• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-44
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• 2023

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of childhood simple obesity and suggest clinical symptoms, treatment principles, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments for each type. Methods All kinds of literature published by the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) up to August 20, 2022 were analyzed. We extracted information about types of childhood simple obesity, relevant clinical symptoms, treatment principles and TCM treatments. Results 25 studies were included. Spleen deficiency with dampness obstruction, gastrointestinal dampness-heat, internal excess of phlegm-dampness were the most reported. Spleen deficiency with dampness obstruction has symptoms of powerless, heavy limbs, pale tongue, teeth-marked tongue, sunken and slippery pulse. As a treatment, herbal medicine (HM) like modified Banggihwanggitang and acupoint like Joksamri were mainly reported. Gastrointestinal dampness-heat has symptoms of thirst, constipation, edacity, rapid hungering, heavy limbs, red tongue, slippery and rapid pulse. HM like Modified Xiehuangsan to clear heat was mainly reported. Internal excess of phlegm-dampness has symptoms of heavy limbs, lack of strength, tongue with white slimy fur, slippery pulse. Modified Ijintang to dry dampness to resolve phlegm was mainly reported. Conclusions This study analyzed types of pattern, clinical symptoms, treatment principles, and TCM treatments of childhood simple obesity. Based on this study, it is necessary to derive a standardized dialectical information that reflects the domestic situation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2004

This study was carried out to identify dietary risk factors for childhood obesity. The study subjects were male children, aged 2-6years, who were enrolled in nursery schools and kindergartens. We obtained anthropometric measurements from 949 boys and dietary questionnaires from 253 boys. The subjects were classified into two groups using the BMI criteria, normal (n=200) group with the BMI below 85th percentile and the obese group with the BMI at 85th percentile and above (n=53). The logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratios (OR) for obesity were, birth weight greater than 4.0㎏ (3.27) , increased meal speed (4.98) , the frequency of overeating more than twice a week (2.63), the consumption of cooked rice more than one bowl per meal (2.77), the consumption of milk and dairy products less than 5 times a week (2.81), and increased maternal meal speed (1.98). Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the variables which contribute to obesity significantly were birth weight greater than 4.0 ㎏ (OR 5.19), the frequency of overeating more than twice a week (OR 2.51) , the consumption of cooked rice more than one bowl per meal (OR 2.74), and the consumption of milk and dairy products less than 5 times a week (OR 4.43) (p＜0.0001) . The results of this study indicate that dietary habits of both children and of their mothers as well as child's birth weight are important variables that contribute to childhood obesity. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 123-131, 2004)

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.300-310
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• 2004

Purpose: To compare normal weight children with obese children in terms of family factors, eating habits, and sociocognitive factors. Method: This study compared 217 obese children with 231 normal standard weight children of 4th-6th graders from 7 elementary schools in Kangwon province. The study also surveyed 817 their parents using questionnaires in which familial factors, eating habits, and sociocognitive factors such as dietary self-efficacy, locus of control and self-esteem were included. Result: Obese children had more obese family members, more family members with chronic metabolic disease, and lower breast-feeding rate than normal weight group. Dietary self-efficacy was positively correlated with eating habits and locus of control while no correlation was found with obesity index.. Self-esteem was negatively correlate with obesity index. Both the parents and the childrens eating habits showed significant positive correlation to the obesity index. Conclusion: These results implied familial factors, eating habits, and sociocognitive factors influenced childhood obesity. Thus, further research targeting to positive attitude toward familial dietary practices combined with significant sociocognitive factors, may lead to prevention and effective management of childhood obesity.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.614-624
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• 2015

Traditionally, fathers have been a bread earner and responsible for external matters as the head of household. However, the interest of today's fathers in their children has changed from that of the traditional fathers due to the increased employment of female, decreased birth rate and the trend of shared role in parenting. The purpose of this study was to identify the perception type of fathers of preschool children regarding obesity and the characteristics of the type by applying Q-methodology, and to create the basic data for the development of education programs for fathers or policy-making to prevent child obesity. Data were collected by applying 38 Q statements to 24 fathers of preschool children. Collected data were analyzed with the PC QUANL program. Results indicate that fathers' perception of obesity was divided into three types: 'management of physical activity and diet,' 'generous acknowledgment of reality' and 'compromised emphasis on homemade meal.' The 'compromised emphasis on homemade meal' type is those who consider homemade food important, although they sometimes suggest conditions to make their children cooperative for food. It was found that the subject of the study uniformly recognized that processed foods, fast foods or chocolates are harmful to health. The type of fathers' perception of obesity in preschool children was discussed, focusing on the perception type identified in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.646-654
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to determine the effects of mothers' nutrition knowledge on preschoolers' obesity and dietary habits. The subject population included 456 mothers and their preschoolers, aged 3 to 5 years, who were enrolling in kindergartens located in Seoul and KyongGi-Do, Korea. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The majority of mothers responded correctly to those questions concerning obesity-related nutritional knowledge, but responded incorrectly to questions regarding basic nutritional knowledge. 2. The mothers' nutritional knowledge was associated significantly with the mother's age (p<0.05) and degree of education (p<0.05). 3. The mothers' nutritional knowledge was significantly and negatively correlated with their obesity, but not with their preschoolers' obesity. 4. Mothers' nutritional knowledge was determined to be positively associated with higher interest in nutritional information and food selection in regard to weight management strategies for their kids. 5. In general, preschoolers whose mother had excellent nutrition knowledge evidenced better dietary habits than preschoolers whose mothers had poor nutrition knowledge. In particular, one question regarding serving size was significantly associated with mothers' general level of nutritional knowledge(p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.191-206
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• 2017

Objectives: The present study systematically reviewed previous studies published in Korea regarding obesity status of children and adolescents in order to provide valid directions for future research and to help establish evidence-based prevention strategies. Methods: The articles were selected by searching the primary keyword 'obesity' and the secondary keywords 'children', 'young children', 'adolescents' or 'kids' on the KISS (Korean Studies Information Service System). Out of 503 articles excluding the overlap, 308 articles were selected with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Secular trends of obesity research, distribution of subjects, potential risk factors for obesity, and intervention method for obesity management were documented. The associations between obesity and dietary factors were summarized. Results: The overall number of research studies has increased since 2000 but obesity management studies have decreased in recent years. Most of the studies used a cross-sectional design. Research on preschool children were extremely limited. Intervention studies targeting males were prevalent. The most significant variables relevant to dietary habits were speed of eating, regular breakfast and snacking. The most significant food and nutrient intake factors were thiamin and iron. Intakes of cereals and animal foods were significantly higher in obese children than the counterparts. Conclusions: The present review of locally published articles on the obesity status in children and adolescents suggested the need for well-designed further studies focused on risk factors of obesity and on a range of intervention methods conducive to the development of obesity prevention and management programs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.724-733
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• 1993

In order to investigate the relationships of obesity in childhood to plasma lipid, blood pressure and blood glucose concentration, we selected 21 subjects for the moderate obese group(MO), 9 for mild obese group(MI), and 19 for the control group(C) among children aged 10~12. While the level of plasma triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol of the MO group was much higher than that of group C, a significantly lower percentage of HDL-cholesterol was found in the MO compared to the percentage found in group C. Also the level of the total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of the MI group as well as the MO was much higher than that of C. The elevated total-cholesterol level of the Mi group was due to increased LDL-cholesterol and that of the MO was due to increases in both VLDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. As the result of these differences, the atherogenic index of the MO was significantly higher than that of C. The incidence of hypercholesterolemia( 200mg/dl) of the MI and MO was 60.0% and 77.8% respectively, All of the physical parameters and indexes except height were positively correlated with plasma lipid levels, systolic blood pressure, and blood glucose concentration. The analyses of the correlated with plasma lipid levels, systolic blood pressure, and blood glucose concentration. The analyses of the correlation indicated that central fat to peripheral fat ratio and waist to thigh girth ratio seemed to be closely associated to plasma lipid levels and atherogenic index. The MO had significantly higher systolic blood pressure than C and significantly higher blood glucose concentration was found in both MI and MO than in C. These results confirmed that obesity in childhood may be relevant to chronic metabolic diseases such as abnormal lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.470-482
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• 2021

Purpose: We investigated the relationship between sonographic measurements of fatty liver and body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-Z score), abdominal wall fat thickness (AWFT), and serum biochemical parameters in childhood obesity. Methods: Anthropometric, laboratory, and ultrasonography data were obtained from 174 children with BMI-Z score >1. After the qualitative grading of hepatosteatosis (grades 0-3), the quantitative liver-kidney echogenicity ratio (LKER) was calculated using a software tool. Groups according to sex, age (AG-I to AG-III), BMI-Z score (BMG-I to BMG-III), and hepatosteatosis degree (HS-I and HS-II) were formed. The differences and distributions of the variables were statistically analyzed and compared among the groups. Results: Serum transaminase and glucose levels showed a positive correlation with LKER, whereas the HDL level showed a negative correlation. BMI-Z score and AWFT showed a positive correlation with fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR value. LKER was significantly higher in girls than in boys (p=0.008). In the AG-I group (age 3-8.9 years), the BMI-Z score was significantly higher, whereas AWFT was significantly lower than in the other age groups (p<0.001). The cutoff point of LKER for predicting grade 2 or higher steatosis (HS-II group) was determined to be 1.83. Cardiovascular disease risk was significantly higher in the HS-II group (p=0.035). Conclusion: As a valuable quantitative measurement tool, LKER can be used for the sonographic screening of fatty liver. AWFT, on the basis of its correlation with fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR value, may be a useful sonographic parameter in the management of childhood obesity.

• Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.98-109
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• 2018

Objective: To examine the effects of sodium intake on the correlations between the saltsensitive gene ${\alpha}$-adducin 1 (ADD1) and inflammatory cytokines in Korean childhood obesity. Methods: A total of 2,070 students aged 8-9 years old participated in this study. The anthropometrics, serum biochemistry profile, inflammatory cytokines, and three-day dietary assessment were analyzed according to sex, obesity degree, and ADD1 polymorphism. Results: The obesity prevalence was higher in boys (15.6%) than in girls (11.9%). Boys also showed higher values in anthropometrics; lipid, glucose, and insulin profiles; total calorie intakes, as well as those of sodium and calcium compared with those of the girls. The more obese were boys and girls, the higher were the anthropometrics and the blood levels (total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood sugar, and insulin), but the lower was high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The obese boys had significantly higher sodium and Na/K intakes, while the obese girls had higher visfatin level and Na/K intake. In addition, an increase in the risk factors for blood pressure and obesity in ADD1 variants was identified. Serum tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$($TNF-{\alpha}$) significantly increased with increasing sodium intake in the ADD1 W allele carriers, regardless of sex. The presence of obesity with the ADD1 W allele induced inflammatory accelerators such as $TNF-{\alpha}$ or C-reactive protein(CRP) with higher sodium intake. Conclusion: Obese children with an ADD1w allele can experience a more complex form of obesity than non-obese when exposed to an obesity-inducing environment and need to be controlled sodium intake in the diet.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.555-563
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children with and without obesity and to correlate PFF with body mass index (BMI) z-score, hepatic fat fraction (HFF), and ultrasonography-derived pancreato-perihepatic fat index (PPHFI). Methods: This prospective study included 45 children with obesity and 19 without obesity (control group). PFF and HFF were quantitatively assessed using the abdominal multi-echo Dixon method for MRI. The PPHFI was assessed using transabdominal ultrasonography. Anthropometric, MRI, and ultrasonographic characteristics were compared between the two groups. Correlations between PFF, HFF, PPHFI, and BMI z-scores in each group were also analyzed. Results: The PFF, HFF, PPHFI, and BMI z-score were higher in the group with obesity than in the control group (PFF: 6.65±3.42 vs. 1.78±0.55, HFF: 19.5±13.0 vs. 2.31±1, PPHFI: 3.65 ±1.63 vs. 0.94±0.31, BMI z-score: 2.27±0.56 vs. 0.42±0.54, p<0.01, respectively). PFF was correlated with BMI z-scores, PPHFI, and HFF in the obesity group, and multivariate analysis showed that PFF was strongly correlated with BMI z-score and PPHFI (p<0.05). The BMI z-score was strongly correlated with PFF in the control group (p<0.01). Conclusion: These results suggest that MRI-derived PFF measures are associated with childhood obesity. PFF and PPHFI were also highly correlated in the obesity group. Therefore, PFF may be an objective index of pancreatic fat content and has the potential for clinical utility as a non-invasive biomarker for the assessment of childhood obesity.