• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2008

Background: Cerebral blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of superior cervical sympathetic ganglion block in rats subjected to permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats (270-320 g) were randomly assigned to one of three groups (control, lidocaine and ropivacaine). A brain injury was induced in all rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion with a nylon thread. The animals of the local anesthetic group received $30{\mu}l$ of 2% lidocaine or 0.75% ropivacaine in the SCG. Neurologic scores were assessed 24 hours after brain injury. Brain samples were then collected. The infarct and edema ratios were measured by 2.3.5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Results: There were no differences in the death rates, neurologic scores, or infarction and edema ratios between the three groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest that superior cervical sympathetic ganglion block may not influence the brain damage induced by permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1999

An immunohisochemical study on the cerebral ganglion of the African giant snail, Achatina fulica. was conducted by applying the AB/AY staining and the avidin-bovine-peroxidase complex staining methods. The followings are the results obtained throughout the study. The cerebral ganglion of Achatina fulica is an ellipsoidal body of 2 x 1 mm in size, which is connected by the cerebral commissure of 1 mm in diameter. The cross-section through the cerebral ganglion, shaped like a butterfly, is divided into the medio-dorsal parts, the latero-dorsal parts, the caudo-dorsal parts, and the lateral lobes. In the medio-dorsal and latero-dorsal parts, the LG cells and the DG cells are found mixed, although the LG cells are dominant. In lateral lobe, however, the Y cells are quite dominant, while the LG cells and the DG cells are seldom found. The LG cells are 20-70 $\mu\textrm{m}$ in sizes and circular or ellipsoidal in shapes. They are stained light green with the AB/AY. 1 - 3 nucleoli are found in karyolymph, where granular chromantins are evenly distributed. In cytoplasm, it is found that the secretory granules are evenly developed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 1996

Stellate ganglion block(SGB) improves cutaneous blood flow of the head and neck region and upper extremity. For this reason, SGB has been performed in neural and circulatory disorders. But there is controversy on the cerebral blood flow regulation by sympathetic innervation. We investigated the hypothesis that cerebral blood flow could be affected by blocking ipsilateral sympathetic innervation of cerebral blood flow could be affected by blocking ipsilateral sympathetic innervation of cerebral vasculature. In 10 volunteers, the blood flow velocity and pulsatility index(PI) of middle cerebral artery(MCA) was measured using Transcranial Doppler Flowmeter, before and 15 minutes after SGB, at block side and opposite side. The blood flow velocity of MCA at block side was increased from $62.60{\pm}7.60$ cm/s to $72.80{\pm}8.01$ cm/s(P<0.01) and the PI at block side decreased from $0.75{\pm}0.12$ to $0.60{\pm}0.11$(P<0.05). But the blood flow velocity and PI at opposite side did not change. This study demonstrated that the cerebral blood flow could be increased by SGB, the preganglionic nerve fibers of which synapse with other cervical sympathetic ganglions.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2020

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved cellular proteins that contribute to adaptive responses of organisms to a variety of stressors. In response to stressors, cellular levels of HSPs are increased and play critical roles in protein stability, folding and molecular trafficking. The mRNA expression pattern of two well-known heat shock protein transcripts, HSP70 and HSP90 were studied in two tissues of nerve ganglia, cerebral ganglion and pleuropedal ganglion of Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). It was observed that both HSP70 and HSP90 transcripts were upregulated under heat stress in both ganglion tissues. Expression level of HSP70 was found higher than HSP90 in both ganglia whereas cerebral ganglion showed higher expression than pleuropedal ganglion. The HSP70 and HSP90 showed higher expression at Day-1 after exposed to heat stress, later decreased at Day-3 and Day-7 onwards. The present result suggested that HSP70 and HSP90 synthesize in nerve ganglion tissues and may provide efficient protection from stress.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.142-146
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• 2010

Background: Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is known to increase blood flow to the innervations area of the stellate ganglion. Near infrared spectroscopy reflects an increased blood volume and allows continuous, non-invasive, and bedside monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation ($rSO_2$). We investigated the influence of SGB on bilateral cerebral oxygenation using a near infrared spectroscopy. Methods: SGB was performed on 30 patients with 1% lidocaine 10 ml using a paratracheal technique at the C6 level and confirmed by the presence of Horner's syndrome. The blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and rSO2 were measured before SGB and 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after SGB. Tympanic temperature of each ear was measured prior to SGB and 20 minutes after SGB. Results: The increments of the $rSO_2$ on the block side from the baseline were statistically significant at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. The $rSO_2$ on the non-block side compared with the baseline, however, decreased at 15 and 20 minutes. The difference between the block and the non-block sides was significant at 15 and 20 minutes. The BP at 10, 15 and 20 minutes was increased and the HR was increased at 10 and 15 minutes. Conclusions: We observed an increment of the $rSO_2$ on the block side from the baseline; however, the $rSO_2$ on the non-block side decreased.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.303-313
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• 1999

In this paper, five kinds of neurosecretory cells-light green (LG) cell, dark green (DG) cell, caudo-dorsal (CD) cell, blue green (BG) cell, and yellow (Y) cell- and neuropils in the cerebral ganglion of the African giant snail, Achatina fulica, were observed with an electron microscope. The following results were obtained. The LG cells are circular or ovoid in shape, and about $60{\mu}m$ in size. The nucleus and cytoplasm of the LG cell look light due to their electron-low density. Large granular chromatins are evenly developed in the karyolymph, where round nucleoli are also found. In the cytoplasm, electron -high dense round granules of $0.4{\mu}m$ in average size are crowded. The DG cells are ovoid in shape, and $50\sim20{\mu}m$ in size. These relatively electron-high dense cells were rarely found. In their cytoplasm, cell organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are found together with electron -high dense round granules of $0.2{\mu}m$ in average size. The CD cells are ellipsoidal cells densely distributed in caudo-dorsal parts of the cerebral ganglion. They have large nuclei compared with the cytoplasm. The developed granular heterochromatins are observed in the karyolymph, and lots of small round granules of $0.12{\mu}m$ in average size in the cytoplasm. The 3G cells, rarely found around endoneurium of the cerebral ganglion, take the shapes of long ellipses. They look dark due to their electron -high density. In the cytoplasm, small round granules of $0.1{\mu}m$ in average size are found. The Y cells are the smallest among the neurosecretory cells($9\times6.6{\mu}m$ in size). They are found mostly between the medio-dorsal parts and the caudo-dorsal parts of the cerebral ganglion. In the cytoplasm, tiny round granules of $0.08{\mu}m$ in average size form a group. The neuropils are found in the middle of the cerebral ganglion. In the axon ending, round granules with electron -high density ($0.07\sim0.03{\mu}m$ in diameter) and lucent vesicles ($0.03{\mu}m$ in diameter) are found in large quantities. They are excreted in the state of exocytosome formed by the invagination of the limiting membrane of the axon ending.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 1989

Bell's palsy is not a serious disease and recovery is spontaneous in more half of the patients, but this recovery is long delayed in many instances and the cosmetic effect of an altered facial appearance is psychologically distressing. The etiology is unknown, but Kettle's ischemic hypothesis has been widely accepted. The aim of treatment is to reduce edema and improve circulation to the facial nerve. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) resulted in abolishing cerebral vascular spasm and in increasing cerebral blood flow. Thus, stellate ganglion block is effective in treatment of Bell's palsy. From 1978 to Oct. 1988, we have treated 222 patients (20 patients were recurred cases) with facial palsy by SGB and analysed the effect of SGB. We noticed that SGB was very effective in early repetitive treatment (90% recovery). This study is reported and the literature is reviewed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2008

Background: Cerebral blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglia (SCG), and these nerves may influence the cerebral blood flow. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of superior cervical sympathetic ganglion block in rats that were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods: Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats (270-320 g) were randomly assigned to one of two groups (the ropivacaine group and a control group). In all the animals, brain injury was induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) reperfusion that followed MCA occlusion for 2 hours. The animals of the ropivacaine group received $30{\mu}l$ of 0.75% ropivacaine, and their SCG. Neurologic score was assessed at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after brain injury. Brain tissue samples were then collected. The infarct ratio was measured by 2.3.5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeled (TUNEL) reactive cells and the cells showing caspase-3 activity were counted as markers of apoptosis at the caudoputamen and frontoparietal cortex. Results: The death rate, the neurologic score and the infarction ratio were significantly less in the ropivacaine group 24 hr after ischemia/reperfusion injury. The number of TUNEL positive cells in the ropivacaine group was significantly lower than those values of the control group in the frontoparietal cortex at 3 days after injury, but the caspase-3 activity was higher in the ropivacaine group than that in the control group at 1 day after injury. Conclusions: The study data indicated that a superior cervical sympathetic ganglion block may reduce the neuronal injury caused by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, but it may not prevent the delayed damage.

• Proceedings of the Malacological Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.7-8
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• 1999

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.514-521
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• 2007

The sympathetic nerve block improves the blood flow in the innervated regions. For this region, the sympathetic nerve block has been performed in the neural and cerebral disorders. However, the cerebral blood flow regulation of the cranial cervical ganglion block in dogs have not been well defined and the correlation to the changes in the cerebral circulation and the changes in the electroencephalogram is not well defined in dogs yet. Therefore, we investigated the hypothesis that changes in the EEG could be affected by the changes in cerebral blood flow following the cranial cervical ganglion block in dogs. Twenty five beagle dogs were divided into 3 groups; group I(LCCGB, n=10) underwent left sided cranial cervical ganglion block using the 1% lidocaine, group II(L, n=10) injected the 1% lidocaine into the right or left sided digastricus muscle, group III(N/SCCGB, n=5, served as control) underwent the left sided cranial cervical ganglion block using saline. A statistical difference was not found between the control group and the LCCGB group in the 95% spectral edge frequency(SEF) and the median frequency(MF). In the relative band power, the $\delta$ frequency was decreased during 5-25 min, while the $\alpha$ frequency was increased during the same time(p<0.05). But the $\theta$ frequency and the $\beta$ frequency were not shown the significant changes compared with the control group during the same time(p<0.05). These results suggest that the left cranial cervical ganglion block does not induce the change of the cerebral blood flow and its effect is insignificant.