• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.111-133
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was closely to explore the guidance experiences of senior elementary teachers who have had over 30 years of teaching experiences in elementary school based on interpretive(or hermeneutic) inquiry. The entry research question was 'What are the guidance experiences of senior elementary teachers like?' Seven senior elementary teachers working for O elementary School in G city participated in this study voluntarily. Each participant was interviewed twice in a consecutive manner. 14 periods of interview were completed all together and each period took about 40-60 minutes. In conclusion, this study conceptualized the guidance experiences of the senior elementary teachers(participants) as follows: First, the concepts of guidance held by the participants were conceptualized as 1) supporting and caring activity helping students to lead joyful school life, 2) assisting activity helping students to grow on good basic life habits, 3) character building activity helping students to lead integrative growth. Second, the fields and contents of guidance held by the participants were conceptualized as basic life habits, manners, and health & safety. Interestingly, these concepts were evolved in connection with their personal, practical teaching experiences rather than in-service teacher education. Third, the guidance methods frequently used by the participants were co-work with parents, exemplary storytelling, counselling, and praise. The participants applied these methods differently according to the grade, individual difference, and school curriculum policy to some degree. Fourth, the participants have experienced a lot of struggles with students, teachers, and parents in doing their guidance practices throughout the whole teaching career. Their guidance experiences commonly shifted from more teacher-centered or authoritative to more student-centered or relational way as their teaching years accumulated. Interestingly, all the participants more or less lived as lifelong learners to create their own right space as senior teachers in today's competitive and challenging landscape. This study strongly suggests that responsible teacher education can playa great role of enabling senior teachers to cope with guidance issues successfully. Compared with the speedy social change, the teacher education in Korea had been so authoritative, provider-based, subject-based until recently and it have not met the needs and wants of the elementary teachers in field. This trend has significantly hindered them from catching up with the needs of the speedy social change in terms of contemporary guidance issues. This study is limited in that the data is solely collected based on interview. So, an observational research is strongly suggested in order to uncover the situated understanding of the guidance experiences of elementary senior teachers.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 1999

This study is to analyze consumer's visiting fashion trade area. The purpose of this study, focused on Taegu fashion area, Dongsungro and Bum udong, consumer's spatical beravior, fashion- life-style, clothing purchasing type and Store- Image, etc. This study targeted 580 women aged from 15 to 25 visiting fashion trade area. The methods of measuring include consumer behavior scale, fashion life style scale, clothing purchasing type scale and Stor - Image scale. In process of statistics, the frequency was used to measure consumer's spatical behavior, MANOVA to measure, fashion life style and $\chi^2$ examination was employed to measure clothing purchasing type. The followings are the conclusions of this study ; 1. consumer's spatical behavior by FTA(fashion trade area) : Most people visiting Dongsungro A trade area and Bum udong trade area depart home, while Dongsungro B trade area from school. In case of Bum udong trade area, in particular, more people move from other trade area than people do in Dongsungro trade area. 2. Consumer spatical behavior means by FTA : Bus is far most common transportation. 3. The purpose of visit by FTA : Most people visit Dongsungro B trade area for shopping, while Bum udong trade area for shopping and as a place for appointment. 4. The visiting frequency by FTA : In case of both Dongsungro A.B trade area and Bum udong trade area, at least once a week is most common. Particularly in case of Bum udong trade area, the number of people visiting once every three months and once more than six months is almost same. 5. A company by FTA : People accompanied by the same sex friends are most common in Both Dongsungro A, B trade area and Bum udong trade area in case of Dongsungro B trade area. There is no case of people accompanied by family. 6. The purpose of purchasing fashion comodities by FTA : In case of Dongsungro A trade area for recreation. In case of Dongsungro B trade area and Bum udong trade area, because of affordable price. 7. A Brand - pursued tendency by FTA : Much higher in Dongsungro trade area than Bum udong trade area, among consumers. A character - pursued tendency by FTA : Higher in Dongsungro A than Dongsungro B,A practical tendency and symphatetic tendency Higher in Dongsungro B than Dongsungro A or Bum udong trade area. 8. A Store - Image scale by FTA : The quality of goods is more important to consumers in Dongsungro B than to consumers in Dongsungro A. The data - service and atmosphere are much more important to consumers in Dongsungro B than to consumers in Dongsungro A and Bum udong trade area. The convenience is more important to consumers in Dongsungro B Bum udong trade area than to consumers in Dongsungro A. 9. There is no significant difference among clothing purchasing types by FTA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.276-291
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• 2016

This study is to develop a valid and reliable instrument for measuring students' creative engineering problem solving propensity. The creative engineering problem solving is operationally defined in this study as a creative problem solving skill in an engineering context. To develop the instrument, first we define seven common constructs between engineering problem solving skill and creative problem solving skill through an intensive literature review; motivation, context, personal character, engineering design, engienering habits of mind, understandings of engineering and engineers, communication skill, and collaboration skill. Based on the seven constructs and the face validity test conducted by two in-service science teachers and 4 experts in science education research, 40 preliminary items were developed. Then the preliminary instrument was implemented in a science gifted highschool to measure the reliability of the instrument. From the 40 items, 34 items were selected through the initial reliability test by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$(>.75). Finally through the three times of factor analysis process, 28 items in five construct categories were selected; motivation (3 items), engineering design (6 items), engineering habits of mind (9 items), understandings of engineering and engineers (4 items), communication and collaboration skill (6 items). The factor analysis result showed that the reliability of each construct category was between .733 to .892., meaning that the instrument is reliable in terms of the higher structural validity (each item is categorized in an appropriate construct category). We expect that the creative engineering problem solving propensity instrument developed in this study can be used in various contexts for STEAM education research as a reliable and valid instrument.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.659-667
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• 2005

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANET) is a multi hop wireless network with no prepared base stations or centralized administrations, where flocks of peer systems gather and compose a network. Each node operates as a normal end system in public networks. In addition to it, a MANET node is required to work as a router to forward traffic from a source or intermediate node to others. Each node operates as a normal end system in public networks, and further a MANET node work as a router to forward traffic from a source or intermediate node to the next node via routing path. Applications of MANET are extensively wide, such as battle field or any unwired place; however, these are exposed to critical problems related to network management, node's capability, and security because of frequent and dynamic changes in network topology, absence of centralized controls, restricted usage on network resources, and vulnerability oi mobile nodes which results from the special MANET's character, shared wireless media. These problems induce MANET to be weak from security attacks from eavesdropping to DoS. To guarantee secure authentication is the main part of security service In MANET because networks without secure authentication are exposed to exterior attacks. In this paper, a multistage authentication strategy based on CGSR is proposed to guarantee that only genuine and veritable nodes participate in communications. The proposed authentication model is composed of key manager, cluster head and common nodes. The cluster head is elected from secure nodes, and key manager is elected from cluster heads. The cluster head will verify other common nodes within its cluster range in MANET. Especially, ID of each node is used on communication, which allows digital signature and blocks non repudiation. For performance evaluation, attacks against node authentication are analyzed. Based on security parameters, strategies to resolve these attacks are drawn up.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.307-316
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• 2016

A user usually gets the same suggesting results as everyone else in most of the multimedia social services, nowadays. To address the challenging problem of personalization in the social network, we propose a method which exploits user's activities, user's moods, and user's friend relationships from the social network to build a decision-making system. Depending on a current state of the user's mood, this system infers the most appropriated video for the user. In the system, the user evaluates a set of the given recommendation methods which extract from the user's database social network and assigns a vague value to each method by a weight. Then, we find the fuzzy collection solution for the system and classify the set of methods into subsets, and order the subsets based on its local dominance to choose the best appropriate method. Finally, we conduct an experiment using the YouTube API with a lot of video types. The experiment result shows that the channel recommendation system appropriately affords the user's character, it is more satisfying than the current YouTube based on an evaluation of several users.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.11-19
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• 2009

At present, an intelligent transport system (ITS) is being actively introduced as an alternative plan to solve various transport problems, and a traffic information provision service, a field of ITS, is being provided to users through diverse media. However, the evaluation of how useful the traffic information provided to the road users is limited to a simple questionnaire, and the systematic evaluation about what factors affect the usefulness of traffic information has not been realized. Therefore, it is impossible to calculate user convenience occurring due to traffic information, This paper aimed to develop an index to evaluate user satisfaction levels with traffic information and develop a user satisfaction level model. A result of establishing a user satisfaction level model by executing a questionnaire survey for the analysis object of variable message sign (VMS), a representative information provision medium, showed that 'desire satisfaction', 'trust', 'understanding', and 'efficiency' have an effect. Of them, the 'understanding' showed the highest level, so it was seen that, in case of VMS, how easily the character, figure, expression, etc. provided in the information was understood by users has the biggest effect on the satisfaction level of the information. The next levels of effects on the satisfaction was in the order of 'user trust', 'efficiency', and 'desire satisfaction'.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.89-106
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• 1983

After accepting the modernized western culture, we, the Koreans, had traditionally patriarchal valuation on the family life, which has been changed into modernize on in these days. Under these circumstances, we examined into family consciousness of workmen, office workers and student of universities in Pusan with questioning papers by inquiring their general views of family, marriage, family planning , and inheritance. The results obtained can be summarized as follows. 1. General views of family 1)Most of them prefer nuclear family to gross one in structure of family. In decision of family's affairs, the lower educated persons want an unilateral relationship, which means unconditional obdience to their parent's opinion. they are more concerned about the profit of the family than that of individual. on the other hand, they want 2-generations nuclear family system. 2) Concerning children's future affairs, they want compromising method. 2. Views of Marriage 1) Date with the other sex motivated their desire to improve social adaptation and social association. 17-19 year old students regard date as a preparatory stage of marriage. They consider it most desirable date to enjoy free conversation each other. They hope their date partners are high educated. 2) The conditions of mate selection are in order character, health, vitality in living, appearance and education. The less educated placed an emphasis on vitality in living. 3) They are not much interested in marital harmony. If parents are against their marriage an account of bad marital harmony, they will take into consideration about it. 4) They wish to keep purity before marriage, as possible. They want engagement period of 6 months. Any agreeable reasons shall compel them to break off their appointment. 5) they consider it ideal for mate's age to be 26-30 years old, and also think it affirmative to follow their parent's agreement in marriage. It is considerable that they put off their marriage only because they have lots of work to do before marriage. 6)Marriage declaration is to be made on the wedding day. It still exists that they don't want to marry when they are inth same surname and family tree. But it is clear that they don't regard it as the reason of breaking off the betrothal. 3. Family Planning 1) They are willing to agree to the campaign "just two is enough". They want a son and a daughter. Even though they have two daughters, they won's bear child to get son. 2) the lower educated persons are ignorant of the method of birth control. 4. Inheritance 1)Most of them say householder inheritance is to be kept up continuously. It is reasonable that anyone who can afford to perform religious service should bear it responsibility. 2)They don't want the difference in inheritance as the conscious to the conscious of the equality of the sexes spread widely into our society, but it is worthy of notice that some of them still don't mind unequal treatment. 3) When they have no child, the property inheritances are in order his wife and his parents. According to above mentions, we conclude like this: Their consciousness of marital harmony, marriage, family planning and inheritance shows definitely passive rationism in the transitional stage which is mixed with western individualism and traditional feudalism. On account of being lack of steady fast self-conscience, they can not make their positive reaction on anything. Finally, we should make every possible efforts to have our firm self-conscience through the re-education.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.79-97
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• 2009

Thanks to current development of many search engines and web technologies, a new semantic searching technology appears, featuring giving a relevant meaning to the keyword beyond the previous keyword search service. On the wave of advance of various search engines, the enhancement of OASIS offered by KIOM is needed as well. To do this, KIOM examined demographic and sociological analysis on their position, status, and career, the convenience of OASIS, and the value of papers offered in OASIS from members who have ever used it. Furthermore, the importance of each area involved in oriental medicine is also examined in terms of a new direction for OASIS improvement. Based on the result of the user survey, it turned out that not only an automatic search system that can find meaning of chinese character-centered key words but also a Authority-system which can distinguish homonym beyond simple keyword search system should be introduced quickly. Also, we reached the conclusion that it is necessary to interconnect a citation index information on references with laboratory information of the agencies concerned and interconnect major web sites around the world by using Open API. OASIS is the only domestic web site for offering papers that cover oriental medicine. Therefore, if requirements about the site in oriental medical circles are analyzed sufficiently and the problems of its information search system are improved, OASIS is expected to play a critical role in the development of oriental medicine.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.144
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• pp.371-398
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• 2017

The emotions that Aristotle treats in Rhetoric II 2-11 are broadly divided into two groups: the one is the so-called basic emotions, the other the emotions that are opposed to them. The reason that he draws attention to the opposite emotions is that, for example, angry judges must be placed in an opposite state. The question is whether the calmness treated in Rhetoric II 3 is an emotion. Because it is treated in the Ethics as a virtue and thus as a trait of character. How is calmness distinguished as an emotion from that as a virtue? And in what way is it opposed to anger? In short, what is the calmness, inasmuch as it is an emotion? This is the question which is the task of this work. The thesis asserted in this paper is that calmness is the disposition to do a service for another that results from praise or some other act that enhances a belief in one's worth. To substantiate the thesis, the following questions are discussed. The first question is whether the calmness could also contain proportions of pleasure and pain. The question also arises whether it could be also treated properly according to the standard 'target person-intentional object-mental state'. Finally, there is a comparison between the concept of calmness in the Ethics and Rhetoric, so that the latter concept places itself in the foreground.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.33-40
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• 2021

Automatic Speech Recognition(ASR) is a technology that analyzes human speech sound into speech signals and then automatically converts them into character strings that can be understandable by human. Speech recognition technology has evolved from the basic level of recognizing a single word to the advanced level of recognizing sentences consisting of multiple words. In real-time voice conversation, the high recognition rate improves the convenience of natural information delivery and expands the scope of voice-based applications. On the other hand, with the active application of speech recognition technology, concerns about related cyber attacks and threats are also increasing. According to the existing studies, researches on the technology development itself, such as the design of the Automatic Speaker Verification(ASV) technique and improvement of accuracy, are being actively conducted. However, there are not many analysis studies of attacks and threats in depth and variety. In this study, we propose a cyber attack model that bypasses voice authentication by simply manipulating voice frequency and voice speed for AI voice recognition service equipped with automated identification technology and analyze cyber threats by conducting extensive experiments on the automated identification system of commercial smartphones. Through this, we intend to inform the seriousness of the related cyber threats and raise interests in research on effective countermeasures.