• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1702-1709
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• 2016

The reproductive function of G-protein subunit Galphaq (GNAQ), a member of the G protein alpha subunit family, has been extensively studied in humans and rats. However, no data is available on its status in ruminants. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the expression pattern of the GNAQ in the testis and epididymis of sheep by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mRNA expression levels were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, and cellular localization of GNAQ in the testis and epididymis was examined by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, GNAQ protein was qualitatively evaluated via western blot, with the results indicating that similarities between GNAQ mRNA levels from sheep was highly conserved with those observed in Bos taurus and Sus scrofa. Our results also indicated that GNAQ exists in the caput and cauda epididymis of sheep, while GNAQ in the testis and epididymis was localized to Leydig cells, spermatogonial stem cells, spermatocytes, Sertoli cells, spermatid, principal cells, and epididymis interstitial cells. The concentrations of GNAQ mRNA and protein in the caput and cauda epididymis were significantly greater than those observed in the corpus epididymis (p<0.01) and testis (p<0.05). Our results indicated that GNAQ exists at high concentrations in the caput and cauda epididymis of sheep, suggesting that GNAQ may play an important role in gonad development and sperm maturation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.539-546
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• 2020

Objective: The Jeju native pig (JNP) found on the Jeju Island of Korea is a unique black pig known for high-quality meat. To investigate the genetic uniqueness of JNP, we analyzed the selection signature of the JNP in comparison to commercial pigs such as Berkshire and Yorkshire pigs. Methods: We surveyed the genetic diversity to identify the genetic stability of the JNP, using the linkage disequilibrium method. A selective sweep of the JNP was performed to identify the selection signatures. To do so, the population differentiation measure, Weir-Cockerham's F_st was utilized. This statistic directly measures the population differentiation at the variant level. Additionally, we investigated the gene ontologies (GOs) and genetic features. Results: Compared to the Berkshire and Yorkshire pigs, the JNP had lower genetic diversity in terms of linkage disequilibrium decays. We summarized the selection signatures of the JNP as GO. In the JNP and Berkshire pigs, the most enriched GO terms were epithelium development and neuron-related. Considering the JNP and Yorkshire pigs, cellular response to oxygen-containing compound and generation of neurons were the most enriched GO. Conclusion: The selection signatures of the JNP were identified through the population differentiation statistic. The genes with possible selection signatures are expected to play a role in JNP's unique pork quality.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2006

Background: Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is known as a cytokine central to the hematopoiesis of blood cells and to modulate their cellular functions. Besides granulocytes and their precursors, monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells are direct target cells of G-CSF action. G-CSF influences immune cells in an anti inflammatory way. Methods: To evaluate whether G-CSF has a potential for preventing or ameliorating diseases characterized by mucosal inflammation, we used a mouse model with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced inflammatory colitis. To the mice model G-CSF was administrated daily by intraperitoneal injection. Macroscopic evaluation and immunohistochemical analysis of colonic tissues were performed. Results: Re combinant human G-CSF significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression in THP-1 cells. As for in vivo relevance, G-CSF dramatically reduced the weight loss of mice, colonic damage, and mucosal ulceration that characterize TNBS colitis. Moreover, G-CSF suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in TNBS colitis. Conclusion: Current results demonstrate that G-CSF may be an effective agent for the treatment of diseases characterized by mucosal inflammation.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.80-86
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• 2007

Background: CD40-activated B (CD40-B) cells might be an attractive source of autologous antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for immunotherapy due to the convenience to obtain from peripheral blood and expand in vitro. Moreover, CD40-B cells were found to be comparable with DCs in their capacity to raise antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Here, we have established K562 cells expressing CD40L to expand CD40-activated B cells used for APCs. Methods: After activation of B cell by K562/CD40L, CD40-B cells were examined by counting B cell numbers. Surface expression of CD54, CD80, CD86 and HLA class II was measured by flow cytometry. The CD40-B cells were tested for its function as APC by mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and by induction of T cell responses specific for pp65 peptide in vitro. Results: The expansion of B cells by K562/CD40L increased about 6-folds compared with anti-CD40 or K562. Furthermore, the expression of CD54, CD80, CD86 and HLA class II was up-regulated by K562/CD40L. B cells by K562/CD40L showed comparable antigen presentation activity with mature DCs as shown in MLR, INF-${\gamma}$ ELISPOT assay. Conclusion: These results suggest that K562/CD40L could be used to generate activated B cells as potent APCs which could be useful for cellular vaccination and adoptive immunotherapy.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.67-74
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• 2008

Background: The effects of the dietary administration of two heat-inactivated whole bacteria from the Vibrionaceae family, singly or combined, on innate immune response of the rainbow trout were studied. The two bacteria (Pdp11 and 51M6), which were obtained from the skin of rainbow trout, showed in vitro characteristics that suggested they could be considered as potential fish probiotics. Methods: The fish were fed four different diets: control (non-supplemented), or diets supplemented with heat-inactivated bacteria at $10^8$ cfu/g Pdp11, $10^8$ cfu/g 51M6 or with $0.5{\times}10^8$ cfu/g Pdp11 plus $0.5{\times}10^8$ cfu/g 51M6 for 4 weeks. Six fish were sampled at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4, and then the main humoral (natural haemolytic complement activity and serum peroxidase content) and cellular innate immune responses (leucocyte peroxidase content, phagocytosis, respiratory burst and cytotoxicity) were evaluated. Results: The serum peroxidase content and the natural haemolytic complement activity increased with time, reaching the highest values in the third and fourth weeks of feeding, respectively. The phagocytic ability of specimens fed the mixture of the two inactivated bacteria was significantly higher than in the controls after 2 and 3 weeks of treatment. The same activity increased significantly in rainbow trout fed the Pdp11 diet for 2 weeks or the 51M6 diet for 3 weeks. Respiratory burst activity was unaffected by all the experimental diets at all times assayed. Cytotoxic activity had significantly increased after 3 weeks in fish fed the 51M6 diet. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated the usefulness of incorporating inactivated probiotic bacteria into fish diets.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.405-411
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• 1991

To determine the sterility of the prepared allogeneic bone of the human, culture of the allografts prior to implantation was performed on fresh-frozen and freeze-dried bone. Before the use of allografts to the patients, it must be confirmed about the sterility, cellular cytotoxicity, immune reaction, and osteoinductive potential as a biomaterials. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons demand for allograft bone will be increased in the future. Wonkwang Bone Bank attempted to meet this demand, has performed series of experimental study on the allograft bone of the Koreans to evaluate the physical and chemical suitability of the bone since the surgeons applications will have broadened from benign cystic lesions to fracture malunions and non-unions, large segmental defects, and whole-bone allorgrafts after tumor surgery. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Freeze-drying(FD) only shoed some bactericidal effects of the normal and osteo bone but in cases of performing EO gas sterilization, the FD effects was not clear. 2. The fact that FD has little effect than the EO gas sterilization on normal bone postulated that the presence of microbiota may be due to an operation and bone processing procedure. 3. FD and EO gas sterilization had a remarkable effect on the osteo bone. 4. The sterilization effect were EO gas, Freeze-drying, Fresh-Frozen with descending order. But all sterilization method were not complete to preserve and implant allograft bone. We are now performing further continuous study on the radiation and chemical sterilization procedure to make safe and complete allograft bone.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.53-67
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• 1986

The physical tooth movement by orthodontic force is based upon alveolar bone resorption at compression site and new bone formation at tension site of the alveolar socket. The function of the cyclic AMP is to participate not only in initial action of bone cells by mechanical forces but also in the continuous cellular response leading to bone remodelling. This experiment was performed to clarify the role of cyclic AMP in bone remodelling by mechanical force in the NORMAL group, the DIABETES group and the INSULIN TREATED group. The 72 rats were divided into the NORMAL group, the DIABETES group and the INSULIN TREATED group. The same orthodontic forces were applied to the rats of 3 groups. These rats were treated for periods of time ranging from 1 hour, 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. The samples of alveolar bones were obtained from compression and tension sites surrounding the tipping teeth from NORMAL, DIABETE and INSULIN TREATED rats. The samples were assayed for cyclic AMP by the cyclic AMP RIA kit. The results were as follows: 1. The cyclic AMP levels of alveolar bone in compression and tension sites showed initial decrease, then increased and .remained elevated by the time consuming. 2. The highest cyclic AMP level showed in the DIABETES group and the lowest level was in the NORMAL group. 3. The cyclic AMP levels in the INSULIN TREATED group was similar with the NORMAL group in control and tension sites, but in the compression sites it was similar with the DIABETES group.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.480-486
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• 2005

Recently, domestic interest about wireless internet is rising gradually. Characteristic of present domestic wireless market is that mobile communication businessmans appropriate each other different mobile platform. So, contents provider's development environment can not be same each other. This makes contents providers repeat same work. To solve this problem, standardization work of wireless internet market was begun. The three mobile communication companies and TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association), RRU(Radio Research Laboratory), ETRI(Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute) progressed standardization. By the result, May 2002, WIPI that is wireless standard platform selected by mobile platform standard that is TTA organization standard. In this paper, 1 am going to examine the WIPI. WIPI can reduce mostly expense that happen when we use different platform. 1 design and embody common phrase function. Through this, 1 am going to show improvement of the character input speed in cellular phone. And I wish to discuss expected cost decrease effect. Investigate about platform of treatise that is used in domestic. analyze about the characteristic, merits and demerits. Chatting service and common phrase function design and embody. Finally, wish to discuss about advantage of common phrase function and practical use field.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.783-788
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• 2002

Bovine yolk sac at day 24 of pregnancy, and placental membranes (chorion and allantois) from days 70 and 100 of pregnancy were isolated and cultured in a modified minimum essential medium in the presence of $[^{35}S]$methionine. Proteins synthesized and secreted by isolated bovine yolk sac, chorion and allantois were analyzed by fluorography of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Serum-like proteins,transferrin, ${\alpha}$-fetoprotein, ${\alpha}$1-antitrypsin and ${\alpha}$1-acid glycoprotein,were the major protein products of yolk sac. A 21 kDa protein produced by yolk sac was identified immunochemically as retinol-binding protein (RBP). Chorion and allantios from days 70 and 100 of pregnancy were active in protein synthesis and secretion. Both chorion and allantois did not secret serum-like proteins but secreted a number of neutral-to-acidic proteins including RBP. Secretory proteins produced by the yolk sac, chorion and allantois may play important roles in the embryonic development and the successful outcome of pregnancy. Antiserum against bovine placental RBP was employed to the immunocytochemistry by immunoperoxidase method. Immunoreactive RBP was localized in epithelial cells and island-like cell clones of yolk sac. Immunostaining for RBP was detected in simple columnar epithelium of chorion and in simple squamous epithelium of allantois. In the present study, proteins synthesized and secreted by yolk sac at day 24 of pregnancy, chorion and allantois from days 70 and 100 of pregnancy were characterized In addition, RBP was localized in yolk sac, chorion and allantois by immunoperoxidase method. The immunoperoxidase method has been proven to be a very effective technique to identify the cellular source of protein synthesis in extraembryonic membranes.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.441-451
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• 2015

Recognition of cytosolic DNA initiates a series of innate immune responses by inducing IFN-I production and subsequent triggering JAK1-STAT1 signaling which plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of infection, inflammation and autoimmune diseases through promoting B cell activation and antibody responses. The stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING) has been demonstrated to be a critical hub of type I IFN induction in cytosolic DNA-sensing pathways. However, it still remains unknown whether cytosolic DNA can directly activate the JAK1-STAT1 signaling or not. And the role of STING is also unclear in this response. In the present study, we found that dsDNA directly triggered the JAK1-STAT1 signaling by inducing phosphorylation of the Lyn kinase. Moreover, this response is not dependent on type I IFN receptors. Interestingly, STING could inhibit dsDNA-triggered activation of JAK1-STAT1 signaling by inducing SHP-1 and SHP-2 phosphorylation. In addition, compared with normal B cells, the expression of STING was significantly lower and the phosphorylation level of JAK1 was significantly higher in B cells from MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice, highlighting the close association between STING low-expression and JAK1-STAT1 signaling activation in B cells in autoimmune diseases. Our data provide a molecular insight into the novel role of STING in dsDNA-mediated inflammatory disorders.