• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.501-512
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• 2017

어린이 식생활안전관리 특별법에 근거한 고열량 저영양 식품의 관리 정책이 본격적으로 시행된 이후, 2010년 3월 말과 2012년 7월 말 기준 생산 판매가 지속된 어린이 기호식품, 단종 어린이 기호식품과 신규 어린이 기호식품을 대상으로 단위용량당 평균 열량 및 영양성분(포화지방, 단백질, 당류, 나트륨)의 개선 여부를 분석한 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 2010년 3월 말과 2012년 7월 말 기준 생산 판매가 지속된 어린이 기호식품은 총 6,174개, 이 중 고열량 저영양 식품은 1,249개(20.2%)였다. 또한, 단종 어린이 기호식품은 총 510개, 이 중 고열량 저영양 식품은 206개(40.4%)였으며, 신규 어린이 기호식품은 총 1,173개, 이 중 고열량 저영양 식품은 총 371개(31.6%)로 조사되었다. 둘째, 생산 판매가 지속된 어린이 기호식품 중 평균 열량 또는 영양성분에서 긍정적인 변화만이 1개 항목 이상 나타난 식품유형은 빵류, 아이스크림류, 과채음료, 즉석섭취식품(이상 1개 항목), 혼합음료(2개 항목), 빙과류(3개 항목)였다. 반면 부정적인 변화만이 1개 항목 이상에서 나타난 식품유형은 과자, 초콜릿류, 유산균음료(이상 1개 항목), 캔디류(2개 항목)였다. 한편 어육소시지, 탄산음료, 유탕면류 및 국수, 피자에서는 긍정적인 변화와 부정적인 변화가 동시에 나타났다. 다만 단위용량당 평균 열량 또는 영양성분의 변화는 대부분 1 kcal 또는 1 g 미만이었다. 셋째, 열량 및 영양성분 함량의 긍정적인 변화는 어린이 기호식품 중에서도 고열량 저영양 식품에서 더욱 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 생산 판매가 지속된 고열량 저영양 식품 중 평균 열량 또는 영양성분에서 긍정적인 변화만이 1개 항목 이상 나타난 식품유형은 과채음료, 유산균음료, 혼합음료(이상 1개 항목), 빙과류(3개 항목), 아이스크림류(3개 항목), 즉석섭취식품(3개 항목)이었다. 반면 부정적인 변화만이 1개 항목 이상 나타난 식품유형은 캔디류, 초콜릿류, 탄산음료(이상 1개 항목)였다. 한편 빵류, 유탕면류 및 국수, 피자의 평균 열량 또는 영양성분에서는 긍정적인 변화와 부정적인 변화가 동시에 관찰되었다. 단위 용량당 평균 열량 또는 영양성분의 변화는 대부분 1 kcal 또는 1 g 미만이었으나, 일부 식품유형(빙과류, 빵류, 즉석 섭취식품, 피자)에서는 상대적으로 큰 변화가 발견되기도 하였다. 마지막으로 신규 어린이 기호식품이 단종 어린이 기호식품보다 평균 열량 또는 영양성분에서 긍정적인 변화만이 1개 항목 이상 나타난 식품유형은 빵류(3개 항목)와 탄산음료(2개 항목)였으며, 부정적인 변화만이 1개 항목 이상 나타난 식품유형은 초콜릿류(4개 항목), 아이스크림류(4개 항목), 즉석섭취식품(3개 항목)이었다. 과자, 캔디류, 과채음료, 혼합음료, 유탕면류 및 국수, 피자에서는 긍정적인 변화와 부정적인 변화가 동시에 관찰되었다. 본 연구 결과 고열량 저영양 식품 관리 정책이 본격적으로 실시된 이후에도 어린이 기호식품의 단위용량당 평균 열량 및 영양성분상에 일부 부정적인 변화를 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 식품회사들이 자율적으로 제품의 긍정적인 개선을 적극 실천하기보다는, 현행 고열량 저영양 식품 분류 기준에 저촉되지 않는 선에서라면 일부 부정적인 방향으로의 제품 변화 역시 시도하고 있음을 시사한다. 따라서 고열량 저영양 식품 관리 정책이 어린이 기호식품의 영양개선을 통하여 어린이를 위한 건강한 식생활 환경 조성에 미친 영향은 아직까지 일부 식품 유형에만 제한적이라 할 수 있다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.99-115
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the allocation criteria types in transferring economic resources to adult children from the adult-childhood of children to parent's death based on theoretical backgrounds. The research results can be summarized as follows: 1) The mean of allocation criterion of exchange was the highest, the next was the criterion of compensation, and the criterion related birth factors was the lowest. 2) Allocation criteria dimensions of economic resources transfers composed of compensation, exchange, and birth factors were classified into 4 types: $\circled1$ the type that parents transfer to compensate economic status of children, $\circled2$ the type that parents transfer more resources to children who take more care of their parents, $\circled3$ the type that parents transfer more resources to primogeniture or sons, $\circled4$ the mixed type that uses the exchange criterion, the compensation criterion, and the criterion related birth factors. 3) The variables which have significance on the types of allocation criteria were age, the number of children, and marital status. The results of the study suggests the implications of income redistribution policy, financial resource management and saving products development, and the law to motivate care of parents.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권8호
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• pp.313-318
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• 2016

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a phrase used to describe additional health care methods such as mind/body practices and natural products not regarded as treatments by conventional medicine. The use of CAM in children with common neurologic diseases is more frequent than its use in healthy children (24%-78% vs. 12%). However, less than half of patients report such use to their physicians. The preferred modalities of CAM vary in different countries due to their different cultures and traditions. The most common factor significantly associated with the use of CAM is parental CAM use in most studies. The frequency of the use of CAM in children and adults with neurologic diseases is similar, and both rates are higher than the rates in those without these conditions. The preferred modalities of CAM in adults are diverse, and megavitamins and mind/body therapy (prayer and chiropractic care) are included. The most common factor significantly associated with the use of CAM in adults with neurologic diseases is high educational level. Physicians need to be concerned with patients' use of CAM and provide correct information about CAM so that patients may make the right decisions. Further study is needed to determine the evidence-based efficacy of CAM use in children with common neurologic diseases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7595-7600
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• 2013

Cervical cancer is a serious public health problem in developing countries. We investigated possible risk factors for cervical cancer in rural areas of Wuhan China using a matched case-control study with 33 women diagnosed with cervical cancer and 132 healthy women selected from the same area as matched controls. A questionnaire, which included questions about general demography conditions, environmental and genetic factors, the first sexual intercourse, first marriage age, age at first pregnancy, pregnancy first child's age, female personal health history, social psychological factors, dietary habits, smoking and alcohol status and other living habits was presented to all participants. At the same time, HPV infection of every participant was examined in laboratory testing. Results showed HPV infection (P<0.000, OR=23.4) and pregnancy first child's age (P<0.000, OR=13.1) to be risk factors for cervical cancer. Menopause (P=0.003, OR=0.073) was a protective factor against cervical cancer. However, there was no indication of associations of environmental (drinking water, insecticide, disinfectant) genetic (cancer family history), or life-style factors (smoking status, alcohol status, physical training, sleep quality), including dietary habits (intake of fruit and vegetable, meat, fried food, bean products and pickled food) or social psychological factors with cervical cancer. The results suggest that the risk of cervical cancer in Chinese rural women may be associated with HPV infection, menopause and the pregnancy first child's age.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.515-526
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• 2003

The object of this study was to investigate the relationship between the eating habits of high(4th, 5th, 6th) grade elementary school students and parental behavior characteristics(affection, rational guidance, overprotect and neglect). The parenting behavior scale and demographic variables, eating habits and food frequency were administered to the subjects. In this investigation, the subjects were 396 boys and 337 girls in Chunju city in Korea, 50.1% of the mothers was in the age from 35 to 39 years and 57.8% of the mother had an occupation. Data were analyzed by using a SPSS PS package. Significant differences and correlation among variables were determined by the frequency, $x^2-test$ and pearson's correlation coefficient. Eating habits was significantly influenced by mother's employment status, but was not affected by the levels of mother's education and income. Parental behavior characteristics was significantly related to the children's snacks habits(p<0.05, p<0.01), but have no connection with dietary habits and the eating out. The survey revealed higher percentage of the children who had taken affectionate, reasonable and positively reinforced child care, answered they enjoy meals and the other groups answered they did not. Also frequency of having soup, green vegetables, fruits, dairy products had positive relationship with affective, reasonable rearing attitude, but negative relationship with neglective rearing attitude. And the survey showed children who were reared in overprotect had chocolate, candy and the like in large quantities.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.272-280
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• 2006

This study examined the weight control and food habits in 160 obese children and 191 normal-weight children in 4th, 5th and 6th graders of some elementary schools in Gumi city. Regarding the subjects' self-recognition of their body shape, 27.8% of the normal weight group and 92.5% of the obese group acknowledged themselves to be obese. 58.9% of the normal weight group and 61.0% of the obese group were not satisfied with their own body shape and the difference between two groups was very small, 23.6% of the normal weight group and 87.5% of the obese group have tried to reduce weight. The main causative factor of weight gain that children themselves recognized was a sedentary life style. All the students showed a high rate of irregular and unbalanced diet. The obese children showed a significantly higher rate of skipping meals and eating meals faster than the normal weight children. More obese children disliked exercise, and did less excercise than the normal weight children. There was a negative correlation between the obesity index and the food habit score. In other words, they frequently skip a meals, eat in a hurry and dislike vegetables and dairy products. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the student's BMI and the parents' BMI. Overall, many normal weight children showed a high level of self-consciousness of being obese or underweight. Both groups showed a low degree of satisfaction with their own body shape. Therefore education for the distorted perception of body shape is needed because, even normal weight children have tried to reduce their weight. Obese children should be encouraged to exercise, not skip a meals and eat slowly. They also need a systematic education program on weight reduction and weight maintenance. Moreover, education on a healthy diet, healthy food habits, and healthy body shape are necessary for elementary school children.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.369-380
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• 1991

A study of eating behavior was conducted among 274 children of Nan Hyang elementary school, located in low income area of Seoul, where a school lunch program is not operated. During weekdays, 19.6% of children ate breakfast and 18.4% ate supper alone or with their siblings. The school provided boxed lunches for 10.5% of the children with governmental funds, who were chosen by the school based on their household income. But the percentage of the children skipping breakfast was 14.6%, lunch 10.3% and supper 8.0%. The results of nutritional analysis of the children who had three meals a day and those of children skipped one of the regular meals were compared. The group who had three meals consumed more nutrients except vitamin C than the group skipped meal (p<0.01). Most common meal pattern was consisted of cooked rice, Kimchi and side dishes. When the children didn't have afternoon classes, 10.0% of the children ate Ramen only at home without any side dishes. Among the protein sources, the beans and bean products were the most common items. When we studied the three different lunches such as A) the boxed lunches provided by school, B) the boxed lunches from home and C) the lunches ate at home, the A) lunches provided the most common items. When we studied the three different lunches such as A) the boxed lunches provided by school, B) the boxed lunches from home and C) the lunches ate at home, the A) lunches provided the milk products, fruits, ice cakes${\cdots}$etc. Their favorite foods were fruits, yoghurt, Chinese black noodle, and sweet potatoes whereas being not prefered foods, were aromatic vegetables. It seemed that the increasing rate of working mothers and the overflooding of instant foods have caused to neglect children's meal management. To solve these problems, nutrition education and extend of school lunch programs should be emphasized.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.179-192
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a nutrition education program designed to reduce sugar intake in preschool children. The nutritional knowledge, dietary attitude, dietary behavior, and food intake with a sweet taste in preschool children were tested before and after 4 weeks of nutrition education from March 8 to April 1, 2016. The preschool children were recruited in Dobong-gu, Seoul. The subjects were divided into two groups; educated (N=59) and non-educated group (N=40). Statistical analyseis were performed using SPSS 22. The nutritional knowledge about sweet tasting food was significantly increased (P<0.01) in the educated group and significantly decreased (P<0.01) in the non-educated group. The dietary attitude toward sweet tasting food was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the educated group but not significantly changed in the non-educated group. The dietary behavior toward sweet tasting food was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the educated group and significantly decreased (P<0.01) in the non-educated group. The major food sources of sugar intake were not significantly changed in either groups. The major food sources of sugar intake in the 5 years old children were yogurt products>sweetened breads>cookies/biscuits>chocolate>cereals>beverages>sweetened milk>sweet spicy chicken>Tteokbokki. Although there are some limitations in this study, due to the short length of the nutrition education and lack of active participation by the parents, the results suggest that effective nutrition education on sweet tasting food can bring about changes in nutritional knowledge as well as dietary attitude.

• 분석과학
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.134-142
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• 2020

어린이 제품 중 21 종의 알러지 유발 방향성 물질들을 기체 크로마토그래피 질량 분석기(GC-MSD)를 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석물질들은 자동 속슬렛 추출장치를 사용하여 추출하였으며, 고속 냉동 원심분리기에서 10분동안 원심분리하고 상징액을 실린지 필터로 여과 한 후 2 mL vial에 옮겨 Split mode로 주입하여 분석하였다. 확립된 조건에서 검정곡선은 0.9981 이상의 결정계수를 갖는 직선성을 보였으며, 감도의 경우는 0.3145 ~ 1.6757로서 물질별로 상당히 넓은 범위의 감도를 나타내었다. 기기검출한계는 0.0016 ~ 0.0423 ㎍/mL로서 최대 약 0.05 ㎍/mL이하를 나타내었고, 방법검출한계는 0.0030 ~ 0.0589 ㎍/mL의 범위를 나타내었다. 또한 정량한계는 0.0096 ~ 0.1876 ㎍/mL의 범위를 보였고, 정밀도는 0.41 ~ 10.49 %, 정확도는 83 ~ 116 %의 범위를 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 개발한 분석법으로 시판품에 실제 적용하였다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.463-475
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• 2008

This study investigated intake patterns of health functional foods(HFF) in elementary school children and requirements of their parents in the Daejeon area using a questionnaire by 432 parents. Participating parents were composed of female, 83.6% and male, 16.4%. Most of the parents were in their 40's(53.0%) and 30's(45.8%). 47.9% of the children were male and 52.1% were female. The school year of the children was distributed evenly, ranging from the first year to the sixth year. The intake rate of HFF for parents appeared to be 65.3% and for children it appeared to be 63.2%. The primary reason of using HFF to their child was 'For health promotion'(54.4%); the largest reason of non-using HFF was 'Do not feel necessity because is healthy'(48.8%). In regards to purchase place, 'Drugstore' was most selected by 26.1%, while the largest amount of purchase motive was 'Decided by oneself for children's health'(37.7%). The average expense per month was, 'Less than 50 thousand portion'(20.3%). The intake period, 'less than 6 months' was won' for 54.9%. For intake items, 'Vitamin supplementation products' was the largest portion'(20.3%) was indicated. The intake period, less than 6 months' was the most selected by 51.3%. Most people(66.7%) selected '1 kind' of intake item. As for intake effect, 45.4% claimed 'A little help'. In regard to experiencing side effects, 'Is not' was 92.7%, however, diarrhea, nettle rash, nausea etc. were a little. The biggest problem of HFF was 'Falsehood/exaggerative advertisement' as identified by 53.1%. For improvement of the HFF system was, 'Verify by more strict formality' as selected by 55.8%. In regards to experience of nutrition education on HFF, 'Is not' was most selected by 51.0%. The most desirous form of nutrition education was, 'Simple paper material'(31.3%). The most desirous content of nutrition education was, 'nutritional management of classified by life cycle'(37.2%). Therefore, HFF must be used properly to promote the health and growth development of children by acquiring scientific and reasonable information about the ability and usage of the food.