jet angle increases. For the normal jet the contours of constant Nusselt number are circular and as the jet is inclined closer and closer to the surface the contours become elliptical shape. The decreasing rate of the Nusselt number at X/d＞ 0(upstream) on a surface curvature are higher than those on a flate plate and the decreasing rate of the Nusselt number at X/d ＜0(downstream) on a surface curvature are lower than those on a flate plate. And also, the decreasing rate of local Nusselt number distribution at X/d ＜0(upstream) exhibit lower than with X/d ＜0(downstream) as jet angle increases. The second maximum Nusselt number occurred at long distance from stagnation point as jet angle increases.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.711-731
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• 2020

This paper deals with free vibration of FG sandwich annular sector plates on Pasternak elastic foundation with different boundary conditions, based on the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The plates with simply supported radial edges and arbitrary boundary conditions on their circular edges are considered. The influence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) waviness, aspect ratio, internal pores and graphene platelets (GPLs) on the vibrational behavior of functionally graded nanocomposite sandwich plates is investigated in this research work. The distributions of CNTs are considered functionally graded (FG) or uniform along the thickness of upper and bottom layers of the sandwich sectorial plates and their mechanical properties are estimated by an extended rule of mixture. In this study, the classical theory concerning the mechanical efficiency of a matrix embedding finite length fibers has been modified by introducing the tube-to-tube random contact, which explicitly accounts for the progressive reduction of the tubes' effective aspect ratio as the filler content increases. The core of structure is porous and the internal pores and graphene platelets (GPLs) are distributed in the matrix of core either uniformly or non-uniformly according to three different patterns. The elastic properties of the nanocomposite are obtained by employing Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model. A semi-analytic approach composed of 2D-Generalized Differential Quadrature Method (2D-GDQM) and series solution is adopted to solve the equations of motion. The fast rate of convergence and accuracy of the method are investigated through the different solved examples. Some new results for the natural frequencies of the plate are prepared, which include the effects of elastic coefficients of foundation, boundary conditions, material and geometrical parameters. The new results can be used as benchmark solutions for future researches.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.207-214
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• 2015

기계구조물 부재의 단면에 구멍이 있거나 단면이 갑자기 변화하는 경우, 응력집중이 발생되며 대부분 재료의 파손에 매우 중요한 원인이 된다. 단면의 급격한 변화로 집중하중이 작용되는 지점 근방에서의 응력은 부재의 평균응력보다 훨씬 크게 작용하기 때문이다. 본 논문에서는 인장하중을 받는 단이 진 판재 모서리의 필릿과 구멍사이의 응력집중에 대해 살펴보았다. 응력 집중의 상호 작용 효과에 대해서 광탄성실험법과 상용 유한요소 소프트웨어 ANSYS로 해석하였다. 해석 결과로부터, 필렛 반경에서 서로 다른 위치에 있는 구멍은 상호 간섭작용으로 상이한 응력집중계수 값들을 일으킬 수 있다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2023

The main goal of this paper is to study vibration of damaged core laminated sectorial plates with Functionally graded (FG) face sheets based on three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The structures are made of a damaged isotropic core and two external face sheets. These skins are strengthened at the nanoscale level by randomly oriented Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and are reinforced at the microscale stage by oriented straight fibers. These reinforcing phases are included in a polymer matrix and a three-phase approach based on the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka scheme and on the Halpin-Tsai approach, which is developed to compute the overall mechanical properties of the composite material. Three complicated equations of motion for the sectorial plates under consideration are semi-analytically solved by using 2-D differential quadrature method. Using the 2-D differential quadrature method in the r- and z-directions, allows one to deal with sandwich annular sector plate with arbitrary thickness distribution of material properties and also to implement the effects of different boundary conditions of the structure efficiently and in an exact manner. The fast rate of convergence and accuracy of the method are investigated through the different solved examples. The sandwich annular sector plate is assumed to be simply supported in the radial edges while any arbitrary boundary conditions are applied to the other two circular edges including simply supported, clamped and free. Several parametric analyses are carried out to investigate the mechanical behavior of these multi-layered structures depending on the damage features, through-the-thickness distribution and boundary conditions.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.505-514
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• 2009

본 논문에는 압측실험 결과에 근거한 원형강관의 구조적인 거동 및 설계강도에 대하여 기술하였다. 원형강관 기둥의 극한강도는 직경-두께비 및 세장비에 의하여 결정된다. 원형강관의 직경-두께비가 큰 경우 전체좌굴 발생 이전에 탄성 및 비탄성 국부좌굴이 일어나게 되어 기둥강도를 감소시키게 된다. 원형강관의 국부좌굴이 기둥강도에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위하여 두께 2.8mm, 3.2 mm인 SM400 강판을 용접하여 직경-두께비 45에서 170까지인 원형강관을 제작하여 압축실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과에 따르면 직경-두께비가 현행 설계기준의 항복한계보다 작은 원형강관의 경우에도 비탄성국부좌굴이 발생하였으나 상당한 크기의 후좌굴강도를 보여 최대응력은 항복강도를 상회하였다. 도로교설계기준(2005)에 의한 허용응력은 실험결과와 비교하여 상당히 안전치로 나타났다. 최근에 개발된 직접강도법을 원형강관에 적용하기 위하여 실험 및 수치해석 결과와 비교한 결과, 제안된 직접강도법은 국부좌굴과 전체좌굴의 혼합 유무와 상관없이 원형강관 기둥의 극한강도를 적절하게 예측할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2010

Immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann method (IBLBM) has been applied to simulate a turbulent flow over circular cylinder in a flow field effectively. Although IBLBM is very effective method to simulate the flow over a complex shape of obstacle in the flow field regardless of the constructed grids in the calculation domain, the results, however, become numerically unstable in high reynolds number flow. The most effective suggestion to archive the numerical stability in high Reynolds number flow is applying the multiple relaxation time (MRT) model instead of single relaxation time(SRT) model in the collision term of lattice Boltzmann equation. In the research MRT model for IBLBM was introduced and comparing the numerical results obtained by applying SRT and MRT. The hydraulic characteristic of cylinder in a flow field between two parallel plate at the range of $Re{\leqq}2000$represented and it is also compared the drag and lifting coefficients of the cylinder calculated by IBLBM with SRT and MRT model.