• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.82-91
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• 2023

The children who are part of this study are compelled to wear masks at educational facilities for an extended period of time as they continue to be exposed to Asian dust, fine dust, and COVID-19. However, use of masks is currently causing them a lot of inconvenience. This study aimed to gather basic data for the development of a mask that is suitable and comfortable for children to wear. A total of 331 children aged 1 to 9 were investigated through their parents in terms of their lifestyle, mask wearing and purchasing status, mask preferences, mask inconvenience, and mask improvement. According to the survey on mask use, the proportion of children aged 1-3 years old and wearing ultra-small/XS masks, 4-6 year olds wearing small/S, and 7-9 year olds wearing small/S was the highest. More than 80% of children were wearing masks with a standard filter of KF80 or higher. The purchase criteria for children's masks were found to be excellent in terms of wearing comfort and meeting the filter standards. According to the survey on inconvenience of wearing masks, the majority of those surveyed expressed the need to develop children's masks of different sizes. Furthermore, they experienced various kinds of inconveniences from adult masks, such as the material quality and length of earring bands; it was deduced that these aspects need to be taken care of. The vertical folding type was the most popular in the mask design for children. Children have to wear masks for a prolonged period of time, but they are experiencing lot of inconvenience, which need to be addressed.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.113-125
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• 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the normalization of mask-wearing worldwide, and young children are particularly vulnerable to respiratory diseases. Children's masks come in various sizes and shapes, causing confusion among consumers who struggle to find products that can accommodate their child's unique physical conditions. This research aims to analyze the shape and dimensions of health masks designed for young children. A total of 67 mask varieties were collected, and 58 were subjected to analysis. The masks were found to have two primary shapes: foldable and beak-like, with sizes categorized as small and extra-small. The majority of masks were manufactured in Korea, and the size labeling systems varied among manufacturers. The mask materials were non-woven fabric or polypropylene, and there was diversity in terms of the adjustable earbands and the use of additional accessories. The dimensions of the masks varied depending on their shape, with significant differences in the weight and the length of the wire holes. Subsequent research should focus on conducting wearability evaluations to verify the dimensional suitability of commercially available children's health masks based on shape and size. Additionally, this study aims to provide foundational data that can assist in the development of children's masks with size ranges that differentiate them from adult masks and cater to specific age groups.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.269-282
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• 2017

Objectives: Currently, masks against yellow dust and fine particulates are being certified with no consideration of facial dimensional variations among children and adults. The aims of this study were to develop masks against yellow dust and fine particulates for children in Korea and provide basic data to suggest new test methods for mask certification that consider the breathing capacity of children. Methods: A total of 730 study participants aged from six to 13 years old were recruited in the Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon region. This study used a 3D scanning instrument to obtain 16 facial anthropometric data points. Literature reviews, a comparison of breathing capacity between adults and children, and analysis of children's pulmonary physiological data were conducted in order to suggest new test standards for certifying children's masks against yellow dust and fine particulates. In addition, types of children's masks, choice of wearing a mask or not, and reasons for not wearing masks were surveyed. Results: Based on a clustering analysis of participants' facial dimensions, facial shapes were classified into three groups: small, medium, and large. The sizes of children's masks were subtracted by using 3D sketch techniques(Large: $121.25mm{\times}89.46mm$, Medium: $111.92mm{\times}78.55mm$, Small: $102.13mm{\times}72.87mm$). In certifying children's mask, flow rates of $60{\ell}/m$ for the filtering efficiency test and $20{\ell}/m$ for the breathing resistance test were recommended, since children's pulmonary physiological capacity is about 60-70% of adults' pulmonary capacity. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that three mask sizes for children would be sufficient and practical for providing protection against yellow dust and fine particulates. Revising current test methods for certifying respiratory protective devices for children is important, since children's pulmonary physiological capacity substantially differs from that of adults. Therefore, it is recommended that new test standards for certifying children's masks be promulgated in the near future.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2021

Objectives: Non-traditional materials are used for mask construction to address personal protective equipment shortages during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Reusable masks made from surgical sterilization wrap represent such an innovative approach with social media frequently referring to them as "N95 alternatives." This material was tested for particle filtration efficiency and breathability to clarify what role they might have in infection prevention and control. Methods: A heavyweight, double layer sterilization wrap was tested when new and after 2, 4, 6, and 10 autoclave sterilizing cycles and compared with an approved N95 respirator and a surgical mask via testing procedures using a sodium chloride aerosol for N95 efficiency testing similar to 42 CFR 84.181. Pressure testing to indicate breathability was also conducted. Results: The particle filtration efficiency for the sterilization wrap ranged between 58% to 66%, with similar performance when new and after sterilizing cycles. The N95 respirator and surgical mask performed at 95% and 68% respectively. Pressure drops for the sterilization wrap, N95 and surgical mask were 10.4 mmH2O, 5.9 mmH2O, and 5.1 mmH2O, respectively, well below the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health limits of 35 mmH2O during initial inhalation and 25 mmH2O during initial exhalation. Conclusions: The sterilization wrap's particle filtration efficiency is much lower than a N95 respirator, but falls within the range of a surgical mask, with acceptable breathability. Performance testing of non-traditional mask materials is crucial to determine potential protection efficacy and for correcting misinterpretation propagated through popular media.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.350-366
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• 2016

Objectives: No 3D anthropometric analyses have been conducted for Korean children's faces for the purpose of designing respiratory protective devices. The aim of this study was to develop masks against yellow dust and fine particulates, particularly for children in Korea. Methods: This study utilized a 3D scanning method to obtain 16 facial anthropometric data from children, ages of 5 to 13 years old. A total of 144 boys and girls were recruited from the kindergarten, elementary schools and middle schools in Seoul. With facial dimensions obtained, cluster analysis was performed to categorize them into similar facial groups. For each cluster, an optimal mask was designed and manufactured using a 3D printer. In addition, lung function data were obtained from 62 subjects and compared with those of normal adults. The pulmonary physiological results were subsequently used to suggest a test method for mask certification. Results: Facial shapes were classified into tree clusters: small, medium, and large. The face width and length for the first group were small with high nosal protrusion. The face width and length for the second group were the largest among the three clusters. The third group had the largest angle of nose root - gnathion(n-prn-gn). Age was the most significant variable in the facial dimensions. Children's pulmonary physiological capacity was about 60% of adults' capacity. The results of fit test using the prototype masks developed showed very good fits for children. Conclusions: For Korean children, three mask sizes will be sufficient and practical for providing protection against yellow dust and fine particulates. Anthropometric data obtained using digitalized 3D face analysis can be very effective for designing respiratory devices. 3D images can be accurate and easily measured for multiple dimensions, particularly for curved areas of the face. It is imperative to adopt different test methods for certifying respiratory protective devices for children, since their pulmonary physiological capacity is inferior compared with that of adults.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1433-1439
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• 1997

소아에서 기관지내 이물은 드물지 않게 접하는 질환이 나 본 예의 환자의 경우와 같이 소아에서 후두 마스크를 사용하여 기관절개술(tracheostomy)을 회피하고 기관지 이물을 제거한 경험예는 현재까지 아직 발표된 바 없고, 아직까지도 마취과의사를 제외한 다른 진료분야의 의사들에게는 후두 마스크가 널리 알려져 있지 않기에 저자들은 후두 마스크를 사용하여 굴곡성 기관지경으로 기관지 이물을 성공적으로 제거한 1례를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.287-297
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in preventive health behaviors of school-age children according to their mothers' health beliefs and attitudes toward the prevention of infectious diseases. Methods: This study was conducted with 121 pairs of 4th to 6th grade elementary school children and their mothers from October 13 to October 30, 2020. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, an independent t-test, a one-way ANOVA, Sheffé's test, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis and a multiple linear regression. Result: The mean and SD of mother's health belief in preventing infectious diseases was 3.58±0.41, the mean and SD of mother's attitude toward preventing infectious diseases was 3.39±0.38, and the mean and SD of late school-age children's preventive health behavior was 3.52±0.37. The multiple linear regression results show that the children's vaccination behavior was influenced by their mothers' perceived benefits in preventing infectious diseases. In addition, the child's vitamin C and vegetable consumption was influenced by the mother's perceived susceptibility in preventing infectious diseases, and the child's mask-wearing behavior was influenced by the mother's perceived seriousness in preventing infectious diseases. Conclusion: In order to improve the health behavior of school-aged children, programs or education are required to enhance the health beliefs and attitudes of their mothers, who were shown to affect the preventive health behavior of their children.

• 공연문화연구
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• 제22호
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• pp.5-43
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• 2011

한국의 가면극은 대부분 세시풍속의 하나로 연행되었으며, 동제·줄다리기·지신밟기·횃불싸움·길놀이·사또놀음 등 여러 세시행사와 연계되어 전승되었다. 6.25전쟁 이후에는 이러한 세시행사와 관계없이 독립적으로 연행하기 때문에 원래의 기능과 의미를 상실하게 되었다. 또한 연행시간이 대폭 줄어들었기 때문에 연희내용, 노래, 대사를 많이 생략하고 있다. 북청사자놀이는 6.25전쟁 이후 사자춤이 한 마리에서 두 마리로 늘어났고, 애원성춤·사당춤·넉두리춤·칼춤을 새로 추가했다. 사자가 아이를 잡아먹던 내용도 토끼인형을 잡아먹는 내용으로 바뀌었다. 사자가면은 원래 여러 유형이 있었으나, 현재는 호랑이 모습의 가면으로 획일화되었다. 양주별산대놀이는 '애사당 법고놀이'에서 먹중 8명과 왜장녀·애사당 등 모두 10명이 등장하는 것이 이치에 맞는데, 현재는 이외에 말뚝이 가면을 쓴 배역이 등장한다. 현재의 연희에서는 성(性)과 관련된 노골적인 부분을 생략하고 있다. 또한 신할아비·미얄할미 과장에서 할미의 죽음 후에 예전에는 신할아비가 넋타령을 했는데, 최근에는 무당굿을 한다. 대사에서는 비속어와 육담을 대폭 생략하고 있다. 가면은 특히 연잎·옴중·샌님가면이 큰 변화를 보인다. 봉산탈춤은 6.25전쟁 이후 노장과장에서 가장 큰 변화를 보인다. 예전에는 소무가 두명 등장했으나 현재는 한 명만 등장하고, 신장수와 원숭이의 퇴장도 차이를 보인다. 예전의 가면들은 연희자가 내다볼 수 있는 구멍을 코 양옆으로 크게 뚫었지만, 현재의 가면들은 가면의 눈동자에 구멍을 뚫어놓았다. 특히 먹중가면이 큰 변화를 보인다. 봉산탈춤을 복원할 당시에 봉산 출신의 연희자가 적었기 때문에, 다른 해서탈춤의 연희자들과 함께 연희를 복원했다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2017년도 제56차 하계학술대회논문집 25권2호
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• pp.199-200
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 최근 황사 및 미세 먼지 등으로 늘어나는 환경적 오염으로부터 어린이들이 올바른 마스크 사용을 할 수 있도록 스마트 기능이 포함된 마스크를 제안하는 것이다. 제 4차 산업혁명으로 인하여 사물인터넷이나 스마트 제품은 날로 급증하고 있는 추세이다. 따라서, 어린이들이 많이 사용하는 마스크 제품에 스마트한 기능을 넣고자 한다. 스마트 밴드를 통해 미세먼제 오염도를 측정할 수 있고, 호흡 상태를 파악하고 분비물의 상태를 분석할 수가 있다. 따라서 의료기관을 방문하기 전까지 어린이들의 건강상태를 보다 즉각적으로 파악할 수가 있다.

• 모자간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.45-54
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to explore the stressors in pediatric intensive care unit and impaired psychological responses of children after open heart surgery. Sixteen children aged 6 to 11, who were admitted to the hospital for open heart surgery during the period from July, 1991 to February, 1992 were the subjects of the study. Observations, drawings, and interviews were used to collect data for study. Behavioral responses about intensive care unit phenomena were analyzed according to the 4 categories identified to assess children's perceived stressors in ICU. Impaired psychological responses were examined using observational and interview data. Drawings were analyzed by content and color by this researcher and validated by the psychologist. The findings were as follows : 1. The most frequently perceived stressors by children in ICU were the physical stressors causing pain and discomfort(68.5%). It was followed by social stressors which denote disruption of relationship with family and friends(13.0% ), environmental stressors which denote unfamiliar surroundings, noise, staff, and other patients (11.2%), and psychological stressors which denote factors affecting self-esteem such as inability to communicate and inadquate knowledge of the situation (7.3%). 2. 81.3% of the children showed of least one of the impaired psychological responses. Three children (18.8%) experienced time disorientation. An equal number of subject experienced perceptual illusion. Two children(12.5%) experienced hallucination. Vivid dream about ICU phenomena was reported by 2 children. Seven children(43.8%) were identified as having exaggerated fear. They feared about oxygen mask and ICU environment in general. Seven children(43.8%) experienced impairment of memory about treatments, procedures, and environment of ICU. 3. The analysis of children's drawing revealed that 56.3% of children experienced fear in the ICU. 75% of children included nurses in the drawings and 62.5% of children drew other children. 81.3% of children drew and identified himself in the drawing. The colors used most by children were green, purple, and brown. From this result, it is recommended to prepare children before open heart surgery to reduce their stressors and impaired psychological responses in ICU.