• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 2004

Green tea, which is high in polyphenols, is thought to have hypocholesterolemic effects. The present study was performed to further elucidate the hypocholesterolemic actions of green tea, specially the catechin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) for their effects on the diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with green tea-free diet (control), diets containing 4% green tea powder (GTP), 1.0% green tea catechin (catechin) or 0.5% epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) for 7 wks. All diets that were provided green tea contained approximately 0.5% EGCG Hypercholesterolemia was induced by adding 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid to all diets. There were no differences in food intake among groups. The green tea treatments showed significant improvement in the serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerides and atherogenic index in the following order; EGCG>Catechin>GTP (p<0.05). The serum HDL-cholesterol level was highest in the EGCG-treated group. The catechin or EGCG diet up-regulated by 5 times the enzyme activity of hepatic cholesterol 7$\alpha$ -hydroxylase (CYP7Al) compared to control diet (p<0.05). Hepatic CYP7Al mRNA level paralleled tile increases in the CYP7Al activity. These results suggest that the EGCG in the green tea may account for the hypocholesterolemic effect by the induction of CYP7Al gene expression.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.311-319
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• 1996

DWP305, a preparation containing combination of ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA), silymarin and vitamins ($B_1\;and\;B_2$), is a drug currently being developed for hep atic disorders. In order to evaluate the changes in hepatic function by multiple oral administration(2 and 4 weeks) of DWP305 in rats, several biochemical parameters in blood, bile acid composition, and the accumulation of UDCA and lithocholic acid(LCA),a toxic metabolite formed by enterobacteria, were examined using HPLC. In blood biochemical findings, DWP305 did not affect the normal level and there was no difference in total bile acid composition for UDCA, cholic acid(CA), deoxycholic acid(DCA), chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA) and LCA compared to the UDCA administered group, although total ratio of UDCA and CA was different from normal group. In case of ratio of taurine and glycine conjugated forms, DWP305(186mg/kg as a UDCA) administered group was also similar to normal group and UDCA administered group, while high dosing of DWP305 was not different in the ratio of UDCA administered group(930mg/kg) but normal group. And the ratio of LCA was in order of UDCA(930mg/kg), DWP305(930mg/kg as a UDCA), UDCA(186mg/kg) and DWP305(186mg/kg as a UDCA) administered group, which was less than 4%. The free form of UDCA as well as most of bile acids was not detected at all in rat liver, indicating that there's no accumulation. These results suggest that multiple dosing of DWP305 in rats may not affect hepatic biotransformation and metabolism of bile acids.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.655-662
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• 2007

This study examined the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 (LAB) on cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemia-induced rats. Four treatment groups of rats (n=9) were fed experimental diets: normal diet, normal $diet+LAB(2{\times}10^6\;CFU/day)$, hypercholesterol diet (0.5% cholesterol, w/w), and hypercholesterol diet+LAB. Body weight, feed intake, and feed efficiency did not differ among the four groups. Supplementation with LAB reduced total serum cholesterol (25%) and VLDL+IDL+LDL cholesterol (42%) in hypercholesterol diet groups, although hepatic tissue cholesterol and lipid contents were not changed. In the normal diet group, cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoA reductase expression), absorption (LDL receptor expression), and excretion via bile acids (cholesterol $7{\alpha}-hydroxylase$ expression) were increased by supplementation with LAB, and increased cholesterol absorption and decreased excretion were found in the hypercholesterol diet group. Total fecal acid sterols excretion was increased by supplementation with LAB. With proportional changes in both normal and hypercholesterol diet groups, primary bile acids (cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids) were reduced, and secondary bile acids (deoxycholic and lithocholic acids) were increased. Fecal neutral sterol excretion was not changed by LAB. In this experiment, the increase in insoluble bile acid (lithocholic acid) reduced blood cholesterol level in rats fed hypercholesterol diets supplemented with LAB. Thus, in the rat, L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 is more likely to affect deconjugation and dehydroxylation during cholesterol metabolism than the assimilation of cholesterol into cell membranes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.431-443
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Nobiletin (NOB), a citrus flavonoid, is reported to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular and metabolic health. However, there is limited research investigating the effect of long-term supplementation with low-dose NOB on high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced hypercholesterolemia and non-obese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, we investigated the influence of NOB on hypercholesterolemia and NAFLD in HCD-fed mice. SUBJECTS/METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or HCD (35 kcal% fat, 1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid) with or without NOB (0.02%) for 20 weeks. RESULTS: HCD feeding markedly reduced the final body weight compared to ND feeding, with no apparent energy intake differences. NOB supplementation suppressed HCD-induced weight loss without altering energy intake. Moreover, NOB significantly decreased the total cholesterol (TC) levels and the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/very-LDL-cholesterol to TC ratio, and increased the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol/TC ratio in plasma, compared to those for HCD feeding alone. The plasma levels of inflammatory and atherosclerosis markers (C-reactive protein, oxidized LDL, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) were significantly lower, whereas those of anti-atherogenic adiponectin and paraoxonase were higher in the NOB-supplemented group than in the HCD control group. Furthermore, NOB significantly decreased liver weight, hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride contents, and lipid droplet accumulation by inhibiting messenger RNA expression of hepatic genes and activity levels of cholesterol synthesis-, esterification-, and fatty acid synthesis-associated enzymes, concomitantly enhancing fatty acid oxidation-related gene expression and enzyme activities. Dietary NOB supplementation may protect against hypercholesterolemia and NAFLD via regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in HCD-fed mice; these effects are associated with the amelioration of inflammation and reductions in the levels of atherosclerosis-associated cardiovascular markers. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that NOB may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of HCD-induced hypercholesterolemia and NAFLD.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.237-241
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• 2005

The present study was performed to elucidate the hypocholesterolemic action of lecithin on the diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=24) were fed lecithin-free (control) diet or diets containing $2\%\;or\;5\%$ lecithin for 4 weeks. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by adding $1\%$ cholesterol and $0.5\%$ cholic acid to all diets. No difference was found in food intake and body weight gain among groups. The lecithin treated groups showed significant improvement in the plasma levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) compared to the control group, while the plasma triacylglyceride was not significantly affected 1he atherogenic index and HDL-cholesterol level were decreased in the lecithin groups. The diets with $2\%\;or\;5\%$ lecithin significantly decreased the activity of cholestetyl ester transfer protein (CETP) by $14\%\;or\;17\%$, respectively. Also, lecithin diets increased the activity of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). These results suggest that lecithin accounts for the hypocholesterolemic effect due to the decreased CETP activity and increased LCAT activity.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2005

Green tea, which has high polyphenols amount, is thought to have hypocholesterolemic effects. The present study was performed to further examine the hypocholesterolemic action of green tea, especially (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) for its effect on diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=15) were fed a green tea-free diet (control), $1.0\%$ green tea catechin (catechin) or $0.5\%$ green tea catechin EGCG for seven weeks. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by adding $1\%$ cholesterol and $0.5\%$ cholic acid to all diets. There was no difference in food intake and body weight gain among the groups. The green tea EGCG treatment led to a significant improvement in plasma levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL)/LDL ratio (p<0.05). There was no significant effect on the plasma HDL-cholesterol level. The catechin treatment led to a 4.19-fold increase in the LDL-receptor mRNA level compared to the control, but the EGCG treatment did not affect the hepatic LDL-receptor mRNA level. Our results suggest that when blood cholesterol level is down-regulated by green tea EGCG, the LDL receptor gene-independent pathway may dominate the hypocholesterolemic action of EGCG.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 2007

The present study was performed to elucidate the hypocholesterolemic action of chitosan on the diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=24) were fed with chitosan-free diet (Control), diets containing 2% or 5% chitosan for 4 weeks. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by adding 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid to all diets. Body weight gain and food intake of rats did not differ among the groups. The chitosan treated groups showed significant improvement in the plasma concentration of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol compared to the control group (p<0.05). Also, the chitosan treated groups decreased the liver concentration of total lipid and total cholesterol compared to the control group (p<0.05). The activity of hepatic cholesterol $7{\alpha}-hydroxylase$ (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids, was increased by 123% and 165% for the 2% or 5% chitosan diets, respectively. These findings suggest that enhancement of hepatic CYP7A1 activity may be a mechanism, which can partially account for the hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary chitosan in cholesterol metabolism.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.429-435
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• 1998

Free and glycine conjugated bile acids were detected fluoromatrically in high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with dansyl cadaverine. The coupling agent, diethyl phosphorocyanidate was used to form the amide bond between dansyl cadaverine and analytes. The dansyl derivatives of 8 bile acids were separated successfully on Cosmosil ODS column by using linear gradient elution of 20% MeOH-water/$CH_3CN$. The detection limits of cholic acid was reached 10 pg(S/N=5) per $1{\mu}l$ of injected volume. This new derivatization method would be applicable to detect the changes of bile acids in biological samples.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.535-539
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• 1998

The present study was designed to investigate the serum cholesterol lowering effect oj the phytosterol derivative (LPSS) on high cholesterol (HC) diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in male weaning Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Rats were fed with HC diet containing 1 % cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid for 1 week. After 1 week, the LPSS oil suspension (0.32 g/kg B. W.) was orally administered to the rats fed with either basal diet or HC diet groups for 7 days. In addition, the LPSS powder (0.14%) mixed with basal diet or HC diet was Jed to the rats for 7 days. Serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol contents were not altered by administration of the LPSS oil suspension with basal diet. However, they were significantly decreased by administration of the LPSS oil suspension with HC diet at day 14. Also, they were significantly decreased by the LPSS powder mixed with basal diet or HC diet at day 9, 11, 14. HDL-cholesterol contents were not altered by the LPSS oil suspension or LPSS powder. These results indicated that the phytosterol derivative(LPSS) might decrease serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol contents in rats.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.512-517
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• 1997

Antihyperlipidemic effect of taurine was investigated in the hyperlipidemic rats induced by feeding a diet supplemented with cholesterol (1.5% in diet), vitamin $D_2$(1.25 million IU/kg of diet) and cholic acid (0.5% in diet). The rats were fed the diet containing 1% and 3% of taurine for 8 weeks. The contents of the cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum and liver of the hyperlipidemic rats were increased as compared with those of the control group. Feeding taurine resulted in decreases in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The HDL-cholesterol level in serum was decreased in the hyperlipidemic rats, but by administration of taurine its level was increased. In the aorta of the animals, total cholesterol and triglycerides contents were reduced significantly by treatment with taurine. The contents of calcium in the heart of hyperlipidemic rats were greatly increased as compared with those of the control group. Treatment of taurine produced significant decreases in calcium contents in the heart muscle of the animals. These results showed that the hyperlipidemic states in this model of rats were reversed by treatment of taurine.