• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.169-176
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• 1991

Four fibrous feedstuffs from alfalfa meal (AFM), cassava leaf meal (CLM), rubber seed meal (RSM) and leucaena meal (LM) were included in semi-purified diets for growing pig (45 kg body wt.) at 20%, to investigate the effects of these fiber sources and fractions on amino acid digestibility. Cellulose (C), a purified fiber source was included in another diet at 5% level for comparison. The barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula were used in the digestion trials with latin square design. The digestibilities of amino acids were measured at both terminal ileum and fecal level. NDF and hemicellulose content were the highest in AFM-diet whereas LM-diet had the highest ADF and lignin content. RSM-diet contained the highest crude fiber and cellulose content. The digestibilities of amino acids at ileal level were found the highest with CLM-diet, while LM-diet was the least. At fecal level, control diet and CLM-diet were the highest in amino acid digestibility while AFM-diet was the least. The digestibility of amino acids was higher at ileal than fecal level. The digestibility of arginine was not affected with fiber fractions but was found to be the most disestible across all diets. The most depressed amino acid was methionine at both levels; praline and glycine, in the dispensable amino acid group, were depressed at ileal and fecal level, respectively. Lignin did not depress amino acid digestibility in general but specifically depressed methionine, histidine, isoleucine and threonine digestibility. Cellulose content did not affect amino acid digestibility but undesirable factors might be responsible.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.293-303
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• 1987

혐기성 Clostrium therrnocellurn의 배양액으로부터 hydroxyapatite column chromatography를 통하여 cellulase complex중의 $C_{1}$ enriched fraction을 분리하였다. 다은 호기성 미생물과 마찬가지로 분리된 $C_{x}$, fraction과 다른 $C_{x}$ 성분과의 synergism에 의해 볼용성 성유소의 분해가 현저히 촉진되였다. $C_{x}$ 성분과는 달리 $C_{1}$, fraction은 공기중에서 산화에 의해 잘 실활되었으나 환원제, 특히 $\beta$-mercaptoethanol에 의해 효소 환성이 강하게 증가되는 것으로 보아 $C_{1}$ component는 다량의 sulfhydryl grou을 가지고 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 이 fraction은 열에 매우 안정하였으며 최적 온도와 pH는 각각 $60^{\circ}C$와 6.0 이었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2013

The hydrolysates prepared with various enzyme digestion of Capsosiphon fulvescens were used to measure the inhibitory effects against angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE). The commercially available enzymes such as Celluclast, Viscozyme, Lysing enzyme, Flavourzyme, Alcalase and Pectinex were used to digest C. fulvescens and produce hydrolysates. The maximum ACE inhibitory activity was observed using Alcalase hydrolysis (72.9%). The optimal conditions of Alcalase extraction were pH 8.0 and extraction time for 12 hr. The hydrolysates were fractionated using preparative-LC and anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and the fraction B and B-2 were isolated. The ACE inhibitory activity of fraction B-2 by anion-exchange chromatography was 82.6%. The molecular weight of fraction B-2 estimated using size exclusion chromatography was about 1 kDa. The monosaccharide composition of the fraction B-2 was determined to be mannose (1.1%), glucuronic acid (1.3%), galactose (1.3%) and glucose (96.3%).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1127-1133
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• 2006

This study examined the effect of cane molasses and fermentation time on chemical composition and characteristics of oat grass silage (OGS) and its in situ digestion kinetics, intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Oat grass (OG) harvested at 50-days of age was ensiled in laboratory silos with cane molasses at the rate of 0, 2, 4 and 6% of OG dry matter (DM) for 30, 35 and 40 days. Silage pH was decreased while lactic acid content increased with increasing level of cane molasses and fermentation time. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and true protein (TP) content of OGS were (p<0.05) significantly higher with higher cane molasses levels. However, they were not affected by the fermentation time. Similar trends were observed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, acid detergent lignin and ash content of OGS. The OG ensiled for 30-days with 2% molasses was screened from laboratory study and used to determine comparative in situ DM and NDF digestion kinetics of OG and its silage. In situ DM and NDF digestibilities of OG were significantly (p<0.05) higher than OGS. Ruminal DM and NDF lag time, rate and extent of digestion of OG and its silage were similar. Two experimental diets of OG and OGS were formulated using 75:25 forage to concentrate ratio on a DM basis. Dry matter and CP intakes were similar in lactating buffaloes fed either OG- or OGS-based diets. However, NDF intake was higher in buffaloes fed the OG-compared with OGS-based diet. Apparent DM, CP and NDF digestibilities were similar in lactating buffaloes fed either OG- or OGS-based diets. Milk yield (4% FCM) was similar in buffaloes fed either OG-(10.3 kg/d) or OGS-(9.95 kg/d) based diets. Milk fat, total solids and true protein content were higher with OG compared with the OGS diet. Solids not fat and CP content were similar in milk of buffalo fed either OG or OGS. The results of this study indicate that OG ensiled with 2% molasses could safely replace 75% DM of green oat fodder in the diets of lactating buffaloes without negatively affecting intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.322-331
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• 2017

본 연구는 바실러스, 효모 그리고 유산균으로 발효한 다양한 주스박들과 말 분변을 첨가한 in vitro 발효 시험을 통해 pH, 건물 분해율, 암모니아성 질소, 가스 발생량, 휘발성 지방산의 변화를 조사하였다. 주스박 첨가에 따른 발효액의 pH의 범위는 6.4~7.1로 미생물 발효에 의한 소화가 정상적으로 나타났다. 48시간 후 발효액에서 $10^9CFU/m{\ell}$ 정도 미생물이 증식함에 따라 사용한 주스박들이 장내 미생물에 의한 소화작용에 유용하게 이용될 것으로 판단되었다. 건물 분해율은 배양 12시간 이후부터 증가하여 48시간째에 사과박 39.19%, 포도박 38.22%, 당근박 37.02%, 감귤박 36.2% 그리고 혼합박 34.35%로 나타났다. 암모니아성 질소의 농도는 배양 12시간까지는 전 처리구에서 $1.5mg/100m{\ell}$의 수준이었으며 배양 24시간 이후부터 급격히 증가하였다. 가스 발생량은 혼합박이 가장 낮았으며, 배양 12시간 이후부터 급격히 증가하였다. 총 VFA는 배양 24시간부터 증가하여 48시간에 가장 높았다. 본 연구결과로부터 발효 주스박은 말 in vitro 소화과정에서 적정 pH를 유지하면서 건물 분해가 진행되었고 말의 맹장과 대장에서 섬유소 분해 미생물의 작용이 활발히 이루어질 수 있음을 제시하였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.127-135
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• 1985

옥수수 및 sorghum 식물(植物)에 있어서 생육시기(生育時期)와 환경온도(環境溫度)가 cell-wall constituents의 합성(合成) 및 축적형태(蓄積形態)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 옥수수의 Blizzard와 sorghum의 Sioux 및 Pioneer 931 품종(品種)을 공시재료(供試材料)로 하여 포장(圃場) 및 Phytotron 시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)하였다. Phytotron의 주(晝)/야간(夜間) 실내온도(室內溫度)는 30/25, 25/20, 28/18 및 $18/8^{\circ}C$로 하였으며 일조(日照)는 30,000-35,000Lux로 13시간(時間) 조사(照謝)하였다. 1979-81년간(年間) 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 옥수수 및 sorghum의 cell wall constituents는 유수형성기(幼穗形成期)에서 지엽(止葉)이 출현(出現)되는 시기(時期)에 최대(最大)의 합성능력(合成能力)을 갖는다. Neutral Detergence Fiber 및 Acid Detergence Fiber 농도(濃度)는 동화엽면적(同化葉面積)이 최대(最大)인 출수기전후(出穗期前后)에 각각(各各) NDF 52-55% (옥수수) 및 64-68%(Sorghum)와 ADF 30%(옥수수) 및 45% (Sorghum)로 가장 높은 수준(水準)을 나타낸다. 2 Cellulose 및 Hemicellulose는 세포구조막(細胞救造膜)을 형성(形成)하고 있는 structural carbohydrates로 Cellulose가 주(主)로 경조직(莖組織)의 cell wall을 구성(構成)하고 있는데 비해 Hemicellulose는 엽(葉)과 곡실부위(穀實部位)의 세포막구성물질(細胞膜構成物質)로서 중요(重要)한 역할(役割)을 한다. 3. Cell wall constituents의 합성(合成)은 환경온도(環境溫度)가 상승(上昇)됨에 따라 비례적(比例的)으로 증가(增加)한다. 그러나 fructosan, mono- 및 disaccharose 등 non-structural carbohydrates축적(蓄積)은 $30/25^{\circ}C$이상(以上)의 고온(高溫)에서 감소(減少)된다. 고온(高溫)에서의 세포구조막물질(細胞構造膜物質) 증가(增加)는 cell wall을 구성(構成)하고 있는 물질중(物質中) 特(特)히 Cellulose가 급증(急增)된데 기인(其因)된 것으로 온도상승(溫度上昇)에 따른 Cellulose의 합성능력(合成能力)은 Hemicellulose 및 Lignin에 비해 현저(顯著)한 증가(增加)를 보인다. 4 세포구조막물질(細胞構造膜物質)의 증가(增加)는 소화율(消化率) 및 net energy 축적(蓄積)을 크게 저해(沮害)한다. cell wall constituents 중(中) phenol 성분(成分)의 Lignin과 in vitro 소화율간(消化率間)에는 높은 부(負)의 상관(相關)이 있다($P{\leqq}0.1%$). Cellulose 및 Hemicellulose는 sorghum식물(植物)의 경우 소화율(消化率)과 NEL 축적(蓄積)을 크게 악화(惡化)시키나($P{\leqq}0.1%$) 옥수수에 있어서는 이같은 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)가 sorghum에서와 같이 크게 나타나지 않는다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.255-262
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• 1992

단백소화율에 미치는 식이 섬유소의 영향에 대하여 알아보기 위해, 채소류(상치, 깻잎, 고추. 다시마)로부터 추출한 식이 섬유소와 시판용 정제 식이 섬유소 (cellulose, pectin, sodium alginate, gum karaya)를 어류 단백질인 말쥐치 단백질(냉동건조육 및 myofibrils)에 첨가 반응시켜, 단백질 의 소화율에 어느 정도 영향을 미치는가에 대해 알아보았다. 각 시료의 중성세제 추출섬유소 (neutral detergent fiber) 함량은 24.21%(고추) 9.75%(다시마)의 범위였고, 산성세제 추출섬유소 (acid detergent fiber) 함량은 20.85%(고추) 11.97%(깻잎)의 범위였으며, 수용성 섬유소 함량은 13.79%(다시마) 4.41%(상치)의 범위였다. 말쥐치 단백질에 대한 식이 섬유소의 반응 비율을 1 : 1 (wt/wt)로 하고, 37$^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 동안 반응시켰을 때. 말쥐치 단백소화율은 정제 식이 섬유소 첨가의 경우, 1.52%(cellulose) 9.97%(pectin)가 감소되었고. 추출한 식이 섬유소 첨가의 경우, 5.15%(고추) 12.36%(다시마)가 감소되었다. 섬유소의 trypsin 활성저해능은 단백소화율이 감소함에 따라 증가하여, ANRC casein에 대한 soybean trypsin inhibitor 22mg/g (cellulose) 61.82mg/g(gum karaya), 49.75mg/g(고추) 171.52mg/g(상치)에 상응하는 것으로 나타났다. 정제 식이 섬유소에 의한 단백분해효소의 활성 변화는 sodium alginate를 제외하고는 거의 없어, 어류 단백소화율의 저하는 식이 섬유소가 단백질에 직접 결합하여 비소화성 물질을 형성한 결과가 주도하리라 생각되었다. 말쥐치 단백질과 섬유소를 반응시킨 것을 효소 가수분해시킨 후에 측정한 유리 필수 아미노산의 함량은 sodium alginate와 다시마 섬유소의 경우 현저하게 저하하였으며(75% 이상), isoleucine과 valine이 크게 영향을 받았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1701-1704
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• 2001

The evaluation of structural carbohydrate losses and its effect on silages digestibility in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was studied during 5, 21 and 56 days ensiling. About 70 and 60 kg fresh matter of the two forages were ensiled in 9 silos of 120 L capacity. The digestion trials were conducted in two phases using the two grasses in two $4{\times}4$ Latin square design according to the four treatments being the grass and the three silages. There were no differences in the DM and CP contents resulting from 5 to 56 days ensiling in both forages. The water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), hemicelllose, pectin, and energy were slightly reduced and appeared lower in 56 days silage. The ether extract and cellulose contents slightly increased as the ensiling process advanced in the two species. Hemicellulose losses of 29 and 41 g/kg DM were obtained in alfalfa and orchardgrass, respectively, 56 days after ensiling. While the cellulose losses in both species were very little, compared to that for hemicellulose, the pectin losses, 56 days after ensiling were 15 and 12 g/kg DM in alfalfa and orchardgras respectively. The total structural carbohydrates lost (ie., hemicellulose + cellulose + pectin) in g/kg DM of fresh material forage ensiled, is about four fifths the amount lost by WSC, in alfalfa and about two thirds, in orchardgrass, by 21 days ensiling after the activity of microorganism terminated, indicating that appreciable amount was used as substrate for silage fermentation. Ensiling alfalfa and orchardgrass for 0, 5, 21 and 56 days maintained a decreasing trend of 83.8, 82.5, 79.3 and 78.9% digestibility in alfalfa and 80.5, 77.0, 77.1 and 76.4% digestibility in orchardgrass. While the digestibility of cellulose and ether extract increased in silage in both species, the digestible energy values in silage were reduced from 2.6 to 2.3 and 2.9 to 2.7 Mcal/kg DM respectively in alfalfa and orchard during 5-56 days ensiling.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1591-1598
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• 2002

The effect of different dietary structural carbohydrate (SC) to nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) ratios on fiber degradation, digestion, flow, apparent digestibility and rumen fluid characteristics was studied with a design using 18 wethers fitted with permanent rumen and duodenum cannulae. All sheep were divided into six groups randomly, receiving six diets with varying SC to NSC ratios. All diets contained the same proportion of wheat straw and concentrate. The dietary SC to NSC ratios were adjusted by adding cornstarch to the concentrate supplements. The duodenal and fecal flows of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HC) and cellulose (CEL) were estimated using chromium-mordanted wheat straw as a flow marker. The degradation parameters of wheat straw DM, NDF, ADF, HC and CEL were determined by incubating the ground wheat straw in nylon bags in the rumen for different periods of time. There was no effect (p>0.05) of the different dietary SC to NSC ratios on rumen pH or $NH_3$-N, but acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations were significantly affected (p<0.05 or p<0.01) by dietary SC to NSC ratios in the rumen fluid. When the dietary SC to NSC ratio was 2.86, the highest rumen degradability of wheat straw DM, NDF, ADF and CEL was found, but the highest apparent rumen digestibilities of DM, NDF, ADF, HC and CEL occurred at a 2.64 SC to NSC ratio. However, because of compensatory digestion in the hindgut, the apparent digestibilities of DM, NDF, ADF, HC and CEL were highest when the dietary SC to NSC ratio was 2.40. In conclusion, there is a optimal range of dietary SC to NSC ratios (between 2.86 and 2.40) that is beneficial to maximize wheat straw fiber degradation and apparent digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 1993

First crop of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was harvested, wilted and ensiled with or without NaOH or $NH_3$, and fed to three rumen fistulated goats in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Each alkali treatment (2.44% of alfalfa dry matter) was made by spraying its solution prior to ensiling. Silage pH, $NH_3-N$ and butyric acid concentration were increased with each alkali addition, and NaOH-treated silage showed the lowest chemical quality. Compared with untreated silage, digestibilities of organic matter, ADF and cellulose were depressed by both alkali treatments, and the reductions in NaOH-treated silage were significant. Crude protein digestibility was also significantly decreased in NaOH-treated silage, but the goats receiving the silage excreted less nitrogen in urine than those on the other two silages. Nitrogen retention of goats was not different among the treatments. Ruminal solubility and potential degradability of dry matter and nitrogen determined with the in situ bag technique were reduced, and rate of degradation of the two components were increased by the NaOH treatment. Addition of $NH_3$ provided ruminal soluble nitrogen to the silage, but the rate of degradation was similar to that of untreated silage. These results suggest that NaOH treatment would denature the protein and reduce the susceptibility to microbial degradation in the rumen, while no positive effect of alkali treatment on fiber digestion and nitrogen utilization was observed in this study.