• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.83-97
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• 1966

Attempts have been made upon the temperature response of the rat induced by some central nervous system depressants as well as stimulants, so as to secure some hidden facets of Panax Ginseng acting upon central nervous system. Although considerable works have been done with regard to Panax Ginseng, it is quite apparent that neither definite implication in terms of its effective chemical constituents is with us nor its pharmacological activity thus far. The author could, however, arrive at some results through procedures preceded by intraperitoneal administration of various drugs in combination with Panax Ginseng in albino rats, that is: (1) Nembutal and chlorpromazine displayed a highly inhibitory effect upon temperature response in the presence of Panax Ginseng, while meprobamate, reserpine, phenacetin and aspirin exerted potentiation actions upon hypothermia. Phenobarbital, serotonin and histamine, on the contrary, did not appear to produce any effect of significance. (2) Nembutal with Panax Ginseng caused prolongation of hypnosis in rat, whereas sodium phenobarbital did not have any effect on it. (3) $LD_{-50}$ in each experimental group of administration of central nervous system stimulants such as strychnine, picrotoxin with Panax Ginseng, necessitated marked increase in the lethal doses. The observations from this study seemed to imply that the complicated mechanism of action of Panax Ginseng might be referred to both central nervous depressive action and influence to basal metabolic rate of mammalian.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.149-152
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• 1969

Anti-ulcer activity of licorice alkaloid fraction, separated from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. by fractionation according to general alkaloid purification procedure, were studied with various experimental gastric ulcers. In Shay ulcer, licorice alkaloid fraction inhibit significantly response rate and severity of ulcer. But there was no significant changes in volume and pH of gastric contents. A male rat was fixed on a board and immersed up to breast in water of $25^{\circ}C$ for 20 hrs. Hemorrhage and erosion develop in all the animals on the mucosa of the glandular portion of stomach. Licorice alkaloid fraction (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) inhibit significantly in the severity of stress ulcer but there was no changes in the response rate. Chlorpromazine produce marked inhibition in the severity and response rate of ulcer It was suggested that at least the anti-ulcer activity of licorice alkaloid fraction was not mediated by central depression.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.55-62
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• 1978

Ban formulated the concept of 'sympathetic center' and 'parasympathetic center' in the central nervous system, and Folkow et al. reported that the electric stimulation of the posterior part of hypothalamus induced the marked liberation of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla. Tatum reported that the hyperglycemic action of picrotoxin is contributed to the cathecholamines liberation from adrenal medulla by the excitation of hypothalamus via splanchnic nervous plexus. In this paper, the relationship between the convulsive action and the hyperglycemic effect of picrotoxin was investigated, with references to the influences of several drugs related with adrenergic function and two intravenous anesthetics on the picrotoxin hyperglycemia. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) There was no difference between the convulsive dose(1. 5mg/kg) and the subconvulsive dose (0.75mg/kg) of picrotoxin in its hyperglycemic effect that was not affected with the phenobarbital pretreatment, but the efficacy of its hyperglycemic action was more prominent than that of strychnine. 2) The hyperglycemic effect of picrotoxin was markedly suppressed by the pretreatment of thiopental or ketamine. 3) The hyperglycemic effect was not affected by the reserpine pretreatment, but the effect was markedly suppressed by the pretreatment of iproniazid or chlorpromazine. 4) The hyperglycemic effect of picrotoxin was significantly suppressed by the pretreatment of hexamethonium, propranolol or guanethidine, and the order of those suppressing efficacy was propranolol> hexamethonium> guanethidine.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.211-218
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• 1989

Twenty-six injectable drug products, many of which are administered by i.v. infusion, were studied for loss from aqueous solutions stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) infusion bags for various periods of time. The PVC infusion bags were stored in the dark room at room temperature for up to one month. Drugs stored in glass bottle served as controls. The solutions were assayed Spectrophotometrically at regular intervals. The effect of drug concentration and pH on the loss of drug from solution were studied. Octanol-water partition coefficients were used as a guage of lipid solubility of drugs. The elution of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHT) from PVC infusion bags was studied. For most of the drug studied, minimal loss from the aqueous solutions were observed over periods of storage time. Six of the drug products - Thiopental sodium, Hydralazine HCl, Thioridazine HCl, Trifluoperazine 2HCl, Metronidazole, Chlorpromazine HCl - were found to be lost a substantial extent. DEHP was found to be migrating from PVC infusion bags.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 1993

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sedative activity of four aporphine alkaloids (APA) and nine cyclopeptide alkaloids(CPA), which had been isolated from the seeds (sanjoin) of Zizyphus vulgaris var. spinosus, and the fruits and stem bark of Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis. The assessment of sedative activity was carried out, employing a hexobarbital-induced sleeping time method in mice. When the relative sedative potency of sanjoinine-A(CPA) was given as one unit, those of nuciferine (APA), lysicamine (APA), chlorpromazine (positive control), and sanjoinine -Ahl (an epimer of sanjoinine-A) were 13, 6.5, 5, and 3, respectively. The sedatvie activities of other CPAs were much lower than those of sanjoinine-A and -Ahl, and other APAs were not active. On heat treatment, nuciferine and lysicamine were degraded into some artifacts which exhibited no sedative activity, while sanjoinine-A was converted into sanjoinine-Ahl which showed more potent sedative activity. These results suggested that nuciferine and sanjoinine-A were major sedative components of native sanjoin, and that sanjoinine-A and its epimeric artifact, sanjoinineAhl were the active principles of roasted sanjoin. It provides a scientific basis for heat-processing (roasting) of this Oriental medicine.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.265-274
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to research the trend related to pharmacopuncture for insomnia in China for further development of pharmacopuncture in Korea. Methods: This study reviewed and analyzed 21 Chinese journals related to pharmacopuncture 2013~2019 sourced with the following keywords in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). 'Shimian', 'Wuewei zhushe', 'Shuizhen', 'Xuewei yaowu zhushe', 'Yaowu xuewei zhushe', 'Xuewei zhuyao', 'Xuezhu', and 'Xueweiyaowu zhuru'. Results: The following results were obtained in this study. 1. A total of 21 papers were selected, comprised of clinical research and case reports. 2. Pharmacopuncture was often used for insomnia, and as the medicine of injection, Salvia, Gastrodin, Acanthopanax, Hominis Placenta, Qingkailing, Shenmai, Bozhi Glycopeptide, Fufang Danggui, Vitamin B12, and Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride were used. 3. In combined treatments, acupuncture, chiropractic, auricular sticking, and herbal medicine were used. 4. It was more effective compared to conservational acupuncture therapy. Conclusions: It was established that they have efficiency to treat insomnia with pharmacopuncture in China, but there were limitations in this study, so we need more research to identify new medicines for neuropsychiatric diseases.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2005

Photo-mutagenic compounds have been known to alter skin cancer rates by acting as initiators or by affecting subsequent steps in carcinogenesis. The objectives of this study are to investigate the utility of photo-chromosomal aberration (photo-CA) assay for detecting photo-clastogens, and to evaluate its ability to predict rodent photocarcinogenicity. Photo-CA assay was performed with five test substances that demonstrated positive results in photo-carcinogenicity tests: 8-Methoxypsoralen (photoactive substance that forms DNA adducts in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation), chlorpromazine (an aliphatic phenothiazine an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent), lomefloxacin (an antibiotic in a class of drugs called fluoroquinolones), anthracene (a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon a basic substance for production of anthraquinone, dyes, pigments, insecticides, wood preservatives and coating materials) and Retinoic acid (a retinoid compound closely related to vitamin A). For the best discrimination between the test substance-mediated genotoxicity and the undesirable genotoxicity caused by direct DNA absorption, a UV dose-response of the cells in the absence of the test substances was firstly analyzed. All 5 test substances showed a positive outcome in photo-CA assay, indicating that the photo-CA test is very sensitive to the photo-genotoxic effect of UV irradiation. With this limited data-set, an investigation into the predictive value of this photo-CA test for determining the photo-carcinogenicity showed that photo-CA assay has the high ability of a test to predict carcinogenicity. Therefore, the photo-CA test using mammalian cells seems to be a sensitive method to evaluate the photo-carcinogenic potential of new compounds.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2005

We examined whether the abnormal EEG state by NMDA receptor blocker MK-801 can be reversed by typical and atypical antipsychotics differentially by comparing their spectral profiles after drug treatment in rats. The spectral profiles produced by typical antipsychotics chlorpromazine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) were differ from that by atypical antipsychotic clozapine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) in the rats treated with or without MK-801 treatment (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) which produce behavioral abnormalities like hyperlocomotion and stereotypy. The dissimilarity between the states produced by antipsychotics and the control state was examined with the distance of the location of the canonical variables calculated by stepwise discriminant analysis with the relative band powers as input variables. Although clozapine produced more different state from normal state than typical antipsychotics, clozapine could reverse the abnormal schizophrenic state induced by MK-801 to the state closer to the normal state than the typical antipsychotics. The results suggest that atypical anesthetic can reverse the abnormal schizophrenic state with negative symptom to the normal state better than typical antipsychotic. The results indicate that the multivariate discriminant analysis using the spectral parameters can help differentiate the antipsychotics with different actions.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.94-101
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• 2001

Background and Purpose : Relationship between 17-KS.17-OHCS in 24hrs urine and Deficiency Syndrome of the Kidneys had been examined, but the study about 17-KS.17-OHCS in stroke patients was rare6'. In this study, we aimed to investigate the usefulness of 24hrs urine 17-KS.17-OHCS in stroke patients as an index for the Differentiation of Deficiency Syndrome of the Kidneys. Subjects : 66 stroke patients(male : female =2 9 : 37) were selected, they were admitted in the hospital of oriental medicine, Kyunghee university(from November 1 st, 1998 to May 30th, 2000). Their age was over 65 years. The patients who had renal malfunction, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism were excluded and who took chlorpromazine, spironolactone, digoxin, reserpine, hormonal agent were also excluded. Methods : After we selected the patients, we investigated the Differentiation of Syndrome by use of Diagnostic Paper and examined the level of 17-KS.17-OHCS in 24hrs urine. We compared Deficiency Syndrome with non-Deficiency Syndrome of the Kidneys using of 17-KS.17-OHCS in 24hrs urine. Results : 1. Stroke did not affect 17-KS.17-OHCS excretion in 24hrs urine. 2. In 24hrs urine, 17-KS of male stroke patients and 17-OHCS of female stroke patients were lower in patients diagnosed as a Deficiency Syndrome than non-Deficiency Syndrome of the Kidneys(p<0.05). 3. Among Deficiency Syndrome of Yin, Yang, Yang and Yin of the Kidneys group, there was no differentiation of 17-KS.17-OHCS in 24hrs urine(p>0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.246-249
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• 1997

Hiccup is defined as an abrupt involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles with sudden closure of the glottis 35 msec after onset. The term "intractable" is given to those hiccups with a duration ranging from 24 hours to more than 25 years. Short hiccup bouts are mostly associated with gastric distention or alcohol intake, resolved spontaneously or with simple remedies. In contrast, intractable hiccup is a rare but disabling condition which can induce depression, weight loss and sleep deprivation. Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms of hiccup are still poorly understood, wide variety of pathological conditions such as: brain tumor, abdominal tumor, myocardial infarction, renal failure, abdominal surgery etc., can cause intractable hiccup. A 58-year-old male who had suffered from hepatocellular cancer was consulted from medical department due to intractable hiccup. Initial treatment modalities with administrations of metoclopramide and chlorpromazine and nerve block including phrenic nerve block, cervical epidural block and glossopharyngeal nerve block were not effective. Administration of midazolam and baclofen however achieved desirable effect.