• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.333-341
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• 2014

Since distribution and preservation of cultural artifacts in the submarine sediments are directly affected by not only ocean currents and tides, but also their composition, it is very important to investigate geological characteristics of sediments and ocean-sediment interactions for maritime archaeological survey. Physical properties of submarine sediments, which are collected by grab sampler and vibro-corer, are analyzed in order to investigate effects of submarine environment on development of maritime archaeological survey techniques. Result of physical property analysis showed that bulk density, shear strength, and magnetic susceptibility increase with depth, while water contents and porosity decrease with depth. Since the magnetic susceptibility of bedrock is about 40 times that of submarine sediments, it might impact greatly on the response of magnetic survey. Physical properties of sediments with depth and sediment classification by Folk's ternary diagram indicate that submarine sediment mainly consists of silt, and cultural artifacts can not penetrate no deeper than 1.5 m in sediments.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2012

Purpose: The golden ratio has been used for a long time to objectify and quantify 'beauty'. Dr. Marqurardt claims that the golden ratio can be applied in the maxillofacial field as well. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic significance of using a facial 'phi' mask for analyzing Korean faces with characteristics of Class I, II, and III malocclusion. Methods: We studied twenty five Korean celebrities' frontal facial photos (10 males, 15 females) and 90 malocclusion patients' frontal facial photos (30 patients in each malocclusion classification: Class I, Class II, and Class III). Patients who received orthodontic treatment at Samsung Medical Center were selected for this study. After superimposition of the selected facial photo and facial 'phi' mask using Adobe Photoshop CS3, the ratio of the entire facial area, mid facial area, lower facial area and horizontal and vertical lengths were measured. Results: The facial ratio in photos of Korean faces showed larger vertical and horizontal ratios than the facial 'phi' mask with golden ratio, regardless of skeletal malocclusion (entire face: 115%, lower face: 125% larger than the mask). The results of the frontal photos of Class I, II, and III malocclusion patients using facial 'phi' mask showed that the vertical length and frontal face area was more significantly influenced by the area of the lower face than the midface. This means that the lower face has larger proportions in the facial areas. Conclusion: The ratio of facial 'phi' mask is matched with the ideal facial appearance that the contemporary Korean general public is seeking. Thus, the facial 'phi' mask may be a convenient tool for esthetic analysis of Korean faces. Reducing the area of the lower face is esthetically more desirable for almost all Korean people when planning orthognathic surgery.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.221-231
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• 2001

This study was conducted by analyzing all 33 articles based on the LISREL, published from January 1991 to March 1999 in Korea. The analyses consisted of the publication date of articles, principal dependent variables, subjects of the research, adequacy of sampling, adequacy of research purposes and results, accordance between theoretical model and hypothetical model, fit measures, theoretical base of model modification, and adequacy of conclusion. The results were as follows : . The thesis of 33 articles in total were outnumbered as 25 (75.8%) to 8 (24.2%) research articles. As for a sex classification of the subjects, 45.5% of the research were conducted around a female group of subjects, while 54.5% were done for both sex, The range of the sample size was 105 to 803, and the average was 259 subjects. . A single theoretical variable was measured for each measurement variable, any difference between variables was hardly found in 8 articles (24.2%), and 19 articles (57.6%) did not consider any measurement error. To analyze if the representative has been articles (21.2%) were seen with a sign of a representative. Questionnaires were used in a majority (31 articles) of the data collecting process. Only 2 articles (6.1%) were measured with a physiologic index simultaneously. . 14 articles (42.2%) were centered on theory development, 10 articles on theory synthesis, and 9 articles on theory test. The research purposes and results were consistent in 25 articles (75.5%) and 8 articles (24.2%) were inconsistent. The quality of life and health promotion behavior were the concepts most frequently studied as a dependent variable, and 7 articles centered on them. In applied theories a health promotion model was used on 4 articles (12.1%), while role theory and stress-coping models were in 3 articles respectively. . The articles were analyzed to see if the hypothetical model was elaborated and tested by the theoretical model. Twenty-five articles proved to be rationale for the inconsistencies. Also, 56.5% proposed hypotheses were supported among the subject articles, and 30 articles (90.0%) suggested a revised model. Path coefficient (17 articles) and theoretical adequacy (17 articles) were the standards mostly used. In conclusion, the principal factors were obtained from the research are to be considered as the principes of LISREL application. First, a model has to be established on a theoretical base rather than empirical results dependent on the data. The results are also required to be globally interpreted. Secondly, at least 200 samples are necessary to satisfy the need. Third, more than 3 measurement variables are to be adjusted to a single theoretical variable; the measurement errors must be suggested as well. Finally, normal distribution characteristics of the data and the estimation method need to be reported. Based on the research result, the follows are suggested; . Systematic criteria on the LISREL application and procedure need to be developed . Agreement form is required to report the results of research using the LISREL

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.145-159
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to classify body type for ready-to-wear sizes. The subjects were 300 women ages of 18-24. they were measured direct anthropometry. The body types for sizing system were divided by Rohrer Index. KS drop value and ISO drop value. The results of this study were as follows. 1. By adapting the Rohrer Index. we classify 3 types from anthropometric measurements. The thin type covered 39.3%, the standard type 51.0% and the obesity type 18.7%. The characteristics of clusters were as follows. Thin type was characterized by tall. slender type and slim. The standard type was characterized by middle sized. The obesity type was characterized by short. fat type. and large bust. 2. By adapting the KS system drop value. we classify 3 types from anthropometric measurements. The H type(drop 0) covered 25.6%. the N type(drop 6) 65.2% and the A type(drop 12) 9.2%. Type H was slightly tall large bust. and curved from waist to hip. Type A was slightly thin. large hip and smaller bust than type N. Principal factor components were bust size. The height could be divided into three groups. The Petite(l50cm) covered 5.5%. the Regular(l60cm) 64.7% and the Tall(l70cm) 29.8%. Through the crosstab of height and body type. we extracted regular height by N type 46.2% the largest cell. The body type was the higher order of N type. H type and A type. The tall was the higher order of Regular. Tall and Petite. 3. By adapting the ISO system drop value. we classify 3 types from anthropometric measurements. The H type(drop 0) covered 15.0%. the M type(drop 6) 41.0% and the A type(drop 12) 44.0%. Type H was slightly short. slightly fat and large bust. Type A was slightly tall. slight thin than type M. The height could be divided into three groups. We adjust the height section after allow for height distribution. The Short(152cm) covered 12.8%. the Regular(160cm) 66.9% and the Long(168cm) 20.3%. Through the crosstab of height and body type, we extracted regular height by M type 29.3% the largest cell. The body type was the higher order of M type, A type and H type. The tall was the higher order of Regular, Long and short.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2013

The aim of study is to present how to estimate and use the FRI (Flood Risk Index) for classifying area zones based on regional flooding risk in terms of the integrated flood risk management. To estimate the FRI at a spatial resolution of city/county/town units for the Nakdong River Watershed, the 17 representative flood indexing factors are carefully selected for the three flood indexes, such as PI (Pressure Index), SI (State Index), and RI (Response Index) under the P-S-R (Pressure-State-Response) classification system. Because flood indexing factors are measured at different scales and units, they are transformed into a common domain by the T-Score normalization technique. The entropy weight coefficient method is also applied to calculate the weight of flood indexing factors in order to reduce subjective judgement on the effect of weight coefficients. The three flood indexes of PI, SI, and RI are integrated for an overall value of the FRI to evaluate the flood risk of districts. To examine the practical application of the proposed FRI, the FRI results with/without the weight coefficients are compared with flooding zones of natural disaster risk areas officially announced in 2010. It is expected that the FRI ensured by full verification can make regional protection plans against flooding disasters with respect to causes and characteristics of past floods.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.373-380
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• 2016

The NRCS-CN (Natural Resources Conservation Service-Curve Number) method has been practically applied for estimating the effective precipitation. However, there are no criteria which reflect the geographic characteristics of Korea having more than 70% of mountainous and rice paddy areas, leading to significant errors in runoff calculation. Thus, it is required to estimate the runoff curve number considered Korea land use classification, however there are practical difficulties to conduct the accurate research and experimentation. In this study, after selecting target areas (urban, agriculture, forest), we performed the runoff analysis to redetermine CN values for the selected basins. To do this, curve numbers for soil type A were estimated using genetic algorithm, and then curve numbers for soil type (B, C, D) were estimated using CN aligner equation. Comparing the initial curve numbers with the estimated curve numbers, it was observed that the slightly differences at Chunwang(0), Choonyang(-1), Janggi(-3). Through the above process, this study proposed new curve numbers to reflect observed rainfall-runoff.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.99-111
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• 2010

In recent years, the number of high-rise building construction projects has grown, and the number of construction safety accidents has also been increasing. Therefore, the objective of this study is to propose plans to prevent accidents by systematically organizing accident principles and developing a tree diagram for the process of safety accidents that occur in the construction industry. This study aims to show the diverse characteristics of construction accidents based on KOSHA's annual reports on safety accidents(burial, conflagration, explosion, burn) from 1993 to 2009. To achieve these objectives, in this study we first examined the risk factors for burial, conflagration, explosion, and burn. We then systematically organized the classification viewpoint of accident causes, and suggested a methodology for the rationalization of safety management through an analysis of the primary causes of accidents by work type. The results of this study based on this methodology can be divided into three areas: 1)the types of facilities were divided into 43 categories by analyzing the information of KOSHA's annual reports; 2)the causes of burial, conflagration, explosion, and burn were divided into 63types; 3)the types of work were divided into 29 categories.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.597-601
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• 2006

There are considerable amount of man power and time spent for analysis and selection of various materials due to the inadequate application system and rapid searching process of material related information in each stage of building production process. Also, due to the insufficiency in recycling system of important information created for each process, they are hoarded at each task stage and project completion. As a result, because of the repetition of the similar/identical tasks on each process, it is the major reason for impeding the efficient employment of manpower of the company and decreasing competition of the company. Moreover, in selecting finish material in the project field, there are many difficulties due to the lack of technical information such as product characteristics and field applications. The construction quality also affects the profit and loss of the product which calls for a need to develop continued information management system that the finish material related examples could be shared in real time. The objective of this study is to propose a building finish material information which the real time research and application is possible to raise the productivity. TO do this, the current material information task status analysis and questionnaire research should be conducted to understand the demand of system development and reflect the result onto the system for easy access and application. Therefore, the building finish material information system for enhancement of productivity of construction task proposed in this study is expected to be utilized in enhancement of construction quality, maximization of company profit, and strengthening of company competition.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.93-99
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• 2017

The rate of traffic accidents that occurred in Korea last year is 10 out of every 100,000 people, ranking it 6th among the 35 OECD member countries. The accident rate of children with disabilities and elderly people is also high. The purpose of this study is to introduce traffic safety facilities which have been developed for the reduction of traffic accidents in non-urban areas in Korea through an analysis of the related literature, the accident factors using traffic accident analysis system data and traffic accident characteristics. Traffic safety integrated facilities for ICT-based pedestrian crossings are subject to cross-sectional coverage of child protection zones. The smart safety fence prevents vehicles from parking illegally and informs pedestrians that there is an access vehicle on the pedestrian crossing. The smart bump is designed to warn drivers who are not aware of the pedestrians. In order to standardize the appropriate form and size of the traffic safety facilities for pedestrian crossings, we constructed a standard model for each type, considering the road function, press classification, power, lane number, geometric form, etc. As a result, the rate of traffic accidents involving vulnerable people was reduced. In addition, it is anticipated that the maintenance costs will be reduced by the use of a solar power supply and their compatibility with the existing installed safety fences.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.216-224
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• 2010

The main purpose of this prospective longitudinal study was to evaluate, according to a standard clinical classification and assessment method, the effect of a standardized manual stretching and therapeutic massage program on patients with clearly defined congenital muscular torticollis. A total of 52 cases of congenital muscular torticollis who were first seen when they were less than one year old and were treated with conservative physical therapy. Before treatment, the patients were divided into one of three clinical groups: (1) sternomastoid tumor group, (2) muscular torticollis group, and (3) postural torticollis group. Of the 52 patients, 32 (61.5%) made up the sternomastoid tumor group; 15 (28.9%) the muscular torticollis group; and 5 (9.6%) the postural torticollis group. Multivariate analysis of the outcomes showed that the duration of treatment was significantly differentiated according to the clinical group (p<0.01), age at presentation (p<0.01), and a passive rotation deficit of the neck (p<0.01). The current study showed that well controlled conservative physical therapy is safe and effective in the treatment of congenital torticollis in about 84.6% of patients who are first seen before the age of one year.