• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 1995

The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalent characteristics of Fowl Typhoid and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella gallinarum isolated from 56 infective or dead chickens of 20 egg laying farms in Kyung Buk province during the period from August to December 1994. 1. Among 416, 000 chickens of 92 flocks in 20 egg laying farms, 17, 360 chickens of 31 flocks were died of Fowl Typhoid. 2. Salmonella gallinarum was isolated from 56 chickens in liver and spleen, and then blood of infective chickens was positive to Pullorum antigen. 3, In the survey of gross lesion of 56 chickens, 43 chickens(76.8%) were swelled at liver, 39(69.6%) were swelled at spleen, 12(21.4%) were changed with bronze, 3(5.4% ) were hemorrhagic in peritoneal cavity. 4. In transmission pattern, 4 farms were outbreaked the entrance of chicken house at first, but the others were outbreaked at various place. They were transmitted at right and left directions in flock. 5. 2 farms confirmed at the early stage of infection were eradicated by removing infective chickens and administrating antibiotics, but 18 farms at chronic stage were not. 6. The biochemical properties of 112 Salmonella gallinarum from chickens were generally identical to those of the referance, but H$_2$S was not productive, cellobiose was fermentive. 7 Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of 20 isolates was performed by using 21 antibiotics, MICs of Amikacin(Ak), Gentamicin(Gm), Kanamycin(Km), and Tetracycline (Tc) were below 1.6 ug/ml, Ampicillin(Am), Furazolidone(Fu) and Neomycin(Nm) were below 3.1 ug/ml, Cephalothin(Ce), Cefazoline(Cf) and Chloramphenicol(Cm) were below 6.3 ug/ml, Nalidixic acid(Na), Polymyxin(Po) and Rifampicin(Rf) were below 12.5 ug/ml, Penicillin (Pm) was below 25 ug/ml, Colistin(Co) and Streptomycin(Sm) were below 50 ug/ml, Sulfamerazine(Sr) and Sulfamethazine (St) were below 200 ug/ml, Lincomycin(Lm) and Spiramycin(Sp) were below 400 ug/ml, Bacitracin(Ba) was below 800 ug/ml. 8. Among the 20 isolates, all(100%) of those were sensitive to Ak, Am, Ce, Cf, Cm, Fu, Gm, Km, Na, Nm, Po, Rf, Sr, St and Tc, but 6 isolates(30%) were resistent to Co, 20(100% ) to Ba, Lm, Pm, Sm, and Sp. The drug resistance patterns were simple which 6 strains were BaCoLmPmSmSp type, and 14 were BaLmPmSmSp type.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.133-151
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• 1995

During 2 years from Octorber 1992 to April 1994, prevalence of general respiratory diseases and atrophic rhinitis in the pig herds located in the Western Chungnam was investigated, and isolation of B. bronchiseptica was attempted for the pigs manifested with the clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis(AR). The isolates were characterized and identified in aspects of biochemical properties, antigenicity, drug sensitivity and pathogenicity. The results obtained through the experiments are summarized as follows; 1. During 2 years of investigation, the overall prevalence of the general respiratory diseases in the pi8 herds in Western Chungnam was 35.3%, consisting of 35.1% in the pig farms and 38.8% in a slaughter house. The prevalence by age groups accounts for 9.2% in adults, 44.7% in rearings and 25.3% in sucklings. By farm size, The highest prevalence of 56.5% was observed in the smallest farm with 1 to 200 heads. 2. The prevalence of clinical cases of artrophic rhinitis was recorded by 12.7% in the group that is the sows and piglets vaccinated, 28.9% in the group that is the sows only vaccinated and 39.8% in the group of the non-vaccinated groups. In the slaughter house, 53(24.8%) of 214 pigs examined exhibit the AR lesions. 3. A total of 189 strains of B. bronchiseptica were isolated from the pig herds. Isolation rates were 12.6% in the group that is the sows and piglets vaccinated, 34.1% in the group that is the sows only vaccinated and 45.7% in the group of the non-vaccinated groups. Isolation rate in the specimen from the slaughter house was 93( 43.5% ) of 214 pigs examined. Of the AR-non-vaccinated group, the piglets aged bet- ween 61 to 90 days revealed the highest isolation rate of 58.5%. 4. The titers of antibody against B. bronchiseptica were measured by tube agglutination test. The group that is the sow and piglet-vaccinated showed the highest titer of 640-2, 560 in sow and 640longrightarrow5, 120 in piglet. The group that is the sows only-vaccinated revealed 640-2, 560 in sows and 640-1, 280 in piglets. Both of the vaccinated groups showed 100% positive reaction. The group of the non-vaccinated sho-wed relatively lower titer of 0-1, 280 in both of sows and piglets. The positive rate of the sera obtained from the slaughter house was 53.3% with the antibody titer of 0-1, 280. 5. Biochemical and serological properities of 189 isolates were very similar to those of the reference B. bronchiseptical phase I type, indicating that most of isolates are B. bronchiseptica phase I type. 6. In antimicrobial drug susceptibility, 87.3% of 189 isolates was susceptible to chloramphenicol, 79.9%, to amikacin, 64.6%, to cephalothin and less than 35.4% to others. 7. In agar-gel immunodiffusion and SDS-PAGE analysis, the isolates presented the identical antigenicity and protein profiles to the reference standard strains. 8. The whole cells and bacterial filtrates of the isolates were inoculated to guinea pigs and mice. The isolates showed the hish pathogenicity and dermonecrotoxiciy.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.493-501
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• 1989

A total of 108 strains of C jejuni isolated from pigs and chickens were examined for the susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents and normal sera of cattle, sheep, guinea pigs and chickens. Minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) ranges of antimicrobial agents to C jejuni isolates were $${\leq_-}1.56$$ to $${\geq_-}100{\mu}g/ml$$ for erythromycin, rifampin, streptomycin and tetracycline, 50 to $${\geq_-}100{\mu}g$$ for cephalothin, $${\leq_-}1.56$$ to $50{\mu}g$ for ampicillin, $${\leq_-}1.56$$ to $25{\mu}g$ for kanamycin and nalidixic acid, $${\leq_-}1.56$$ to $12.5{\mu}g$ for chloramphenicol and gentamicin. Resistance rates of C jejuni were showed to in order of rifampin(84.7%), tetracycline(56.2 %), erythromycin(17.1%) and ampicillin(3.8%), all of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin and kanamycin, and the incidence rates of resistant C jejuni were highly frequent in pig isolates than chicken isolates. The drug resistance patterns of 87 chicken isolates C jejuni to 9 antimicrobial drugs were showed 12 patterns, and Sm Ra Tc(24.1%), Sm Ra(21.8%) and Ra Tc(14.9%) were relatively common, and also 21 pig isolates were showed 6 patterns and Em Sm Ra Tc(57.1%) were most frequent. The majority of the isolates showed multiple drug resistance. Bactericidal activity of 10% normal sera from healthy animals were examined for 60min at $37^{\circ}C$. C jejuni were decreased from 0.4 to 1.0 ${\log}_{10}$(p<0.01), and serum susceptibility were high in order of guinea pig, sheep, chicken and cattle sera. Serum sensitivity of C jejuni Ch-39 strain in increased serum concentation up to 10, 20, 40 and 80% were highly significant. In the normal animal serum, the number of Ch-39 strain were decreased from $1.8{\times}10^4/ml$ to $2.7{\times}10^3/ml$ after 60 min incubation(p<0.01), but the numbers were decreased to $6.6{\times}10^3/ml$ in the heat inactivated normal serum for 30 min at $56^{\circ}C$. Bactericidal activity was restored in the heat inactivated normal serum after the serum of complement source was added.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to investigate isolation and antimicrobial resistance ratio of E. coli, E. faecium and E. faecalis from feces(l50 samples) and carcasses (150 samples) on slaughtered pigs from 6 slaughterhouse of 13 cities in the Gyeongnam during the period from January 2009 to December 2009. Isolation ratio of E. coli from feces and carcasses were 98 (65.3%) and 110(73.3%), respectively, and simultaneously, E. faecalis and E. faecium from feces and carcasses were isolated 21 (14%), 52(34.7%) and 18(12%), 14 (9.3%), respectively. All E. coli isolated from feces and carcasses except cefepime (0%) and ceftiofur (0%) were exhibited 2.4~83.6% of resistance to teteracycline (83.6%), ampicillin (68.2%), streptomycin (60%), chloram-phenicol (53.8%) and cephalothin (2.4%). All E. faecalis isolated from feces and carcasses except penicillin(0%) and vancomycin (0%) were exhibited 2.7~80.8% of resistance to teteracycline (80.8%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (78%), erythromycin (56.1%), streptomycin (43.8%) and bacitracin (2.7%). All E. faecium isolated from feces and carcasses except gentamicin (0%), vancomycin (0%), florfenicol (0%), linezloid (0%) and bacitracin (0%) were exhibited 3.1~53.1% of resistance to rifampin (53.1%), erythromycin and tetracycline (25%), penicillin (15.6%), ciprofloxacin (9.3%), and streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and quinupristin/dalfopristin (3.1%). According to the heard size, resistance ratio of E. coli strains isolated from feces and carcasses in slaughtered pigs-breeding farms over 1,500 heard to tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol showed higher resistance ratio (1.0~16.8%) than those of farms-breeding under 1,500 heard. From the our results, we suggest that a few of antimicrobials were used in the Gyeongnam than the other cities.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1978

Listeria monocytogenes infection was considered a rather rare disease and occurs mostly either in newborn babies or in young children. However, there has been increasing reports of this infection in elderly person with various underlying disease. Recently we have experienced two cases of Listeria meningitis; one in a 4-year-old male with an acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and the other in a 43-year-old female with a breast cancer. Both were on various chemotherapeutic agents for their primary diseases when the organism, L. monocytogenes was found in their celebospinal fluid(CSF). The degree of CSF pleocytosis were quite different by cases. The former case showed a marked increase, $3,350/mm^3$, and the latter slight, $410/mm^3$, Both showed a slight decrease of CSF glucose ranging 39 to 43mg/100ml. It seems that a routine CSF analysis bears a limitted value in the diagnosis or Listeria meningitis. A direct smear of CSF with Gram's stain revealed gram-positive bacilli in one case, but none in the other. Bacterial culture of CSF yielded plenty colonies in one case, but a few in the other. It seems that isolation of L. monocytogenes must not be considered very easy, and a negative direct smear does not necessarily mean a negative culture. The two isolates we obtained showed the typical cultural and biochemical characteristics of L. monocytogenes and were found to belong to serotypes 1b and 4b. It was our experience that the identification of this organism was not very much matter because of its distinct characteristics, but the most important matter was how to think of the possibility of this organism at the begining. The two isolates were both susceptible to cephalothin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline and gentamicin; intermediate to ampicillin, penicillin and kanamycin; and resistant to cloxacillin.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2006

Recently, the rapid increase in extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase (ESBL) producing clinical isolates has become a serious problem. In this study, the epidemiologic features and molecular characteristics of ESBL among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, antibiotic susceptibility testing, genotype of the ESBL and patterns of chromosomal DNA from PFGE (pulsed field gel electrophoresis) were observed. A total of 53 ESBL-producing clinical isolates (30 of E. coli and 23 of Klebsiella pneumoniae) were collected from two university hospitals in the period of June to July in 2002 and 2003 respectively. The antibiotic resistance frequency of those 53 strains was tested by the disk agar diffusion method with the result that all the strains were resistant to cephalothin. To other antibiotics, the resistance rates of E. coli (30 isolates) were in order of ceftazidime (90.0%), cefotaxime and aztreonam (respectively 83.3%). Also, the resistance rates of K. pneumoniae (23 isolates) were in order of aztreonam (78.3%), ceftazidime (73.9%) and cefotaxime (65.3%). Also the sensitivity of ceftazidime-clavulanic acid were 100% in E. coli and 95.7% in K. pneumoniae. And the sensitivity of cefotaxime-clavulanic acid was 96.7% in E. coli and 91.3% in K. pneumoniae. The types of the ESBL genes were determined by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among the 30 isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli, 6 (20.0%) have SHV only, 5 (16.7%) have TEM only and, 18 (60.0%) have both of TEM and SHV. Among the 23 isolates of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, 7 (30.4%) have SHV only, 2 (8.7%) have TEM only, and 14 (60.9%) have both of TEM and SHV. These results show that 52 strains, with only one exception, were confirmed as either TEM or SHV. The patterns of Xba I-digested chromosomal DNA of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were analyzed by PFGE. PFGE patterns of E. coli and K. pneumoniae were multiclonal, but many strains were grouped into a few types. Therefore, it seems that there were clonal outbreaks or possible horizontal spread. In conclusion, the TEM and SHV ${\beta}$-lactamase are most widely spread in E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Korea. As these types are usually carried by plasmids, the spread of these ${\beta}$-lactamase genes could compromise the future usefulness of third generation cephalosporins for the treatment of infections caused by E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2011

The growth rate of piglets will be decreased and the mortality of piglets will be increased in the postpartum sow with mastitis. The aim of this study was to isolate microorganisms from milk samples found in postpartum sows with suckling piglets and to further investigate antimicrobial susceptibility against isolated bacteria. Milk samples were collected from 567 udders of 42 lactating sows and the isolated bacteria was then identified. Isolated bacteria were tested with 12 antimicrobial agents. Bacteria were isolated from 260 milk samples (64.5%). Staphylococcus spp. were the most common microorganisms (74.5%) isolated from sow milk, followed by Streptococcus hyicus (53.9%), Staphylococcus epidermis (11.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.8%), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (53.9%). In the Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae (5.1%) was isolated as was Streptococcus sanguinis (3.8%) and Streptococcus ovis (2.9%). Results indicated that bacteria isolated from healthy sow milk were mostly susceptible to cephalothin (88.0%), amikacin (85.3%) and cefoxitin (82.4%), but were resistant to streptomycin (10.0%), kanamycin (33.1%) and tetracycline (19.6%).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.649-654
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• 2010

A total of 68 samples were collected including vaginal mucosa (n=66) from Jangsu stud farm, an equine aborted fetus (n=1), and uterine contents (n=1) from Jeju island. Seventeen Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) strains isolated from horses in Korea were identified as S. zooepidemicus by biochemical tests and sodA.seeI specific multiplex PCR. All isolated strains were divided into 4 clusters: group 1 (No. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15), group 2 (No. 4, 9), group 3 (No. 10, 16, 17), and group 4 (No. 1, 8) by RAPD typing. In group 3, No. 10 isolate that was isolated from vaginal mucosa was indistinguishable from No. 16 and 17 isolates, which were isolated from the equine uterine contents and the equine aborted fetus, respectively. The results of this study suggest that a limited epidemiological relationship exists between the strains from Jangsu (No. 10) and Jeju (No. 16 and No. 17). All isolates showed a high susceptibility to ampicillin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, cephalothin, florofenicol, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, oxacillin, penicillin, tiamulin, tylosin and vancomycin in antimicrobial susceptibility tests. These results may provide the basic information needed to establish strategies for the treatment and prevention of reproductive diseases in mares in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.216-220
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• 2000

Eighty-eight strain3 o~methicillin resistant Stopllylococcus awecis were Isolated from pus (64.7%); spuhm (26.2%), blood, fluid, andurine of 83 patients at Dong-A Hospital in P~~san to invesligate theil-coagulase typ- Ing, and multi-drug resistaut ppattems. The presence of niec A gene confe~~ing melhicillin resistance was tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with uwo mec A gene specific primers using purified clromosonlal DNA as templates. DNA fragments of expected size wel-e detected frorn 86 strains, but not from two strains. !i coagulase typmg, the 86 isolates were assigned to 5 coagulase lypes, I, 11, lll. 1V, VI, VII, VIlI, but there was no isolate helong lo type V. The most abundant coagulase type was type TI(50 %), lollowed by type IV Rest ofthe coagulase types were ininor; ranging fmm 4.5 to 12.5 '% Most of the type I1 ~netlucillin resistant Stapl\ulcorneryiococcus nwem (MRSA) strams were isolated from the generd sulzely ward, but major strains of type IV were Isolated from the otorhinolq~ngology of the hospital's outpatient clinic center. All of the 88 st~nins were sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin, but 71 (81%) strains showed multi-drug resitant to penicillin, cephalotl~n, eiythroinycin, gentan~ycin, imipenem, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin and ooxacillin. Yo relationship was found between the antibiotic resistance pattems aud the coagulase typing patterns.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.283-294
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• 1987

One hundred and fifty-seven strains of staphylococci isolated from various clinical specimens and 80 of Gram-negative bacilli from urine of patients with urological diseases were tested for resistance to antimicrobial drugs by microdilution broth method. Among staphylococci, 50 to 89% of the strains were resistant to gentamicin(Gm), kanamycin(Km), erythromycin(Em), nalidixic acid(Na), and tetracycline. Ninety per cent MIC was lowest in ciprofloxacin(Cp), followed by vancomycin(Vc), trimethoprim(Tp), enoxacin(Ex), and norfloxacin(Nf) with the values of two ${\mu}g/ml$ or lower. Twenty-seven strains were resistant to methicillin(MR), with 24 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 3 of S. epidermidis. All strains of MR S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin, rifampin(Rf), Gm, Km, Em, Na, and Tc, and no strain was resistant to Vc and Tp. Almost all staphylococci isolated from urine were S. epidermidis and sensitive to most drugs tested without MR strain. Among Gram-negative bacilli from urine, Escherichia coli(43 strains) was most frequently isolated, and followed by Klebsiella spp.(11), Proteus spp.(10), Serratia spp.(10), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(6) in the decreasing order. The majority of E. coli and Serratia spp. were resistant to chloramphenicol(Cm), Tc, streptomycin, sulfisomidine(Su), ampicillin(Ap), Km, and carbenicillin(Cb), and 50 and 90% MICs of these drugs were also high. In Klebsiella spp., 54% or more were resistant to Cm, Su, Ap, cephalothin, and Cb. Proteus spp. were susceptible to most drugs tested, but Pseudomonas were resistant to nearly all drugs tested except Rf, amikacin, and moxalactam(Mx). All Gram-negative bacilli tested were found to be susceptible to Mx. New quinolone carboxylic acid compounds, such as Nf, Ex, and Cp showed very high antimicrobial activities against the majority of organisms tested except Pseudomonas, and 50 and 90% MICs of Nf and Ex were always equal or 2 to 4 times higher than Cp. Organisms multiply resistant to drugs were noted in almost all isolates tested. Twenty-seven strains of staphylococci were multiply resistant to 11 or more drugs, and 6 of Klebsiella spp. to 8 to 11 drugs. The most frequent multiplicity of durg resistance were 7 and 8, 12, and 13 in E. coli, Serratia spp., and Pseudomonas, respectively. No strain was resistant to more than 5 drugs in Proteus spp..