• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.278-280
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• 2012

We are propose the position of the node context-awareness information and the validity of the head node in the path according to the clustering how to elect one of the energy efficiency ECOPS (Energy Conserving Optimal path Schedule) algorithm. Existing LEACH algorithm to elect the head node when the node's energy probability distribution function based on the management of the head node is optional cycle. However, in this case, the distance of the relay node status information including context-awareness parameters does not reflect. These factors are not suitable for the relay node or nodes are included in the probability distribution, if the head node selects occurs. In particular, to solve the problems from the LEACH-based hierarchical clustering algorithms, this study defines location with the status context information and the residual energy factor in choosing topology of the structure adjacent nodes. ECOPS algorithm that contextual information is contributed for head node selection in topology protocols. The proposed ECOPS algorithm has the head node replacement situations from the candidate head node in the optimal path and efficient energy conservation that is the path of the member nodes. The new head node election show as the entire node lifetime and network management technique improving the network lifetime and efficient management the simulation results.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.57-63
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• 2016

Purpose - The present study aimed to investigate the difference between entity theorists and incremental theorists in the extent of attributing efforts and traits of consumers for the realization of pursued goals. Furthermore, the present study was conducted to determine the difference depending on circumstances. In this regard, the circumstances where consumers felt pride were divided into those in which important goals and ordinary life goals were achieved. Research design, data, and methodology - An empirical study was performed, which was divided into group 1 and 2. Group 1 is the experimental group concerned with the important goal achievement, and group 2 is the control group related to daily ordinary goal achievement. 80 college students were assigned to each group, respectively. The empirical study for each of the two groups was performed respectively by means of questionnaire survey. In the experimental group, t-test was used to verify the hypotheses for the empirical study. In the circumstances of the control group, t-test was also used to examine whether the results were same as those shown from the analysis of experimental group data or not. Results - According to the group 1 and 2, the t-test of the empirical study showed that entity theorists tended to attribute the achievements of goals to their traits more than incremental theorists did, whereas the incremental theorists tended to attribute achievements of goals to their efforts more than entity theorists did in the important goals-achieved circumstance. In the circumstance of daily life goals-achieved, additional questionnaire survey and analysis were conducted, however, there was no difference between incremental and entity theorists in regard to attributing realization of goals to their efforts, and it leads to assess the difference in the meaning of invested efforts between important goal and ordinary goal achievement. Conclusions - Considering that the feeling of consumers has been regarded as one of the significant factors in marketing mix management, the results of this study are considered as significant implications for management. The implications can be said that when incremental consumers feel authentic pride in the important goals-achieved circumstance, marketers are requested to emphasize the fact that the efforts of consumers have contributed to realization of the important goals. By contrast, when consumers feel hubristic pride in both circumstances, marketers are requested to approach to entity-oriented consumers by way of trait. Authentic and hubristic pride are pervasive and engendered by important events or daily routines, and they could have effect on delaying making decisions. Therefore, it is necessary for future research to examine the unexplored difference of effect between incidental authentic and hubristic pride on consumer's self-control. In particular, future researches are related to the extent of difference in attributing efforts and traits. The consumers'realization for the previously pursued goals between entity theorists and incremental theorists affects their present or long distant decisions in self-control dilemmas. The consumers are faced with choosing one between virtuous long term- related option and vice immediate option.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.741-753
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• 2003

This study begins with paying attention to the agglomeration of 'Residential-Commercial Mixed Use Buildings(hereafter, R-C MU Buildings)', which tend to be a high grade and large sized building cluster at various neighboring areas in Seoul. The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between emerging new housing type and residential area by analyzing the characteristics of residential neighborhood that is mainly created by R-C MU Buildings. For this purpose, the specialization and the regional characteristics(in connection with the hierarchy in urban spatial structure) of R-C MU Building's residential neighborhood were analyzed. In the end, the specific type of housing reveals the tendency to be differentiated in terms of income, education and occupation related with housing and residential area. And the residential characteristics also seem to be different according to the regions based on the central place hierarchical structure. It means that the social and class factors are important in choosing house, but the characteristics of the neighborhood area play an important role in the selection of resident area. Finally, the location of certain type of housing can influence the selecting process of residence and it can also determine the characteristics of the resident area in turn.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-31
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• 2008

Before the financial crisis in 1997, Korean bond markets had been those of corporate bonds with relatively high market yield. During the period, most of major institutional investors tend to utilize passive strategies such as buying and holding. After the crisis, however, they could not help choosing active bond management strategies because of lowed yield level and intensified competition among the financial institutions. This study is forced on the yield curve, which is the reflection of all information on the bond investment environments. The study also make analysis on the major economic and securities market factors and its structural relationship with the shape of the curve such as level, curvature and slope. For these purposes, an empirical model based on the Nelson-Siegel Model is estimated with the data during $1999{\sim}2006$. Out-of-sample forecasting is also made to test the usefulness of the estimated model. In addition, the dependent variables which are the estimates of level and slope are estimated on the macro variables and securities market variables. VAR and SUR models are used for the estimation. Estimation results show that level and slope of the yield curve are influenced by the target call rate change, exchange rate change rate, inflation rate. These results provide practical implications for the active managements in the overall treasury bond markets.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.108-118
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• 2010

Introduction: Maxillary posterior region, compared to the mandible or maxillary anterior region, has a thin cortical bone layer and is largely composed of cancellous bone, and therefore, it is often difficult to achieve primary stability. In such cases, sinus elevation with bone graft is necessary. Materials and Methods: In this research, 121 patients who had implant placement after bone graft were subjected to a follow-up study of 5 years from the moment of the initial surgery. The total survival rate, 5-year cumulative survival rate and the influence of the following factors on implant survival were evaluated; the condition of the patient (sex, age, general body condition), the site of implant placement, diameter and length of the implant, sinus elevation technique, closure method for osseous window, type of prosthesis and opposing teeth. Results: 1. The 5-year cumulative survival rate of total implants was 90.5%, there was no significant difference between sex, age, the site of implant placement, diameter and length of the implant, sinus elevation technique, and the type of opposing teeth. 2. Patients with diabetes mellitus < osteoporosis and smooth-surfaced machined group < hydroxyapatite (HA)-treated group and homogenous demineralized freeze dried allogenic bone (DFDB) bone graft only group had significantly lower survival rate. 3. With less than 4 mm of residual alveolar ridge height, lateral approach without closing the osseous window resulted in a significantly lower survival rate. 4. Restoration of a single implant showed a significantly lower survival rate, compared to cases where the superstructure was joined with several implants in the area. Conclusion: Patients with diabetes or osteoporosis need longer period of time for osseointegration compared to the normal, and the dentists must be prudent when choosing a surface treatment type and the bone graft material. Also, as the vertical dimension of the residual alveolar ridge can influence the result, staged implant placement should be considered when it seems difficult for the implant to gain primary stability from the residual bone with less than 4 mm of vertical dimension. It is recommended to obdurate the bone window and that the superstructure be connected with several impants in the peripheral area.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.507-524
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• 2002

Load transfer of implant overdenture varies depending on anchorage systems that are the design of the superstructure and substructure and the choice of attachment. Overload by using improper anchorage system not only will cause fracture of the framework or screw but also may cause failure of osseointegration. Choosing anchorage system in making prosthesis, therefore, can be considered to be one of the most important factors that affect long-term success of implant treatment. In this study, in order to determine the effect of anchorage systems on load transfer in mandibular implant overdenture in which 4 implants were placed in the interforaminal region, patterns of stress distribution in implant supporting bone in case of unilateral vertical loading on mandibular left first molar were compared each other according to various types of anchorage system using three-dimensional photoelastic stress analysis. The five photoelastic overdenture models utilizing Hader bar without cantilever using clips(type 1), cantilevered Hader bar using clips(type 2), cantilevered Hader bar with milled surface using clips(type 3), cantilevered milled-bar using swivel-latchs and frictional pins(type 4), and Hader bar using clip and ERA attachments(type 5), and one cantilevered fixed-detachable prosthesis(type 6) model as control were fabricated. The following conclusions were drawn within the limitations of this study, 1. In all experimental models. the highest stress was concentrated on the most distal implant supporting bone on loaded side. 2. Maximum fringe orders on ipsilateral distal implant supporting bone in a ascending order is as follows: type 5, type 1, type 4, type 2 and type 3, and type 6. 3. Regardless of anchorage systems. more or less stresses were generated on the residual ridge under distal extension base of all overdenture models. To summarize the above mentioned results, in case of the patients with unfavorable biomechanical conditions such as not sufficient number of supporting implants, short length of the implant and unfavorable antero-posterior spread. selecting resilient type attachment or minimizing distal cantilever bar is considered to be appropriate methods to prevent overloading on implants by reducing cantilever effect and gaining more support from the distal residual ridge.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.230-243
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to offer the basic materials for the development of nutrition education programs for youth and help domestic science teachers in schools implement effective dietary education by examining youth's purchase behavior of processed foods. As a result of figuring out youth's purchasing behavior of processed food and the difference in accordance with social, demographic variables, they considered taste and price mainly when choosing foods. The results showed that what they consider important when checking food display information was shelf life and price. It was observed that 56% of them check additives display information in food when purchasing processed food. In terms of demographic factors, the more likely they are a girl student, the lower grader they are, and the lower price they purchase processed food at, the better they used the nutritional knowledge learned in school. Based upon these results, it is necessary to offer the consumer's level of education and training for their demands by accurately figuring out youth's purchasing behavior of processed foods. For this, home economics education must allow youth to lead healthy diet by implementing a systematic and professional training on food additives on a basis of the research and utilization of a variety of educational media and teaching and learning methods.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.101-107
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• 2005

The reason that compulsory removals of a low-quality housing redevelopment such as involuntary or unintentional migration present a problem for urban communities is that whether involuntary movers adapt themselves to their new home has an influence on the urban communities that surround them. Moreover, involuntary emigrants have higher probability of choosing faulty residential areas than voluntary emigrants do. This gives rise to a problem of another residential migration for involuntary movers. In order to solve these problems, there is a need for a new housing policy that enables original residents to come back to their old community. However studies for resettlement had not conducted subjects about housing redevelopment characteristics which influences the involuntary movers directly. Instead personal microscopic characteristics such as statistics of resettlement, the moving distance, the reason of moving, improvement of living environment, had been main subjects of farmer studies. So the purpose of this study is to analyze an analysis of the relationship between resettlement and housing redevelopment characteristics. The data used in this study was obtained at 47 areas designated by Seoul (metropolis) since 1990 for redevelopment. Cluster Analysis Is used for dividing high rate of resettlement with low rate of resettlement and Regression Analysis is used for the analysis of the relationship between resettlement and housing redevelopment characteristics. The results of examining the effects of a redeveloped housing complex on returning residents at 47 areas designated by Seoul (metropolis) since 1990 fur redevelopment are as follows: First, A housing complex with a high returning rate (remove-in rate?) has no state/public land, unauthorized building owners who are in the low-income brackets, and few interested parties such as union members. This is the characteristic of a redeveloped housing complex with a short-period project span. On the contrary, a housing complex that has a low returning rate is crowded by state/public land, and numerous unauthorized building owners, and interested parties. Second, According to the linear regression analysis, among the factors that affect returning residents, 'physical properties(characteristics) of a region', 'population properties within a region', and 'properties of a project span' indicate a negative(-)influence whereas 'properties of a complex density' shows a positive(+) influence. In a nutshell, the more the physical properties, population properties, projectspan properties, the lower the returning rate and the more the complex density properties, the higher the returning rate. In detail, an area with many small land and new/large buildings, a high population, and a long project duration has a low returning rate of original residents while an area holding large capacity and buildings with many number of floors (multiple-storied building) has a high returning rate.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.61-72
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• 2018

Objectives: This study conducted a survey research to characterize traffic accident(TA) patients seeking Korean medicine treatment and to analyze the symptom improvement and satisfaction scores. Methods: A survey was conducted in 122 outpatients, who visited OO University Korean Hospital due to TA-associated symptoms from November, 2017 to May, 2018. The questionnaire included information on patient demographic characteristics, accident circumstance details, pain levels, reason for treatment selection, treatment methods, treatment purpose, symptom improvement and satisfaction. All statistical analyses were performed using Windows SPSS version 20.0 Results: The characteristics of traffic accident patients using Korean medical institution were usually accidents that occurred while driving slowly, and minor injuries like a sprain. The most important consideration in choosing Korean medical institution was its past experience. The biggest reason for switching treatment from Western medicine to Korean medicine was for diverse treatments. Satisfaction with Korean medicine was measured between very satisfaction and satisfaction. Patients showed the highest satisfaction with acupuncture, followed by pharmacopuncture and chuna manual therapy. Most treatments were measured between very satisfaction and satisfaction. After treatment, 95.90 percent of the patients said they would recommend Korean treatment. Conclusions: Although this study has limitations as research in survey format, we intended to analyze determining factors for the use of Korean medicine treatment through satisfaction, symptom improvement, and Numeric rating scale (NRS) change.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2013

High intakes of sodium may increase the risk of hypertension or cardiovascular diseases. According to the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey, the average intake of sodium was 4,878 mg/day with salt, kimchi, soy sauce, fermented soybean paste and Ramyeon being the five main sources of sodium. In order to identify solutions to reduce the intake of sodium, we investigated the intake patterns and eating behaviors of Ramyeon among 347 college students (male 146, female 201) using survey questionnaires. The average age of study subjects was 23.7 years for males and 20.5 years for females. The average Body Mass Index ($kg/m^2$) was 21.9 for males and 20.1 for females. The average frequency of Ramyeon intake was 2.0 times/week. The main reason for eating Ramyeon was convenience (56%), followed by good taste (27%), low price (11%) and other reasons (9%). The criteria for choosing Ramyeon were taste (72%), convenience (14%), price (7%), nutrition (1%), and the other factors (2%). Males' average intake of Ramyeon soup (61%) was higher than that of the females (36%). The estimated intake of Ramyeon soup by survey showed a positive correlation with the measured intake of Ramyeon soup. Sodium contents of Ramyeon were measured separately for the noodles and the soup, which were 1,185 mg/serving and 1,148 mg/serving each. Therefore, the amount of sodium intake can be reduced if students eat less Ramyeon soup. Also, we observed that dietary behaviors and soup intakes of Ramyeon between the sexes were different. Appropriate nutritional education for proper eating habits may help decrease the intake of sodium.