• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.249-257
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• 2020

This paper focused on the level of managerial centralization on chief executive officer (CEO) as a factor to affect the shared growth activities of corporate. As service corporations are becoming active in shared growth activities recently, this paper thus used CEO. Pay Slice (CPS) information to measure the level of managerial centralization on CEO of service corporation and tested the influence of the level of managerial centralization on whether shared growth activities are executed and the level of such activities respectively. The result of test shows that companies with high managerial centralization on CEO are more passive toward shared growth activities than those without such centralization. This can be interpreted that a CEO with more powerful influence may consider shared growth activities as to be negative and take a passive attitude to them. On the other hand, such result was supported by additional analysis with companies committing shared growth activities as well. This paper is expected to contribute to bring about interest on shared growth activities as the gap between major companies and small and medium sized companies is currently expanding in terms of operating profit ratio and even salary of employees.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.3611-3634
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• 2015

In this paper, we build a theoretical framework for quantitatively measuring and graphically representing the degrees of closeness centralization among performers assigned to enact a workflow procedure. The degree of closeness centralization of a workflow-performer reflects how near the performer is to the other performers in enacting a corresponding workflow model designed for workflow-supported organizational operations. The proposed framework comprises three procedural phases and four functional transformations, such as discovery, analysis, and quantitation phases, which carry out ICN-to-WsoN, WsoN-to-SocioMatrix, SocioMatrix-to-DistanceMatrix, and DistanceMatrix-to-CCV transformations. We develop a series of algorithmic formalisms for the procedural phases and their transformative functionalities, and verify the proposed framework through an operational example. Finally, we expatiate on the functional expansion of the closeness centralization formulas so as for the theoretical framework to handle a group of workflow procedures (or a workflow package) with organization-wide workflow-performers.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2004

The shipping industry can be explained by a growing process of concentration and centralization of tonnage. A few largest shipping company control a great deal of shipping tonnage in the total tonnage through the process of concentration and centralization of tonnage in shipping over time. It confirms that a decreasing number of operators take an increasing quantity of tonnage in the total tonnage. Thus, the extremely dualistic structure (extremely unequal distribution of tonnage) are shown not only in the shipping industry in a given country but also in liner shipping in the world In this paper, the two countries, that is, Korea and Egypt, are compared considering the absolute size of tonnage and shipping policy in tenn., of concentration and centralization of tonnage in shipping. In order to measure the degree of concentration of tonnage in shipping, the quantitative measurements; the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient are introduced. But it should be supplemented with the qualitative measures of tonnage in a given country.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.69-88
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the centralization of information technology activities and the organizational structures, especially the centralization of decision making and the complexity have any effects on the information systems performance. The strategic types, the formalization dimension of organizational structures, and the industrial characteristics, which might have impacts on the dependent variables were controlled. Information systems performance was measured by both user satisfaction and organizational performance. To achieve the research objective, a field study using the structured questionnaires was employed. Thirty large companies participated in this study. Multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the data collected. Findings of this study are summarized as follows: The centralization of IT activities, the centralization of decision making, the complexity of organizational structure and the interaction effects among these independent variables all turned out to have statistically significant effects on the user satisfaction, while not on the organizational performance. The implication of these findings is that the IT structure must be determined in congruence with the organizational structures and vice versa. One weakness of this study is that the strategic type was not an independent variable but a controlled variable. Further study of using the strategic type as an independent variable with more sample corporations is to be encouraged.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.117-131
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• 2017

We question whether Korean IT managers consider real options to reduce risks of cloud service implementation. This work investigates the impact of technology risk, relationship risk, economy risk, security risk upon the intention of IT managers to utilize abandon & expansion options. We also analyze moderation effect of centralization level of decision making between these risks and the utilization of real options. Using the survey questionnaire, we empirically find that technology risk, relationship risk and security risk have significant effect upon abandon option and technology risk, relationship risk, and economy upon expansion option. We also find the evidence that centralization level moderates some risks and the direction of moderation effect is to offset the effect of risks on intention to utilize real options.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 1998

The main purpose of this study was to provide a basic information for the efficient foodservice management in elementary schools. A survey was conducted to get the information on the cost management and centralization needs of dietitians working for school foodservice in Kyungki-do. Detail information was collected from 85 dietitians. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS/PC/sup/＋ package for descriptive analysis, t-test, $\chi$$^2$test and ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Meal costs per one person evaluated on the standards of monthly budget basis in May and June, 1996 did not show any significant differance between commisary foodservice schools and conventional ones. Labor costs of island type and rural type were significantly higher than those of urban type. The schools with less than 1,000 feeding numbers spent more labor costs than those with over 1,001-feeding numbers did. 2. In island type and rural type, total meal costs increased according as the scale of the schools decreased. 3. Results of the survey on dietitians' centralization noeds showed that the aspects of common-purchasing and common solid waste management marked the highest ratings, whereas the aspects of commissary foodserice system got the lowest rating.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.52-96
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• 1998

To find causal factors and improvement plans of organizational commitment of public servants in urban health centers, a hypothetical causal model, which included 2 endogenous variables(organizational commitment & organizational satisfaction) and 15 exogenous variables, was constructed. Exogenous variables consisted of individual factors (sex, age, education, job-grade, and annual salary), psychological variables(pride for organization, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation and support of supervisor) ad structural variables(formalization, centralization, communication, job-conflict, job-decision, and workload). In the hypothetical causal model, organizational commitment was supposed to be effect variable, and organizational satisfaction was presumed to be intervening variable to mediate between organizational commitment and exogenous variables. For data collection, cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted to 1,295 public servants from 32 urban health centers nationwide. The survey responses were from 934, 72.1% of subjects. But 756 responses(58.4%) were analyzed because of excluding ones with missing values. The hypothetical causal model was fitted by covariance structural analysis with maximum likelihood method. Main results were as follows: (1) The fitted causal model accounted for 33 and 55 percent of total variance of organizational commitment and organizational satisfaction of public servants, respectively. (2) In order of effect size, pride for organization, supervisor support, communication, extrinsic motivation and centralization had an indirect effect effect on organizational commitment through organizational satisfaction. However, the effect of centralization was negative. (3) Pride for organiztion, intrinsic motivation, organizational satisfaction, job-conflict, supervisor support, communication, age, centralization, annual salar and extrinsic motivation had indirect or direct effects on organizational commitment in order of effect size. Among them, effects of job-conflict and centraldization were negative. In conclusion, these results suggested that organizational commitment of public servants in urban health centers could be enhanced by pride for organization, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, prevention of job-conflict and excess centralization, supervisor support and active communication. Especially, pride for organization and intrinsic motivation were expected to play the most important role.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2022

Background: The correlation between hospital volume and postoperative outcomes has led to the centralization of complex procedures in several countries. However, the results reported in relation to gastric cancer (GC) are contradictory. This study aimed to analyze GC surgical volumes and 30-day postoperative mortality in Italy and to provide a simulation for modeling centralization of GC resections based on district case volumes. Methods: A national registry was used to identify all GC resections, record mortality rates, and track the national in-border GC resection health travel. Hospitals were grouped according to caseload. Centralization of all GC procedures performed within the same district was modeled. The outcome measures were a minimal volume of 25 GC resections/year and the 30-day postoperative mortality. Results: In 2018, 5,873 GC resections were performed in 498 Italian hospitals (mean resections per hospital per year: 11.8); the postoperative mortality rate (5.51%) was tracked from 2016-2018. GC resection health travel ranged from 2% to 50.5%, with a significant (P<0.001) difference between northern and central/southern Italy. The mean mortality rate was 7.7% in hospitals performing one to 3 GC resections per year, compared with 4.7% in those with >17 GC resections/year (P≤0.01). Most Italian districts achieved 25 procedures/year after centralization; however, 66.3% of GC cases in southern Italy vs. 42.2% in central and 52.7% in the northern regions (P<0.001) required reallocation. Conclusion: Postoperative mortality after GC resection correlated with hospital volume. Despite health travel, most Italian districts can reach a high-volume threshold, but discrepancies in mortality rates are alarming.Trial RegistrationResearch Registry Identifierresearchregistry6869

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.57-72
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• 2009

As development of information technologies, customer retention has been an important issue in the competing environment. A lot of researches focus on prediction of the churning customers and seeking their characteristics. However, relationships among customers or products have not been considered in existing researches. In this study, product networks are proposed and analyzed to investigate the differences of network characteristics of products purchased by potential churning customers and those of loyal customers. The product networks are constructed from real product purchase data collected from a Korean department store. We investigated the characteristic differences, such as the degree centrality, degree centralization, and density, of two product networks constructed by potential churning customers and the loyal customers. The results indicate that degree centrality, density and degree centralization of the product network of the loyal customers are higher than those of the potential churning customers. And the promotional products of the department store are resulted to be effective in attracting the loyal customers.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.41-53
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of centralization on shared mental model, satisfaction and achievement in a web-based collaborative learning. Sixty-eight undergraduate students were randomly assigned to 7 groups and they participated in a 4-week web-based collaborative learning. Three highly centralized teams and three less centralized teams were selected, and analyzed for investigating whether there are meaningful differences in shared mental model, satisfaction and achievement according to the degree of centralization. The results showed that there was no significant difference in shared mental model between the highly and less centralized teams. However, the highly centralized teams showed higher level of satisfaction and achievement than the less centralized teams.