• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2013

PURPOSE. Perceived color of ceramics changes by the spectral power distribution of ambient light. This study aimed to quantify the amount of shifts in color and color coordinates of clinically simulated seven all-ceramics due to the switch of three ambient light sources using a human vision simulating spectroradiometer. MATERIALS AND METHODS. CIE color coordinates, such as $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$, of ceramic specimens were measured under three light sources, which simulate the CIE standard illuminant D65 (daylight), A (incandescent lamp), and F9 (fluorescent lamp). Shifts in color and color coordinate by the switch of lights were determined. Influence of the switched light (D65 to A, or D65 to F9), shade of veneer ceramics (A2 or A3), and brand of ceramics on the shifts was analyzed by a three-way ANOVA. RESULTS. Shifts in color and color coordinates were influenced by three factors (P<.05). Color shifts by the switch to A were in the range of 5.9 to 7.7 ${\Delta}E{^*}_{ab}$ units, and those by the switch to F9 were 7.7 to 10.2; all of which were unacceptable (${\Delta}E{^*}_{ab}$ > 5.5). When switched to A, CIE $a^*$ increased (${\Delta}a^*$: 5.6 to 7.6), however, CIE $b^*$ increased (${\Delta}b^*$: 4.9 to 7.8) when switched to F9. CONCLUSION. Clinically simulated ceramics demonstrated clinically unacceptable color shifts according to the switches in ambient lights based on spectroradiometric readings. Therefore, shade matching and compatibility evaluation should be performed considering ambient lighting conditions and should be done under most relevant lighting condition.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.626-633
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• 2010

This study examined the relationship between meat color and myoglobin content, and evaluated their influence on muscle fiber characteristics and overall pork quality. Four groups of pigs were classified by lightness (CIE $L^*$) and redness (CIE $a^*$): HH, high lightness and high redness; HL, high lightness and low redness; LH, low lightness and high redness; LL, low lightness and low redness. Myoglobin content ranged from 1.2 mg/g to 2.1 mg/g, and was highest in the LH group and lowest in the LL group (p<0.05). Myoglobin content correlated significantly with redness (CIE $a^*$) (r = 0.45, p<0.01). Fiber compositions of type I and IIA were closely related to lightness and redness. Pork with higher sizes of type IIA and IIB fibers had lower lightness and redness, respectively, which was tougher than the other pork. Pork having the highest lightness and lowest redness, often considered "pale", has higher values in drip loss than the other classes of pork tested.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

KH University has developed a large sky simulator which is its scale suits international standard. To verify the reliability of the sky simulator, the luminance of 36 points on the inner sky surface was measured and compared with the CIE standard overcast sky model. It was found that the sky simulator can reproduce the CIE standard overcast sky condition with 1.8[%] of mean difference. To identify the differences of daylighting performance, scale model measurements were taken under a real sky and in a sky simulator. Under overcast sky conditions, two kinds of scale model experiments were conducted by using the photometric sensor Li-cor. Firstly, a 1/20 scale model of a side-lit office room 4.9[m] wide, 7.2[m] long, and 2.6[m] high was created. Five measurement points were set at 1.2[m], 2.4[m], 3.6[m], 4.8[m], and 6.0[m] from the window. The mean difference of the light factor between the sky simulator and real sky was 7.1[%]. Secondly, a 1/30 scale model of a top-lit atrium 15[m] wide, 15[m] long, and 15[m] high was created. The measurement point was set at center of the room and the well indexes of the model were set in 5 types. The mean difference of the light factor between the sky simulator and real sky was 1.7[%]. This proved that the sky simulator is fully accurate and usable for daylighting research.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.4B
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• pp.630-636
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• 2010

Ocular inspection in oriental medicine, which identifies sickness by patient's skin color, is usually applied by doctor's subjective judgment. In order to reduce the subjectiveness of diagnosis, we propose a method of objective and quantitative analysis for ocular inspection. The most issued features for ocular inspection are how to identify the color of patients' face in various situations, and how to link the relation between color and sickness. For resolving these two issues, the color system of CIE Lab is adopted for analyzing and classifying the color characteristics. The classification of color features is verified by experiments on groups of patients and non-patients. The results of experiments showed that the proposed method can provide an objective means for ocular inspection using patient's skin color.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.248-254
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• 1998

The two hundreds and twenty two pork carcasses from commercial breed were tested to compare technical quality characteristics and relationships with meat quality parameters between PSE and normal pork classified buy 24hr postmortem conductivity($C_u$). In characteristics of PSE and normal pork by $C_u$ value, highly significant differences were found in NPPC color scale and CIE L*(p＜0.001), moderately significant differences in $C_3$ and cooking loss(p＜0.01), and significant differences were in $C_6$, CIE b*, WHC and juiciness(p＜0.05). In correlation coefficients between $C_u$ and other meat quality determining factors, $C_u$ was poorly related with $pH_1$($R^2$=0.28, p<0.001), CIE a*($R^2$=0.14, p＜0.05), b*($R^2$=0.28, p＜0.01) and cooking loss($R^2$=0.26, p＜0.01). Also, relatively low correlation coefficients were observed in $pH_u$($R^2$=0.32, p＜0.001), WHC($R^2$=0.39, p＜0.001) and juiciness($R^2$=0.41, p＜0.001). Moderately high coefficients were found in NPPC color scale($R^2$=0.59, p＜0.001) and CIE L*($R^2$=0.58, p＜0.001).

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 1988

For the rapid diagnosis of bacterial diseases of cultured fishes, the immunoperoxidase method was applied to the detection of $\beta$-haemolitic Streptococcus sp. strain KST-2 isolated from tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus). The suitability of field analysis and the sensitivity of the immunoperoxidase method was compared with those of the counterimmunoelectrophoresis(CIE) and the immunodiffusion(ID). Results of testing cross-reactivity which did not indicate any cross reactivity with other fish pathogens, this method was specific to Streptococcus sp. The sensitivity of this method was $1{\times}10^3CFU/ml$ which was at least $10^2$times greater than the CIE and $10^4$times greater than the ID. The immunoperoxidase method was more suitable for field application and more sensitive than other diagnostic techniques tested on this study.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.831-843
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• 2020

This study investigated the potential for using vegetable powders as a natural replacement for sodium nitrite and their effects on the physicochemical characteristics of alternatively cured pork products. We analyzed pork products subjected to four treatments: control (0.015% sodium nitrite), Chinese cabbabe powder (CCP) treatment (0.4% Chinese cabbage powder), radish powder (RP) treatment (0.4% radish powder), and spinach powder (SP) treatment (0.4% spinach powder). Among the vegetable powders prepared in this study, SP had the highest (p<0.05) nitrate content, while CCP had the lowest (p<0.05). The cooking yields from these treatments were not significantly different from each other. However, the products with vegetable powders had higher (p<0.05) pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values than the control. Pork products with vegetable powders also showed lower CIE L^⁎ values and higher CIE b^⁎ values than the nitrite-added control. RP treatment had similar (p>0.05) CIE a^⁎ values to the control, while SP treatment had the lowest (p<0.05) CIE a^⁎ values. The residual nitrite content was lower (p<0.05) in the vegetable powder added pork products than in the control, although nitrosyl hemochrome and total pigment contents in the CCP and RP treatments were similar (p>0.05) to those in the control. The control, CCP, and RP treatments showed curing efficiencies greater than 80%, indicating that CCP and RP would be promising potential replacements for sodium nitrite. The results of this study suggest that RP may be a suitable natural replacement for sodium nitrite to produce alternatively cured meat products, compared to other leafy vegetable powders.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.115-120
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• 2015

We studied white tandem organic light-emitting diodes using red and blue fluorescent materials. White 2 units tandem OLEDs were fabricated using $Alq_3$:Rubrene (3 vol.% 5 nm) and SH-1 : BD-2 (3 vol.% 25 nm) as emitting layer (EML). The device with $Alq_3$ : Rubrene (3 vol.% 5 nm) / SH-1 : BD-2 (3 vol.% 25 nm) showed yellowish white emission with a Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.442, 0.473) at $1,000cd/m^2$, and variation of CIE coordinates was low with ($0.44{\pm}0.002$, $0.472{\pm}0.001$) from 500 to $3,000cd/m^2$. White 3 units tandem OLEDs were fabricated by additory stacking the blue or white layer as EML. CIE coordinates of 3 units tandem OLEDs with stacked blue and white layer was low variation of ($0.293{\pm}0.008$, $0.36{\pm}0.005$) and ($0.412{\pm}0.002$, $0.423{\pm}0.001$) from 500 to $3,000cd/m^2$, respectively. Our findings suggest that stacked OLED was possible to controlling CIE coordinates and producing excellent color stability.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of the CIE standard on lighting environments to Korea. In the field study, horizontal and the vertical illuminance was measured at the pedestrian road in the central business district of a city, and the questionnaires were conducted to get information regarding pedestrian's satisfaction with lighting environment. Four areas were selected for this survey. That areas have different type of pedestrian roads concerning the lighting conditions and the number of walkers. From the results of the measurements, It is known that the illuminance of pedestrian roads is different according to the lighting conditions and the number of poot passengers. Also the results of questionnaires show that the illuminance of the pedestrian roads affect to the pedestrian's satisfaction. Lastly, the CIE standard on lighting environments is applicable to the central business district of the cities in Korea.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.835-840
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• 2003

Two hundreds and twenty three pork carcasses of commercial breeds were studied for comparing to technical quality characteristics of pork identified by National Pork Producers Council(NPPC) scale. pH and conductance(C) were taken in 1(pH$_1$, C$_1$), 3(pH$_3$, C$_3$), 6(pH$_6$, C$_6$) and 24hr(pHu, Cu) postmortem on 4~5th thoracic vertebrae. Visual color and CIE value were estimated in longissimus dorsi(LD) muscle in 24hr postmortem on the two sites(4~5th thoracic vertebrae and last vertebrae) using National Pork Producers Council(NPPC) scale and color difference meter. Significant differences were observed in pH$_1$, pHu, Cu, CIE L$^{*}$ value, water holding capacity(WHC) and juiciness at all scales(p〈0.05). But, pH and CIE L$^{*}$value were considerably affected by postmortem time and measuring site. NPPC scale was highly related with CIE L$^{*}$(R$^2$=0.77) and WHC(R$^2$=0.66), and moderately related with C$_{u}$(R$^2$=0.59) and pH$_{u}$(R$^2$=0.54), and poorly related with pH$_3$(R$^2$=0.32), pH$_6$(R$^2$=0.28) and C$_1$～C$_6$(R$^2$=0.03~0.18).