• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the efficiency of on-off-line integrated operations of listed retailers, propose ways to identify and improve the problems of inefficient enterprises, and accelerate the integration of on-off-line. The 28 listed retail companies selected total capital, management expenses, number of employees and wage rates as input factors as of 2018 and total operating income and operating profit were selected as output indicators to analyze efficiency using DEA. The results show that the integrated enterprise has a higher overall level of operational efficiency, but it is still in a state of stagnation. The pure technical efficiency of the integrated enterprise is generally higher, and the scale efficiency is the main reason that the overall efficiency of the enterprise is not improved. This study can help retail companies adjust their development strategies of online and offline integration according to their own degree of online and offline integration. This study has limitations in explaining the change in efficiency of retailers by conducting a cross-sectional analysis using data limited to 2018. It is necessary to utilize data over the next several years to conduct a longitudinal analysis.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.189-208
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• 2016

This research aims to discuss the impact of on regional development as a place brand and glocal heritage. Based on understanding of the changes and influences of local heritages in the globalization era as a key component of place branding, this study explores how is used to develop a place branding strategy for Lijiang. The research methods are both a literature review and a field research related to Lijiang and its culture. Also, the resources from news, internet, and YouTube are used to analyze the impact of . The performance has been attracting tourists from both Chineses and foreigners and contributed to increase the economic profits of local tourism industry as one of the representative identities of Lijiang. Also, in the process of preservation and recreation of cultural heritages of Lijiang such as , the participation of local residents and on-going interactions between the residents and global tourists highly influence on a transition from place marketing to place branding. By applying local cultural heritages to place branding strategies, the regional values of Lijiang strengthen its place identity from a place of preserving a minority's heritage to that of flourishing cultural exchanges and hybridization from the world.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.307-327
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• 2017

Ecological efficiency is an important index measuring and reflecting the sustainable development level of economy, resources and environment in a region. This paper makes an empirical study on the ecological efficiency of 31 provinces in China in 2014 with the three-stage DEA model. The results show that the three indexes, the total investment in environmental governance (Unit: hundred million Yuan), the second industry proportion(%), and per capita automobile ownership (car/ten thousand people) functioning as the external environmental variables have significantly impacted the regional ecological efficiency. Excluding the impact of the external environment and statistical noise, the technical efficiency of regional ecological efficiency has increased from 0.526 to 0.639, and the pure technical efficiency has increased from 0.650 to 0.858, with the scale efficiency decreased from 0.833 to 0.740, accurately reflecting the regional ecological efficiency level. 31 Chinese provinces are classified into four different types according to the pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. Every region shall, according to the characteristics of its efficiency, emphasize differently on improving the management level or expanding the scale of production so as to improve the ecological efficiency.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.187-194
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• 2007

In order to control and manage oil-tanker scrapped materials and wastes properly, the actual conditions and global trends of the treatment and the management of ship scrapped wastes were surveyed and some amendments to marine pollution prevention law of Korea were proposed. Global annual volume of scrapped ships was estimated to be about 22 million DWT and most of them were scrapped in 4 major ship scrap countries such as Bangladesh, China. India and Pakistan and in minor ship scrap countries such as Turkey, the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. The industry of ship scrap has been mainly developed in developing countries or undeveloped countries rather than in advanced countries. Most of scrapped ships were found to be small or medium size below 1,000 GRT In Jellanam-Do and Jeju-Do of Korea. Most of ship scrap enterprise and all enterprises of collection, transfer, treatment and disposal for ship scrapped materials and wastes were shown to be small sized in Korea. The regulations and/or rules which shall prohibit or limit trans-boundary movement of overage oil-tankers for scrap from Korea to developing or undeveloped countries, and vice versa should be Included in marine pollution prevention law of Korea. the criteria of manpower and facilities for enterprise of ship scrap, and for enterprises of collection, transfer, treatment and disposal of ship scrapped materials and wastes should be stipulated in marine pollution prevention law of Korea. It is desirable to introduce the system or concept of recycle or reuse of ship scrapped materials and wastes on producer's responsibility into marine pollution prevention law of Korea.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.23-56
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• 2004

The offshore trawl fishery is seeking its survival way to overcome current management conditions in red, resulted from the bilateral agreement with China and Japan. However, this movement magnifies conflicts between fisheries on the contrary and it is thought to be impossible to get over current situations. For all that, this study is aimed at investigating how this current situations have occurred. The management freedom as response to the change in fishing conditions of a certain fishery, in case of Korea, is affected by institutional regulations. The example of this is controls on fishing gears, fishing vessels, and fishing grounds. The most exposure of this control is a segmentation of institutional fisheries. The initial segmentation of the offshore trawl fishery in Korea was occurred in the period of Japan's colonization when the degree of use of fishing grounds was limited geographically. At that time, fisheries were divided by fishing areas, but it did not divide the fishery itself. The large - sized fishing vessels were developed politically to be more competative to Japanese fishing vessels since 1950s. During this time, the trawl fishery was merged into current Eastern trawl fishery and South - Western trawl fishery. It was also inevitable to divide into the pair trawl and single trawl fishery as a result of the physical mergency between Western trawl and Southern trawl fishery. In order to develop the trawl fishery, new licenses were issued on the shrimp trawl fishery, through which it was expected to boost the trawl fishery. As opposed, the shrimp trawl fishery was changed into the mid - sized trawl fishery, targeting on the eastern fishing areas and the large - sized trawl fishery was developed since the late of 1970s with the development of filefish processing industry. The large trawl fishery that led in development of offshore trawl fishery since the late of 1950s was started to divide into a pair trawl and single trawl according to the fishing method and capital power. It finally became an institutionally independent fishery in 1980s, respectively. Looking into these historical process, the segmentation of the trawl fishery is thought as a result of the lack of long - term perspective and as a production of trial and error resulted by unprepared policy. As a result, these segmentation of fisheries roles as critical obstacles in harmonization of fisheries and in overcoming of current situations. Therefore, the review of this institutional segmentation of the offshore trawl fishery should be taken for an optimal redistribution of fishing grounds suits with business and fishing technology. For this, the fishery must be divided into large capitalized fishery and small - mid fishery with consideration of capital, fishing method, and the condition of use of fishing grounds. In addition to this, by limiting outline of fishing ground that the large fishery can harvest, it must allow for the small - mid fishery to catch with its own boundary. Furthermore, by launching buyback programs on the trawl, eastern trawl, pair trawl, it can provide broader fishing grounds where the fishery can harvest with management freedom.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.219-254
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• 2014

Due to the recent development of globalization and supply chain management, growth of international trade has led to increasing cargo volume around the world. Since maritime logistics environments have changed, increased container ship size, improvement of harbor equipment, global port operation and rapid technological development have had an significant effects on shipping and port industry, which is contributing to competitiveness of port. Since a larger volume of port throughputs are generally regarded as an indicator of the more competitive port, inefficient port operation could reduce its competitiveness. On the other hand, high efficient ports could increase their competitive power while increasing cargo volume. This study aims at comparing competitiveness of the ports in the Northeast Asia by investigating changes of container throughputs and evaluating efficiency performance of ports. Shift-Share analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) have been conducted with 21 Northeast Asian ports and then separated them into 4 groups for comparative analysis to identify competitive position of each port. The results of this study show that Incheon and Gwangyang port have been decreased container cargo volume, while volume of Busan port would increase by means of active marketing, various route development and incentive policy for the port.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

We studied that the effect of stocking density on growth and survival rate of the scallop, Chlamys farreri (initial shell height 32.97 mm and total weight 5.63 g) from June 2002 to October 2003 in the west coast of Korea. C. farreri is usually the west coast of Korea and northern China in the natural habitat of the coastal species. Range of surface water temperature in the study area was $4.3^{\circ}C$ to $25.3^{\circ}C$, salinity 29.2 psu to 32.1 psu, dissolved oxygen 5.32 mg/L to 7.51 mg/L and pH was 7.84 to 8.12, respectively. The stocking densities were 20, 30, 40 and 50 individuals per a compartment of suspension cage in culture beginning. After 16 months from initiation, ranges of shell height and mean total weight were from 64.35 mm to 76.23 mm and from 41.53 g to 64.85 g. The survival rate was from 82% to 100%. The growth rate of the scallop was negatively correlated with the stocking density. The growth of the shell height and total weight were decreased with decreasing of water temperature. Most of mortality of scallop occurred during March to April and September to October. Survival rate in the stocking density was decreased by density increase and was highest in 20 individual a compartment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.655-663
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• 2014

Woosul (Achyranthis radix), a widely used material in food and oriental medicinal industry, has different origins of plant species in Korea, Japan and China. In Korea, woosul is designated as the radix of Achyranthes japonica Nakai (AJN) and Achyranthes bidentata Blume (ABB) in the regulation of The Korean Pharmacopoeia. However, the comparative study of hot water (HW) extracts between AJN and ABB is still rudimentary. In this study, HW extracts and its subsequent organic solvent fractions of AJB and ABB were prepared, and their in-vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-diabetes activities were evaluated. The HW extract of ABB has higher sugars and polyphenol compounds, and higher lightness and lower yellowness compared than those of AJN. Analysis of biological activities showed that the ethylacetate (EA) fraction of AJN and n-hexane fraction of ABB have antibacterial activities, and the EA fractions of AJN and ABB has strong antioxidation activities determined by radical scavenging activity and reducing power. In anti-diabetes activity assay, the EA fractions of AJN and ABB showed ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activities, while the butanol fractions of AJN and ABB showed ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Our results suggest that the HW extracts of AJB and ABB have different components and extraction yields, and their subsequent fractions have different biological activity. Therefore it was concluded that the EA fraction of AJN is appropriate to develop as natural medicine, and the HW extract of AJN is suitable to woosul-tea or woosul-sikhye production.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.5 s.101
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• pp.439-445
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• 2005

Recently, owing to the increasing demand on the simplification of arrival and departure procedures, IMO's (International Maritime Organization) Facilitation Committee (FAL) is carrying out the standardization project of arrival and departure formalities and clearance form. Also, many port authorities of developed countries are making active researches for the smooth flow and efficiency of the information inbound and outbound ships by way of simplifying their formalities or through electronic means. However, this standardization project cannot be done by one country but by mutual cooperation among related nations. And to carry out this task, the first thing to be done is to standardize the formalities and document form, and to integrate information. To this end, this study has reviewed the model cases of advanced ports of developed countries with regard to their simplification and standardization efforts. And also we have analyzed the formalities and clearance form of the three countries Korea, China, and Japan. And then for the solution of common problems of three countries, this paper has suggested an ebXML-based Global Port B2B framework. Through this framework, we can reuse and automate the necessary information on the arrival and departure of ships, consequently realizing simplification, and laying a foundation for the introduction of e-commerce to the port industry.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.587-635
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to develop the Global Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model (Global CGE Model) in order to produce an economic impact analysis, including prospective obligations for the Post-2012 regime. This model explores the impact of an international emissions trading market and macroeconomic variables such as GNP, consumption, investment, imports and exports, in accordance with potential increased obligations on the Republic of Korea. Distinguishing it from existing studies, this Global CGE Model divides the global community into major economic groups, and in the capacity of the analyzed global model, reflecting the principle nations' macroeconomic indicators through the theoretical approach of endogenous growth theory. Policies such as an emissions trading scheme and carbon tax are reflected in the model. Also, in particular, the model reflects exogenous technological advances. According to this analysis, the stronger the greenhouse gas reductions, the greater the adverse effects on the economy; among macroeconomic indicators that appear, a significant decline is realized in the balance of trade, along with a significant decrease in investment and consumption. Energy dependence, in particular, plays a large role-varying in degree by industry type-, as greenhouse gas reductions would have a greater impact on energy-intensive industries. Furthermore, if Korea, currently recognized as a developing country, is given the obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, competing countries such as China and other developing countries will be given an advantage.