• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.866-875
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the variation in free sugars, amino acids, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity of Solanum nigrum Linne based on harvest time. Major amino acids identified by HPLC analysis were proline, histidine, and serine. The highest content of total amino acids were found in S. nigrum aerial parts and roots harvested on July 10th and August 10th. Four kinds of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose) were detected in S. nigrum, and the free sugar content varied significantly with harvest time. The fructose content of S. nigrum decreased with as harvest time increased. The total polyphenol content of S. nigrum was highest in those harvested on August 30th. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract from S. nigrum collected at different harvest times were measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts were assayed via nitric oxide suppression in C6 glioma cells with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. The anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant effects were the highest in the extract from S. nigrum collected on August 30th. Good correlations were observed between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in ethanol extract of S. nigrum roots harvested on August 30th.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.305-310
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• 2023

This study aimed to determine the human androgen receptor (AR)-mediated endocrine disrupting potential of parabens and triclosan in food and household products using a cell-based assay in the OECD TG No.458, the 22Rv1/MMTV_GR-KO transcriptional activation assay. Four parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl-) are determined as AR antagonists in OECD TG No.458. However, their AR antagonistic effects were not exhibited in the presence of the S9 hepatic fraction. Triclosan is also classified as an AR antagonist, and the AR antagonistic effect induced by triclosan significantly decreased in the presence of the phase I + II S9 fraction. Regarding the mechanism of AR antagonism induced by parabens and triclosan, the AR-mediated endocrine disrupting effects were exhibited through suppressing the translocation of ligand-bound AR to the nucleus via blocking of AR dimerization in the cytosol. These results indicate that the four parabens and triclosan have AR-mediated endocrine disrupting potential through an AR antagonistic effect via inhibiting AR dimerization; however, their endocrine disrupting effects deceased in the presence of hepatic metabolic enzymes.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.561-567
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• 2011

This study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of methanol extract from natural products. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The production of NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ were measured by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to effectively screen for anti-inflammatory agents, we first examined the inhibitory effects of 24 natural products on the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells. Three extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz., Lavandula spica L., and Dalbergia odorifera T. significantly inhibited NO production. The three extracts significantly decreased production of NO in a dose-dependent manner. Terminalia chebula Retz. decreased TNF-${\alpha}$ production. Antioxidative effects of the three extracts were measured based on polyphenol and flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity assay. The three extracts showed high polyphenol contents as well as strong DPPH scavenging activities. In particular, Terminalia chebula Retz. contained the highest polyphenol and flavonoid levels of 616 and $96\;{\mu}g/mg$, respectively, compared to Lavandula spica L. and Dalbergia odorifera T. As DPPH radical scavensing activities, RC50 values of Terminalia chebula Retz. were $2.09\;{\mu}g/ml$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 2008

Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in the applications of plant-based extracts to both cosmetic and medicinal industries. The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect of P. rigida extracts by water and ethyl acetate. Anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effect of P. rigida extracts by water and EtOAc were investigated by using nitrite scavenging ability, nitric oxide production and anti-microbial ability. In the test of nitrite scavenging ability, P. rigida extracts by water and EtOAc showed 88.7% and 99% at 100 ppm concentration, respectively. The cell viability was measured using the MTT assay at 24 hours after P. rigida extracts as shown in over 80%. Anti-inflammatory effect was examined in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. NO productions in LPS and P. rigida extracts stimulated group were decreased in a concentration and were dependent on time as compared with LPS stimulated. The water extracts showed the highest inhibition at the 100 ppm concentration. In anti-microbial activity test, the water extract with 3.0 mg/disc resulted in the clear zone of 14 mm, and ethyl acetate with that of 15 mm for Staphylococcus aureus. However, P. rigida extracts didn't show any growth inhibitory effect on Esherichia coli. These results indicate that the extracts of P. rigida have anti-inflammatory activities as a cosmeceuticals.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1735-1740
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• 2008

Clone PERV-C (A3) env was isolated from the genomic DNA of domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Korea to investigate the molecular properties of PERV-C. The nucleic acid homologies between the PERV-MSL (type C) reference and the PERV-C(A3) clone was 99% for env, but a single base pair deletion was found in the transmembrane (TM) region of the env open reading frame. To examine the functional characteristics of truncated PERV-C env, we constructed a replication-incompetent retroviral vector by replacing the env gene of the pCL-Eco retrovirus vector with PERV-C env. A retroviral vector bearing PERV-C/A chimeric envelopes was also created to complement the TM defect. Our results indicated that truncated PERV-C env was not infectious in human cells as expected. Interestingly, however, the vector with the PERV-C/A envelope was able to infect 293 cells. This observation suggests that recombination within PERV-C TM could render PERV-C infectious in humans. To further characterize PERV-C/A envelopes, we constructed an infectious molecular clone by using a PCR-based technique. This infectious molecular clone will be useful to examine more specific regions that are critical for human cell tropism.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.477-482
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• 2008

A variety of bacterial strains were isolated from waste disposal sites of Uttaranchal, India, and some from artificially developed soil beds containing maleic anhydride, glucose, and small pieces of polyethylene. Primary screening of isolates was done based on their ability to utilize high- and low-density polyethylenes (HDPE/LDPE) as a primary carbon source. Thereafter, a consortium was developed using potential strains. Furthermore, a biodegradation assay was carried out in 500-ml flasks containing minimal broth (250ml) and HDPE/LDPE at 5mg/ml concentration. After incubation for two weeks, degraded samples were recovered through filtration and subsequent evaporation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DTA) were used to analyze these samples. Results showed that consortium-treated HDPE (considered to be more inert relative to LDPE) was degraded to a greater extent (22.41% weight loss) in comparison with LDPE (21.70% weight loss), whereas, in the case of untreated samples, weight loss was more for LDPE than HDPE (4.5% and 2.5%, respectively) at $400^{\circ}C$. Therefore, this study suggests that polyethylene could be degraded by utilizing microbial consortia in an eco-friendly manner.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.2818-2824
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• 2014

Trp residue is considered as one of the important constituents in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as it presence secured good activities in many cases. However, it is preferable to be changed because of their sensitivity towards light. We have synthesized the short Trp-rich AMP Pac-525 and its analogues to investigate the possibility of His(chx) as possible replacement analogue for Trp in AMPs. Based on the assay result of the antibacterial activity including anti-MRSA activity, His(chx) is considered as good candidate for the Trp replacement. Through these study, we found that His(chx) had several merits to design therapeutic antimicrobial agents compare to Trp in terms of i) increasing antibacterial activity without hemolytic activity, ii) successful in designing the short peptide (only four residues), iii) having anti-MRSA activity, iv) overcoming the light sensitivity. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dye leakage experiments suggested that P11 and P16 containing His(chx) kill bacteria via forming pore/ion channels on bacterial cell membranes.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.23-28
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate cell viability, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunoenhancing activity using various extracts of Yeonsan Ogye.Methods : In order to evaluate cytotoxicity, MTT assay was performed. We investigated production levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αand interleukin (IL)-6, and nitric oxide(NO) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. NO production in RAW 264.7 cells was measured by using Griess reagent. Cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-αwere measured by Luminex and ROS was measured by Flow cytometry.Results : No cytotoxicity of various extracts of Yeonsan Ogye was observed in RAW 264.7 cells. Productions of ROS in RAW 264.7 cells were increased from extraction of bones and decreased from extraction of skin. Also, productions of NO in RAW 264.7 cells were increased to bone extract and decreased at skin extract. In addition, productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were decreased at skin, meat extracts, respectively. Finally, the levels of immune-related cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) were increased compared to those of the normal group.Conclusions : It is concluded that Yeonsan Ogye extracts seem to have significant biological activities likes anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immuno-enhancing etc. These results may be developed as a raw material for new health food and new therapeutics to ease the symptoms related with inflammatory and oxidative stress. In terms of oriental traditional medicine, we expect that it contribute to building of EBM (Evidence-Based Medicine) from the this result.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.888-896
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• 2012

Considering the dearth of information regarding the medicinal properties of Luffa cylindrica, we assessed the antioxidative, antimutagenic and hyperplasia inhibitory activity of cancer cells from Luffa cylindrica extracts by employing biological and biochemical assays. Ethanol extracts of Luffa cylindrica inhibited MDA-BSA (malondialdehyde-bovine serum albumin) conjugation reaction ($66.38{\pm}2.65$), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical production ($60.13{\pm}0.42$) and lipid peroxidation ($56.04{\pm}3.24$). In this study, Luffa cylindrica is believed to exert possible antioxidative effects. The direct and indirect antimutagenic effects of the ethanol extracts of Luffa cylindrica were examined by the Ames test using Salmonella typimurium TA98 and TA100. The inhibitory effects on indirect and direct mutagenicity shows an weak tendency, particularly in direct mutagenicity mediated by 2-nitrofluorene in Salmonella typimurium TA98 ($5.82{\pm}5.74$) and in indirect mutagenicity mediated by 2-anthramine in Salmonella typimurium TA100 ($5.76{\pm}2.15$). The ethanol extracts of Luffa cylindrica on cancer cell hyperplasia inhibitory activity via MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay exerted cytotoxic effects on Hela cells ($55.83{\pm}3.83$) and MCF-7 cells ($33.03{\pm}2.09$), which were used in this study. Based on these results, it believed that the ethanol extracts of Luffa cylindrica have antioxidative capacities as well as hyperplasia inhibitory activity of cancer cells. Furthemore, Luffa cylindrica is a candidate for the prevention and dietetic treatment of chronic diseases and for the development of functional food.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 1986

Extracts of CO-autotrophically grown cells of Acinetobacter sp. 1 were shown to use thionin, methylene blue, or 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol, but not NAD, NADP, FAD, or FMN, as electron acceptors for the oxidation of CO under strictly anaerobic conditions. The CO dehydrogenase (CO-DH) in the thes bacterium was found to be an inducible enzyme. The enzyme activity was determined by an assay based on the CO-dependent reduction of thionin. Maximal reaction rates were found at pH 7.5 and $60^{\circ}C$, and the Arrhenius plot revealed an activation energy of 6.1 kcal/mol(25.5kJ/mol). THe $K_m$ m/ for CO was $154{\mu}M$. Known metalchelating agents tested had no effects on the CO-DH activity. No divalent cations tested affect the enzyme activity significantly escept $Cu^{2+}$ which suppressed the activity completely. The enzyme was inhibited by glucose and succinate. The same extracts catalyzed oxidation of hydrogen gas and formate with thionin as electron acceptor. The CO-DH of Acinetobacter sp. 1 was to have no immunological relationship with that of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena.