• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-51
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• 1994

Empty cross-linked chitosan microcapsule was prepared by chemical cross-linking reaction using glutaraldehyde(GA). Chitosan bead was also prepared by coacervation method using sodium hydroxide. The technique involves the formation of a chitosan solution in the discontinuous phase of W/O emulsion. The factors influencing the emulsion stability have been examined to establish optimum conditions Chitosan microcapsules were useful for encapsulation of biological materials, and chitosan bead was useful to prepare the biologically active peptide-bound polysaccharide. As a model compound Gly-His-Lys, cell growth factor, was successfully coupled to chitosan bead.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.294-302
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• 2003

Unstable cosmetic active ingredients could be degraded rapidly by chemical and photochemical process. Particularly, some of active ingredients like retinol are known to cause skin irritation when applied on the skin excessively. Therefore, it has become a very important issue to encapsulate cosmetic actives for the stabilization and skin protection. This study was performed in order to prepare a chitosan microcapsule containing liposoluble cosmetic actives and to investigate the stabilization effect of actives when chitosan microcapsule was applied in cosmetic formulation. Chitosan, deacetylated form of chitin, has been of interest in the industrial applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, antimicrobial activity and also used as a wall material of capsule. Retinol was used as a core material and was stabilized by a wall of chitosan and antioxidants. The chitosan microcapsule containing retinol(CMR) was prepared by using coacervation method and W$_1$/O/W$_2$ emulsification techniques. The CMR has 0.5~10.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ size distribution and a long-term stability of more than an year inside the cosmetic formulation(O/W). Remaining retinol percentages at 45$^{\circ}C$ after 8 weeks in the CMR dispersion were 15.6%(pH 4.0), 59.8%(pH 6.0) and 65.0%(pH 6.0 with antioxidant) respectively. Retinol stability when added CMR inside a ONV emulsion was better than that of ONV emulsion added non-capsulated retinol. As a result, remaining retinol at 45$^{\circ}C$ after 8 weeks in O/W emulsion added non-capsulated retinol and O/W emulsion containing CMR was 12.7%, 70.5% respectively. It appeared that chitosan treated microcapsule may be used for a potential encapsulation method of unstable active ingredients.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.151-158
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• 1998

The inhibition rate of bacteria growth per molecular weight was higher according as the molecular weight increased, the rate was the highest at the molecular weight 200,000. Microcapsule of ionized calcium was able to be produced by molecular weight 15,000, 30,000, 50,000 and 200,000 of chitosan which was dried for 48 hours after melting it in 2% of acetic acid, adding ionized calcium and controlling pH 1.2. The size of ionized calcium microcapsule was between 200 and $300\;{\mu}m$, the solvency, concentration and the content showed big difference by the molecular weight of chitosan. The inhibition rate of bacteria growth of microcapsule designated high in Gram positive, which was high in S. aureus, S. epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis, low in S. mutans, high in C. albicans in fungi, low in A. niger. The inhibition rate of bacteria growth of chitosan was comparatively high in Gram positive, low in S. mutans and it showed high numerical value in C. albicans of fungi. The rate recorded good result at molecular weight 200,000 relatively, there was no difference according to the molecular weight. The inhibition rate of bacteria growth according to the concentration of the microcapsule increased differently between $1.000{\sim}10,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, it showed antibacterial activity close to the inhibition rate of growth of chitosan rather than ionized calcium. The minimum inhibitory concentration marked the highest in the mixture of chitosan and ionized calcium for all kind of bacteria generally, there was a little difference between yeast and fungi.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.836-843
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• 2021

Recently, with an increase of interest in hygiene of textile products, research related to finishing technology to impart various functionalities, such as antibacterial and deodorizing properties, has also required. Therefore, in this study, the improvement of comfort was examined by analyzing the change of moisture characteristics and antibacterial and deodorizing properties of underwear fabric by chitosan microcapsule(CH-M) finishing. The results revealed that moisture absorption time of the fabric shortened, diffusion rate increased, while absorption rate slightly increased because of microcapsule finishing. In addition, the one-way transfer capacity of the microcapsule finished fabric was 17.69, which improved moisture transfer to one side, while OMMC showed the values of 0.32 and 0.37 for untreated and finished fabrics, respectively, which slightly increased after finishing. In the case of untreated fabric, antibacterial activity was 89.0% against Staphylococcus aureus and 70.3% against Klebsiella pneumoniae; however, both strains showed 99.9% antibacterial activity by CH-M finishing. An excellent bacterial reduction rate was also observed. In the case of the CH-M finished fabric, there was a deodorization effect exceeding 99% up to 120 minutes, and it showed an excellent deodorization effect of more than 99% even after 10 repeated washings.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.564-569
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• 2012

Selenium was initially considered toxic to humans, but it was then discovered that selenium is essential for normal life processes. Selenium plays important roles in antioxidants. It is expected that chitosan microcapsules containing nano-selenium will be able to be used as a key material in bio-medical and cosmetic applications. The high concentration of chitosan derivatives guarantees increased antioxidative activity. Both inorganic and organic forms of selenium can be nutritional sources. The antioxidant properties of selenoproteins help prevent cellular damage from free radicals. The objective of this experiment was to study the antioxidative activity of chitosan nano-selenium. Our experiments were divided into five groups, in the presence of various concentrations(0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 0.9%) of chitosan. We performed an assessment of the antioxidant properties and cytotoxicity of respective concentrations of chitosan nano-selenium. The antioxidant activity was examined by the free radical scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay. The cytotoxicity effect was measured by means of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay. As a result, the electron donating abilities of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 0.9% of chitosan nano-selenium exhibited effective andioxidant scavenging activity at 12.5 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ against DPPH radicals. 0.3% chitosan nano-selenium did not show cytotoxicity on human keratinocytes. In general, the cytotoxicity of 0.1% and 0.9% chitosan nano-selenium showed the lowest effects. Though low cytotoxicity of 0.5% and 0.7% chitosan nano-selenium exhibited 29.67% and 38.4% against human keratinocytes on adding 100 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively, cell vitality was recovered with 200 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. These findings support the notion that chitosan nano-selenium may be useful as a new active ingredient source for bioactive compounds.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.8-15
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• 2008

Microcapsules have been widely used in cosmetics and pharmacology as controlled delivery devices of various active materials. Chitosan is the second most plentiful natural biopolymer with biocompatibility and nontoxicity. The chitosan microcapsules were prepared by the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion method using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. Span80 was used as an emulsifier, and mineral oil was used as a medium material. Perfectly spherical microcapsules were obtained in the size range of $2{\sim}10{\mu}m$. The effects of emulsifier concentration and stirring speed on the average particle size and distribution were investigated. Encapsulation and release behavior of the microcapsules with different amount of the crosslinking agent (glutaraldehyde), different chitosan contents and different emulsifier concentration conditions were also investigated. The release rate of riboflavin was controlled by the crosslinking density of the chitosan and amount of emulsifier in the preparation of the microcapsule.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.118-126
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• 2004

The aqueous extract of European mistletoe (Viscum album, L.) has been used in cancer therapy. The purified mistletoe lectins, main components of mistletoe, have demonstrated cytotoxic and immune-system-stimulating activities. Korean mistletoe (Viscum album L. coloratum), a subspecies of European mistletoe, has also been reported to possess anticancer and immunological activities. A galactose- and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-specific lectin (Viscum album L. coloratum agglutinin, VCA) with Mr 60 kDa was isolated from Korean mistletoe. Mistletoe preparations have been given subcutaneously due to the low stability of lectin in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of alginate/chitosan microcapsules as a tool for oral delivery of mistletoe lectin. In addition, our strategy has been to develop a system composed of stabilizing cores (granules), which contain mistletoe lectin, extract or powder, coated by a biodegradable polymer wall. Our results indicated that successful incorporation of VCA into alginate/chitosan microcapsules has been achieved and that the alginate/chitosan microcapsule protected the VCA from degradation at acidic pH values. And coating the VCA with polyacrylic polymers, Eudragit, produced outstanding results with ideal release profiles and only minimal losses of cytotoxicity after manufacturing step. The granules prepared with extract or whole plant produced the best results due to the stability in the extract or whole plant during manufacturing process.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 1995

Chitosan microcapsules and microbeads were prepared by W/O emulsion method, and their morphologies were observed through SEM. The microcapsules have skin layer of 8 Um and 250 Um of mean diameter, The swelling test showed higher s welling ability in protic solvents than in aphotic solvents. After containing moth-yl violet in the microcapsules, the release patterns were investigated. The results sho wed that the addition of Iysozyme in pH 5.1 acetate buffer accelerated the re-lease rate. In case of the microbeads, the mean diameter was about 70 Um. The surface of the microbeads showed porous structures. The swelling ability of the beads revealed two times higher than the one of the microcapsules.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.178-184
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• 2010

The aim of this work is the fabrication of polyelectrolyte microcapsules composed of biocompatible polymers such as chitosan, heparin and alginate, to encapsulate the fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-albumin, and to investigate the protein release behavior therefrom. Polyelectrolyte capsules with 4-layer structures could be prepared with biocompatible materials by oppositely charged adsorption using melamin-foramide as a template. Transmission electron microscope(TEM), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and optical microscope confirmed hollow capsule structures. Protein release before and after encapsulation was monitored with a UV-Vis spectrometer. Microcapsules have different behaviors depending on the kind of polyelectrolyte polymers, chitosan-heparin capsules or chitosan-alginate capsules. In conclusion, the polyelectrolyte multilayer shells can be switched between an open and closed state by means of tuning the pH value.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2009

The microcapsules containing rosmarinic acid were prepared in this research. Rosmarinic acid is known that it is effective to care the winkles. Chitosan was used as a wall material, and glutaraldehyde was used as a crosslinking agent, and the microcapsules were prepared by the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion method. In this method Span80 was used as an emulsifier, and mineral oil was used as a medium material. Perfectly spherical microcapsules were obtained in the size range of $0.5{\sim}0.9{\mu}m$. The effects of emulsifier concentration and stirring speed on the average particle size and distribution, and encapsulation efficiency were investigated. The release behavior of the microcapsules with different amount of the crosslinking agent and different emulsifier concentrations were also investigated.