• Toxicological Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2013

Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that is widely used as a natural sugar substitute. Thus, the safety of its usage is very important. In the present study, short-term genotoxicity assays were conducted to evaluate the potential genotoxic effects of erythritol. According to the OECD test guidelines, the maximum test dose was 5,000 ${\mu}g$/plate in bacterial reverse mutation tests, 5,000 ${\mu}g/ml$ in cell-based assays, and 5,000 mg/kg for in vivo testing. An Ames test did not reveal any positive results. No clastogenicity was observed in a chromosomal aberration test with CHL cells or an in vitro micronucleus test with L5178Y $tk^{+/-}$ cells. Erythritol induced a marginal increase of DNA damage at two high doses by 24 hr of exposure in a comet assay using L5178Y $tk^{+/-}$ cells. Additionally, in vivo micronucleus tests clearly demonstrated that oral administration of erythritol did not induce micronuclei formation of the bone marrow cells of male ICR mice. Taken together, our results indicate that erythritol is not mutagenic to bacterial cells and does not cause chromosomal damage in mammalian cells either in vitro or in vivo.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.81-82
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• 2001

The human ribosomal protein 54 genes, RPS4X and RPS4Y are located on the X and Y chromosomes. They have been postulated as candidate for Turner syndrome which was characterized by gonadal dysgenesis, short stature, and various external and internal anomalies. Using the BLAST search program, we identified sixteen RPS4 pseudogenes from the human genome and analyzed them phylogenetically. The RPS4-C12-1, C12-2, and C12-3 pseudogenes from chromosome 12 have been evolved independently during hominid evolution. The RPS4X gene from X chromosome it closely related to the RPS4-C12-2 from chromosome 12 and RPS4-C5 from chromosome 5, whereas the RPS4Y gene is very closely related to RPS4-C16 from chromosome 16. The exact mapping of the RPS4 pseudogene family was peformed, indicating that the RPS4 pseudogene family was mapped on human chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19 and 20. Taken together, the precise chromosomal localization and phylegenetic relationship of the RPS4 pseudo-genes could be of great use in further study for understanding the Turner syndrome.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.94-100
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• 2020

The inverse correlation between maternal age and pregnancy rate represents a major challenge for reproductive endocrinology. The high embryo ploidy error rate in failed in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles reflects genetic misfires accumulated by older oocytes over time. Despite the application of different follicular recruitment protocols during IVF, gonadotropin modifications are generally futile in addressing such damage. Even when additional oocytes are retrieved, quality is frequently poor. Older oocytes with serious cytoplasmic and/or chromosomal errors are often harvested from poorly perfused follicles, and ovarian vascularity and follicular oxygenation impact embryonic chromosomal competency. Because stimulation regimens exert their effects briefly and immediately before ovulation, gonadotropins alone are an ineffective antidote to long-term hypoxic pathology. In contrast, the tissue repair properties (and particularly the angiogenic effects) of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are well known, with applications in other clinical contexts. Injection of conventional PRP and/or its components (e.g., isolated platelet-derived growth factors as a cell-free substrate) into ovarian tissue prior to IVF has been reported to improve reproductive outcomes. Any derivative neovascularity may modulate oocyte competence by increasing cellular oxygenation and/or lowering concentrations of intraovarian reactive oxygen species. We propose a mechanism to support intrastromal angiogenesis, improved follicular perfusion, and, crucially, embryo ploidy rescue. This last effect may be explained by mRNA upregulation coordinated by PRP-associated molecular signaling, as in other tissue systems. Additionally, we outline an intraovarian injection technique for platelet-derived growth factors and present this method to help minimize reliance on donor oocytes and conventional hormone replacement therapy.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제27권
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• pp.14.1-14.6
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• 2012

Objectives: The root barks of Periploca sepium Bge. (P. sepium) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for healing wounds and treating rheumatoid arthritis. However, toxicity in high-doses was often diagnosed by the presence of many glycosides. The potential mutagenicity of P. sepium was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: This was examined by the bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test using Escherichia coli WP2uvrA and Salmonella typhimurium strains, such as TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537. Chromosomal aberrations were investigated using Chinese hamster lung cells, and the micronucleus test using mice. Results: P. sepium did not induce mutagenicity in the bacterial test or chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster lung cells, although metabolic activation and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes were seen in the mice bone marrow cells. Conclusions: Considering these results, it is suggested that P. sepium does not have mutagenic potential under the conditions examined in each study.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.113-116
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• 2001

성염색체의 조성이 다른 수영 (Rumex acetosa L.) 암·수 개체의 잎 절편 배양을 통하여 얻은 체세포클론을 대상으로 염색체 분석을 수행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 암 개체의 경우 조사된 25개체 중 21개체 (84%)가 야생형과 같은 염색체 조성 (2n=14)을 보였으며, 야생형에서는 관찰되지 않는 4배체 식물이 4개체 (16%)가 관찰되었다. 그에 비하여 수 개체에서는 20개체 중 4개체 (20%)만이 정상의 염색체 조성을 보여 성에 따른 체세포클론 변이에서의 차이를 보였다. 수 개체에서는 2n=14, 28 등의 이수체가 관찰되었으며, 4배체 (2n=30)로 나타난 체세포클론에서도 성염색체의 뚜렷한 배가현상이 관찰되지 않았다.

• Journal of Interdisciplinary Genomics
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.10-13
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• 2019

A 10-year and 5 month-old girl with developmental delay, intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, poor weight gain, and microcephaly was transferred to our pediatric clinic for genetic evaluation. Her height was within the 5-10th percentile, and her weight was under the 3rd percentile. On the social maturity scale, her developmental status was scored as 3 years 9 months for social age, and the social quotient was 35.98. A chromosomal microarray analysis was performed and the microduplication at chromosome 16p was observed: arr[GRCh37] 16p11.2 (29580020_30190029)${\times}3$. Currently, the patient is diagnosed with Grade 2 intellectual disability and is attending a computerized cognitive rehabilitation class twice weekly. In addition, nutritional support and growth follow up are also ensured in the Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Endocrinology clinic.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권11호
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• pp.792-805
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• 2022

Repairing damaged DNA and removing all physical connections between sister chromosomes is important to ensure proper chromosomal segregation by contributing to chromosomal stability. Here, we show that the depletion of non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H (NCAPH) exacerbates chromosome segregation errors and cytokinesis failure owing to sister-chromatid intertwinement, which is distinct from the ultra-fine DNA bridges induced by DNA inter-strand crosslinks (DNA-ICLs). Importantly, we identified an interaction between NCAPH and GEN1 in the chromatin involving binding at the N-terminus of NCAPH. DNA-ICL activation, using ICL-inducing agents, increased the expression and interaction between NCAPH and GEN1 in the soluble nuclear and chromatin, indicating that the NCAPH-GEN1 interaction participates in repairing DNA damage. Moreover, NCAPH stabilizes GEN1 within chromatin at the G2/M-phase and is associated with DNA-ICL-induced damage repair. Therefore, NCAPH resolves DNA-ICL-induced ultra-fine DNA bridges by stabilizing GEN1 and ensures proper chromosome separation and chromosome structural stability.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2000

목적: 마우스를 전신조사한 다음 골수세포를 추출하여 중기염색체 분석법과 미소핵 검사법으로 방사선량별 염색체 이상의 빈도를 관찰하고 이를 통하여 표준선량반응곡선을 얻어내어 방사선이 인체 골수세포에 미치는 영향을 추정하기 위해 이 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법: ICR계 마우스를 대상으로 각각 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 Gy를 조사하고 대퇴골의 골수를 추출하여 중기염색체 분석법을 시행하였고, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, Gy를 조사한 후 미소핵 분석법을 시행하였다. 각각의 조사량에 따라 중기염색체에서 이중 중심체형 염색체와 반지형 염색체를 계수하였고, 다염성적혈구에서 관찰된 미소핵을 계수하였다. 결과: 중기염색체에서 이중 중심체형 염색체와 반지형 염색체의 빈도를 나타내는 Ydr 값은 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 Gy에서 각각 0.002, 0.107, 0.33, 0.625, 1.055, 1.662, 5.843이었고 선량-반응관계를 선형회귀분석한 결과 방사선량(D)과 염색체이상 빈도(YDR)와의 관계는 YDR=0.0176+0.0324D+0.0567$D^2$ (r=1.0, p<0.001)으로 나타났다. 다염성적혈구에서 관찰된 미소핵은 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, Gy에서 각각 0.001, 0.062, 0.218, 0.478, 0.841로 방사선량(D)과 미소핵의 빈도(mn)와의 관계는 F(mn)=0.0019+0.0073D+0.00506$D^2$ (r=1.0, p<0.001)로 나타나 선량에 따른 염색체이상의 빈도는 이차함수식으로 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 두 가지의 검사방법간에는 매우 강한 상관관계를 나타내었다(r=0.99, p<0.01). 결과: 마우스의 골수세포에서 중기염색체 분석법과 미소핵 검사법은 생체 내의 피폭선량을 평가하는데 매우 유용하였고, 이 두 가지 검사법 중 어느 방법을 사용하여도 방사선에 의한 생물학적 효과를 평가할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제27권2호통권89호
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• pp.112-118
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• 1999

한국, 일본 그리고 미국 등지에서 수집된 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici의 electrophoretic karyotype(EK)을 분석하고자 CHEF-DRII pulsed field gel electrophoresis system(Bio-Rad Laboratories, Melville, NY)으로 각 공시균의 chromosome sized DNA를 분리하였다. EK 분석에 적합한 CHEF gel electrophoresis 조건을 얻기 위해 전기영동 시간 및 전압 그리고 switching interval 등의 조건을 다양하게 바꾸어 가며 실험하였다. 그 결과 국내 균주에서 $0.76{\sim}6.41\;Mb$에 달하는 $9{\sim}11$개의 chromosome sized DNA가 분리되었으며 그 total genome size는 $35.29{\sim}38.92\;Mb$ 이었다. 또한 일본과 미국 균주로 부터 $1.24{\sim}6.85\;Mb$범위의 $9{\sim}11$개의 chromosome sized DNA가 분리되었고 그 total genome size는 $35.32{\sim}43.87\;Mb$ 이었다. 이와 같이 얻어진 각 공시균주의 EK는 chromosome sized DNA의 length range 및 total genome size에서 국내 균주와 외국 균주간의 차이를 잘 반영하였다. 또한 국내 균주의 chromosomal polymorphism은 그 변이가 적어 서로 동일하거나 유사하였으며 외국 균주와 뚜렷이 다른 chromosomal DNA pattern을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2002

쪽파의 배발생 캘러스 유도에는 2,4-D의 단독첨가가 보다 효과적이었으나, 2,4-D의 농도가 높을수록 기형배의 배발생율이 높았다. BA를 혼합첨가하였을 때는 기형배가 보다 많이 발생하였다. 배형성을 위한 외식편으로는 경정이 가장 좋았으며 그 다음 인편, 엽조직 순이었다. 또한 0.09 M의 sucrose를 첨가한 배지에서 배발생 callus 유기가 가장 좋았다. 2,4-D와 BA의 농도가 상이한 배지에서 유기된 배발생 callus로부터 재분화된 식물체의 염색체 변이율은 8∼33.3%였으며, 4배체와 2배체＋4배체의 혼수체가 나타났다. 염색체 변이율은 인편 유래의 식물체에서 18.7%로 가장 높았다. 경정 부위에서 유기된 배발생 callus는 33.5%로 식물체 재분화율이 높았지만, 염색체 변이율은 7.0% 정도로 낮았다. 또한 0.26 M sucrose배지에서 배양한 식물체에서 염색체 변이율이 높았으며. 0.09∼0.20 M sucrose배지에서 분화된 식물체에서 염색체 변이율은 15.2∼16.6%로 거의 안정적이었다.