• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.4418-4424
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• 2011

This study is aimed to assess the effect of the gamma ray of 511keV energy which is emitted from phantom where the positron emission radionuclide was injected on X-ray CT image. As a scanning method, the CT number and pixel value of the reference image where water was injected(0 mCi), and those acquired by changing the capacity of 18F(Fluorine), positron emission radionuclide, into 1 mCi, 2 mCi, 5 mCi, and 10 mCi were measured. As a result of measuring the CT number(HU) of the phantom image where the positron emission radionuclide($^{18}F$) was injected, there were reference water ($-7.58{\pm}0.66$ HU), 1 mCi($-9.85{\pm}0.50$ HU), 2 mCi($-10.27{\pm}0.21$ HU), 5 mCi($-11.31{\pm}0.66$ HU), and 10 mCi($-13.47{\pm}0.38$ HU). Compared with the image where it was filled with water, there was a reduction of 5.89 Hu in 10 mCi, 3.73 in 5 mCi, 2.69 HU in 2 mCi, and 2 HU in 1 mCi. As for the pixel value of the phantom image, there were reference water ($-2.70{\pm}0.75$), 1 mCi($-4.72{\pm}0.58$), 2 mCi($-6.01{\pm}0.78$), 5 mCi($-6.10{\pm}0.84$), and 10 mCi($-8.20{\pm}0.60$). Compared with the reference image, there was a reduction of 5.50 in 10 mCi, 3.40 in 5 mCi, 3.10 in 2 mCi, and 2.02 in 1 mCi. Through this experiment, it was indicated that, with the increase in the dose of the positron emission radionuclide($^{18}F$), the CT number and the pixel value of the image reduced proportionally, and the width of reduction showed a similar value, too. Accordingly, according to the degree of change in X-ray CT image due to the positron emission radionuclide in the quality control item of PET/CT, the proper standard should be established and it should be periodically managed.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of elements related to the competitive intelligence(CI) process, methods, and infrastructure in accordance with the degree of CI effectiveness of domestic firms and to propose a guideline for designing and operating an effective CI program in Korean films. The results of this study reveal that, for the elevation of CI effectiveness of Korean firms, it is important to actively utilize the overall CI process, including undisclosed information through human networks, public information through various media, and quantitative and qualitative analyses, an independent CI unit, various CI support systems, such as information and reward systems, and organizational culture of CI openness within an organization. However, CI outsourcing, CI primary objectives, and CI scale do not seem to have a significant influence on CI effectiveness of Korean firms. Based on these results, this research presents some important implications for effective competitive intelligence for Korean firms.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.6A
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• pp.583-591
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• 2008

OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) has serious problem of high PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio). Recently, CI/OFDM (carrier interferometry OFDM) system has been proposed for the low PAPR. However, CI/OFDM system shows another problem of ICI because of phase offset mismatch due to the phase noise. In this paper, to simultaneously reduce the PAPR and ICI effects, we propose an A-CI/OFDM (advanced-CT/OFDM). This method improves the BER performance by use of the margin of phase offset at CI codes. Propose system to reduce the effect the phase noise, even though it shows a little bit higher PAPR than conventional CI/OFDM, so we apply the PTS among the PAPR reduction techniques to proposed system to mitigate this problem. Therefore, it improves the total BER performance because the proposed method can decrease the effect of phase noise and get the gain in PAPR reduction performance. From the simulation results, we can show the performance comparison between the conventional OFDM, CI/OFDM and A-CI/OFDM.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.167-184
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• 2002

The importance of competitive intelligence (CI), which collects/uses information about competitors, industries, etc., has been increased due to the rapidly changing business environment of today. However, there exist few domestic researches on CI. With this background, a study of domestic companies was performed that examines how the enterprise characteristics, the interest on CI, and the informatization level affect the way/level and outcome of CI. Results showed that bigger enterprises have the higher interest on CI than smaller ones and enterprises having high interest perform CI activities systematically and variously including using the internet. Further, the results uncovered the enterprises performing CI actively use the information acquired from the activity effectively in their business. The results also revealed that there are no difference between the IT companies and the others and that the jnformatization level is irrelevant to the internet CI activity level.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.1 s.59
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• pp.185-194
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• 2005

The objectives of this research are to examine the relationships among designers' characteristics, mutual communication, conflicts between CI designer and client, to test the impacts of conflicts and four type of resolution strategies on the performance of CI development, and to recommend proper strategies for successful CI process and output management. The survey results show as follows. First, CI designers' confidentiality on clients' internal information and creative designing ability were found to affect mutual communication between them. Second, proper communication was found to lessen the conflict level which in turn yielded the positive performance of CI development, especially for the clients' side. Third, it is suggested that the conflict level be first reduced and conflict resolution strategies be applied depending upon the conflict level and related party of designer or client position, respectively.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.501-503
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• 2003

Soil-gas radon level and other atmospheric factors have been measured at residual soil profiles that overlie granite bedrock which consists of major geology in Korea for 6 months from November, 2000 to April, 2001. Seasonal variations of soil-gas radon concentration are generally of greater magnitude than day-to-day fluctuations. The highest radon concentrations of 5,131 pCi/L measured during winter season and the lowest radon concentrations of 107 pCi/L during spring season. Two study areas, Bongcheon-dong(granite bedrock) and Seongnam-Yongin(gneiss bedrock) were investigated to assess the radon potential according to their field survey and emanation tests. The mean values of radon decrease in sequentially from Suji-A(813 pCi/L)>Suji-B(757 pCi/L)>Bundang-B(691 pCi/L)>Bundang-A(643 pCi/L)>Bongcheon-dong(513 pCi/L). Estimated soil-gas radon potential using maximum radon emanation ratios of each study area decreases in the order of Bongcheondong(950 pCi/L)>Suji-B(524 pCi/L)>Bundang-A(437 pCi/)>Bundang-B(259 pCi/L)>Suji-A(230 pCi/L) areas. The values of indoor radon and its daughter product concentrations in Bongcheon-dong area show that indoor basement rooms in poor ventilation condition could be classified as extremely high radon risk location of more than 4 pCi/L Rn and 0.02 WL.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.372-379
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• 1996

Components I and II (CI&II) are major phosphoproteins in the frog rod outer segments (ROS) of retina, whose phosphorylation is light- and cyclic nucleotide-dependent. Although it was reported that CI & II could be chemically cross-linked to ${\beta}{\gamma}-subunit$ of transducin (${\beta}{\gamma}_t$), it was not clear whether CI&II physically interact with ${\beta}{\gamma}_t$, under native conditions. CI&II extracted by hypotonic washing fo ROS membranes showed an overlapped migration with ${\beta}{\gamma}_t$, in sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The elution profile of CI&II in the peripheral membrane fractions from gel filtration chromatography also overlapped that of ${\beta}{\gamma}_t$. These hydrodynamic parameters indicate that the native molecular state of CI&II in the peripheral membrane fraction appears to be within a complex, most likely with ${\beta}{\gamma}_t$. CI&II coeluted with ${\beta}{\gamma}_t$, showed no phosphorylation by endogenous kinase which phosphorylates a serine of CI&II in other fractions. The purified CI&II were not able to inhibit trypsin-activated cGMP-phosphodiesterase, and CI&II were not recognized by a monoclonal antibody against the ${\gamma}-subunit$ of transducin, indicating that CI&II are not y-subunit of PDE or transducin. Thus, it is likely that native CI&II, which undergo a light-dependent phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle, can associate with ${\beta}{\gamma}$, in frog photoreceptor membranes, and the complex formation has an inhibitory effect on the endogenous phosphorylation of CI&II.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.75-99
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• 2012

Innovation can come from inside or outside organizations. Recently, organizations have begun turning to external knowledge more often, through various forms of collective intelligence (CI) as collaborative platform to solve complex problems. Several factors facilitate this CI utilization phenomenon. First, with the rapid development of Internet and social media, numerous web applications have become available to millions of the Internet users over the past few decades. Web 2.0 and social media have become innovative web applications that provide an environment for human social interaction and collaboration. Second, the diffusion of simple and easy-to-use technologies that enable users to interact and design web applications without programming skills have led to vast, previously unknown amounts of user-generated content. Finally, the Internet has enabled communities to connect and collaborate, creating a virtual world of CI. In this study, web enabled CI is defined as a composed ability of individuals who are acting as a single cognitive unit to achieve common goals, think reasonably, solve problems, make decisions, carry out complex tasks, and develop creative ideas collectively through participation and collaboration on the web. Although CI plays a critical role in organizational innovation and collaboration, the dubious quality of CI is still problem that is difficult to solve. In general, the quality level of content collected from the crowd is lower than that from professionals. Thus, it is important to identify determinants of CI quality and to analyze the relationship between CI quality and its usefulness. However, there is a lack of empirical study on the quality factors of web-enabled CI. There exist a variety of web enabled CI sites such as Threadless, iStockphoto or InnoCentive, Wikipedia, and Youtube. One of the most successful forms of web-enabled CI is the Wikipedia online encyclopedia, accessible all over the world. Another one example is Naver KnowledgeiN, a typical and popular CI site offering question and answer (Q&A) services. It is necessary to study whether or not different types of CI have a different effect on CI quality and its usefulness. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to answer to following research questions: ${\bullet}$ What determinants are important to CI quality? ${\bullet}$ What is the relationship between CI quality factors and the usefulness of web-enabled CI? ${\bullet}$ Does CI type have a moderating effect on the relationship between CI quality, its determinants, and CI usefulness? Online survey using Google Docs with email and Kakao Talk was conducted for collecting data from Wikipedia and Naver KnowledgeiN users. A totoal of 490 valid responses were collected, where users of Wikipedia were 220 while users of Naver KnowledgeiN were 270. Expertise of contributors, community size, and diversity of contributors were identified as core determinants of perceived CI quality. Perceived CI quality has significantly influenced perceived CI usefulness from a user's perspective. For improving CI quality, it is believed that organizations should ensure proper crowd size, facilitate CI contributors' diversity and attract as many expert contributors as possible. Hypotheses that CI type plays a role of moderator were partially supported. First, the relationship between expertise of contributors and perceived CI quality was different according to CI type. The expertise of contributors played a more important role in CI quality in the case of Q&A services such as Knowledge iN compared to wiki services such as Wikipedia. This implies that Q&A service requires more expertise and experiences in particular areas rather than the case of Wiki service to improve service quality. Second, the relationship between community size and perceived CI quality was different according to CI type. The community size has a greater effect on CI quality in case of Wiki service than that of Q&A service. The number of contributors in Wikipeda is important because Wiki is an encyclopedia service which is edited and revised repeatedly from many contributors while the answer given in Naver Knowledge iN can not be corrected by others. Finally, CI quality has a greater effect on its usefulness in case of Wiki service rather than Q&A service. In this paper, we suggested implications for practitioners and theorists. Organizations offering services based on collective intelligence try to improve expertise of contributeros, to increase the number of contributors, and to facilitate participation of various contributors.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 2017

Purpose: To identify the risk factors for suicidal ideation across the life cycle among Korean adults using data from 2015 Korean Psycho-social Anxiety Survey. Methods: The data were statistically analyzed using hierarchical logistic regression analysis. Results: The factors associated with suicidal ideation among the young adult group were education level (odds ratio [OR] 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05~2.49), self-esteem (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.12~1.27), stress (OR 3.26, 95% CI 2.07~5.15), anger control problems (OR 3.58, 95% CI 2.34~5.50), and depression (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.66~4.04) whereas among the middle-aged adults the factors were education level (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.12~2.23), existence of a spouse (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.72~3.78), self-esteem (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.08~1.18), stress (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.81~3.33), anger control problems (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.22~2.36), and depression (OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.91~3.64). Among the older adult group the findings were the existence of a spouse (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.37~3.39), self-esteem (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.13~1.32), stress (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.38~3.54), anxiety (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.46~4.02), and depression (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.30~4.72). Conclusion: The findings suggest that there may be a need for different suicide intervention programs to decrease suicidal ideation across the life cycle.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.98-104
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• 2007

A survey was performed to evaluate the distribution of radon concentrations in groundwater of South Korea. Groundwaters of 615 wells were sampled for this study during the four years from 1999 to 2002. The results showed radon values ranging from 4 pCi/L to 40,010 pCi/L with a mean and a median of 1,862 pCi/L and 920 pCi/L, respectively. The samples were classified into five groups according to the rock types; granite, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, Ogcheon metamorphic rocks, and Cheju volcanics. Mean radon concentrations were highest (2,595 pCi/L) in granites and lowest (238 pCi/L) in Cheju volcanic rocks. The groundwaters generally showed the highest radon content (2,298 pCi/L) in the weathered and the fractured bedrock complex and the lowest level (672 pCi/L) in the alluvium. The results showed that the radon concentrations in South Korea are low relative to those reported from other countries. But further investigations are suggested to confirm our results.