• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.448-454
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• 2000

This study was to examine the physicochemical characteristics of coagulation reaction between ignited oyster shell powder (IOSP) and red tide organisms (RTO), and its feasibility, in developing a technology for the removal of RTO bloom in coastal sea,IOSP was made from oyster shell and its physicochemical characteristics were examined for particle size distribution, surface characteristic by scanning electron microscope, zeta potential, and alkalinity and pH variations in sea water. Two kinds of RTO that were used in this study, Cylindrotheca closterium and Skeletonema costatum, were sampled in Masan bay and were cultured in laboratory. Coagulation experiments were conducted using various c(Incentrations of IOSP, RTO, and a jar tester. The supernatant and RTO culture solution were analyzed for pH, alkalinity, RTO cell number, IOSP showed positive zeta potentials of $11.1{\~}50.1\;mV\;at\;pH\;6.2{\~}12.7$, A positive zeta potential of IOSP slowly decreased with decreasing pNa 4,0 to 2,0. When pNa reached zero, the zeta potential approached zero, When a pMg value was decreased, the positive zeta potential of IOSP increased until pMg 3.0 and decreased below pMg 3.0. IOSP showed 4.8 mV of positive zeta potential while RTO showed -9.2 mV of negative zeta potential in sea water. A positive-negative EDL (electrical double-layer) interaction occurred between $Mg(OH)_2$ adsorption layer of IOSP and RTO in sea water so that EDL attractive force always worked between them. Hence, their coagulation reaction occurred at primary minimum on which an extreme attractive force acted because of charge neutralization by $Mg(OH)_2$ adsorption layer of IOSP. As a result, the coagulation reaction was rapidly processed and was irreversible according to DLVO (Deriaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory. Removal rates of RTO were exponentially increased with increasing both IOSP concentration and G-value. The removal rates were steeply increased until 50 mg/l of IOSP and reached $100{\%}\;at\;400\;mg/l$ of IOSP. Removal rates of RTO were $70.5,\;70.5,\;81.7,\;85.3{\%}$ for G-values of $1,\;6,\;29,\;139\;sec^(-1)$at IOSP 100 mg/l, respectively. This indicated that mixing (i.e., collision among particles) was very important for a coagulation reaction.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 2011

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes a number of extraintestinal diseases in poultry. A virulence factor, P-fimbriae is firmly associated with the diseases. In this study, to develop an effective vaccine for the prevention of APEC, recombinant attenuatted Salmonella Typhimurium vaccines expressing PapA and PapG of P-fimbriae were evaluated whether these induced protective immune responses in murine models. Female BALB/c mice were primed and boosted orally at 7 and 10 weeks of age. In all immunized mice, the antigen-specific serum IgG levels were remained higher than those in the control mice from the fourth week post inoculation till the end of this study. In addition, antigen-specific serum IgG levels in the prime-booster immunized mice were enhanced as compared to the single immunized mice among each immunized group. The antigen-specific mucosal IgA levels in the mice immunized with each strain also induced higher than those in control mice. In addition, serum IgG and fecal IgA levels in mice administered with the combination of both strains were highly induced compared to those in mice immunized with each strain alone. These results indicated that PapA and PapG worked together for inducing high immune responses. To partly discern the nature of immunity induced by the strains, we quantified serum IgG subtypes IgG1 and IgG2a specific to antigens. The PapA and PapG strains biased the immunity to the Th1-type, as determined by the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. On the other hand, the immunization with the both strains in combination produced mixed Th1- and Th2-type immune responses. These indicated that immunization with the combination of PapA and PapG could elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immunities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.297-303
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• 2014

The effects of Eisenia bicyclis extracts on osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast formation were investigated. The proliferation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells was tested in an MTT assay. Treatment with E. bicyclis ethanol extract increased cell proliferation by approximately 128% at a concentration of 10 ${\mu}g/ml$. The ALP activities in the MC3T3-E1 cells was 179% higher when the E. bicyclis ethanol extract was processed at a concentration of 50 ${\mu}g/ml$. The proliferation of RAW 264.7 osteoclastic cells decreased significantly in response to treatment with the E. bicyclis extracts. Moreover, the proliferation of the RAW 264.7 osteoclastic cells treated with E. bicyclis hot water extract decreased by nearly 80%. In addition, the E. bicyclis extract reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) multinucleated cells from osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that E. bicyclis extracts have an anabolic effect on bone through the promotion of osteoclast differentiation and suggest that the extracts could be used in the treatment of common metabolic bone diseases.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 2012

Olive oil and grape seed oil (10% of meat weight) were added to a package of beef loin. The package was then vacuum-sealed, and high pressure was applied (HP, 600 MPa) to investigate the effect of the penetration of vegetable oil into meat and safety and quality of the meat. Non-HP (0.1 MPa) without any oil treatment was considered as a control. The color $L^*$ and $b^*$-values of beef loin were higher and the $a^*$-value was lower than those of the control after HP at 600 MPa. The total aerobic bacterial number was 3 Log CFU/g in the control but no viable cell was detected in the beef with 600 MPa. All inoculated E. coli and L. monocytogenes were inactivated by HP. The beef loin with vegetable oil added without HP did not show any difference in fatty acid composition, but that treated by HP showed a higher oleic and linoleic acid content when olive oil and grape seed oil were added, respectively. The addition of olive oil inhibited lipid oxidation, and sensory evaluation revealed that there was no difference among treatments. The results indicate that the addition of vegetable oil followed by the application of HP enhances the safety of beef loin, changing the fatty acid composition in a health beneficial way. In addition, the use of olive oil can inhibit lipid oxidation induced by HP.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.442-447
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• 1994

Effect of different mixing ratio of non-glutinous and glutinous rice on physical and rheological properties of extrudate prepared in a single screw extruder were examined. The extrusion conditions in term of screw speeds, moisture content and die temperature were 258 rpm, 18% and $120^{\circ}C$, respectively. The resisdence time distribution of the most of materials were within 30 second and small portion of them went up to 80 second. The expansion ratio was the highest value (2.93) for 70% of glutinous rice in the mixture, while the lowest value for 100% of non-glutinous rice. Breaking strength was in the range between 1,051g and 1,117g for $10{\sim}20%$ of glutinous rice in the mixture, while the lowest value (737g) for 80%r of glutinous rice. As the amount of glutinous rice increased, L and a values were increased and b value was decreased. The uncooked cold paste viscosity had 400 B.U. for 100% non-glutinous rice , while no peak for the 100% glutinous rice. As the amount of glutinous rice increased up to 100%, the water absorption index (WAI) was decreased, while water solubility index (WSI) was increased. The rheological properties of extrudate were accounted by the law of Oswald. The flow behavior index of extrudate was less than 1.0, which showed pseudoplastic behavior. Yield stress was the highest value for 20% of glutinous rice in the mixture and the lowest value for $80{\sim}100%$ of glutinous; rice. Number of air cell was between 128 and 159 for $80{\sim}100%$ of glutinous rice in the mixture, while $81{\sim}84%$ for $0{\sim}20%$ of glutinous rice. The degree of shapefact was increased more when the mixtures of glutinous and non-glutinous rice was used than when glutinous or non-glutinous rice was only used.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.767-773
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• 1998

In this study, we have investigated the distributions and killing effects of marine bacteria that tend to kill the red tide microalgae, C. polykikoides in the area of Masan bay from June to October, 1996. To summarize, C. polykikoides killing bacteria were detected at $10^2$ to $10^3$ cells/ml of seawater samples during the survey period, and the bloom was observed in September by containing $4.8\times10^3$cells/ml. It appears however that the number of these bacteria is decreased ($2.0\times10^2$cells/ml) in October, A total of 110 strains were isolated from seawater samples and seawater filtrate (pore size, 0.8 $\mu$m)-containing mixed culture of C. polykikoides in which the mixed culture was grown in f/2 medium. As results we have successfully isolated Micrococcus sp. LG-1 which decreased to less than 10cells/ml within 6days and 5days sfter inoculation of Micrococcus sp. LG-1 into the la9 and logarithmic growth phases of C. polykrikoides respectively. Therefore, it appears that inoculation of Micrococcus sp. LG-1 against the logarithmic C. polykrikoides is more effective than the lag growth phase, (n addition, the killing effects were increased in accordance with bacterial cell densities inoculated in a dose dependent manner. Especially, the filtrate of kitling bacterium culture (nore size, 0.2 $\mu$m) revealed a dramatic effect in which C. polykrikoides were decreased to less than 10 cells/mf of culture within 1 hr, 1,5 hrs, 1,5 hrs, 3.5 hrs. and 5,5 hrs after inoculations of the culture filtrate with concentration of $30\%,\;20\%,\;10\%,\;5\%$ and $2.5\%$, respectively. Moreover Micrococcus sp. LG-1 showed a selective specificity against C. polykrikoides and any other killing effects of Micrococcus sp. LG-1 were not observed against Alexandrium tamarense, Prorocentrum micans, Scrippsiella trochoidea. ana Gymnodinium sanguineum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.1551-1558
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• 2009

The management of skeletal health in the twenties is the number one priority for preventing fracture or osteoporosis occurrence in later life cycle. Therefore, the factors influencing bone mineral density were examined by anthropometric measurements, food intakes, bone mineral density and biochemical nutritional indexes in blood among college students. Among the students who received health examinations from May to December, 2007, 532 male and 507 female students who agreed to participate in the study were selected. Nutritional intakes were estimated with 3-day 24-hour recall method. Bone mineral density was measured by ultrasonic attenuation passing through right calcaneus bone and expressed as broadband ultrasound attenuation and t-score was calculated by WHO criteria. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit values were measured by whole blood analysis, and alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium and serum iron were used as indexes for biochemical nutritional status. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 14.0 program, and protecting and risk factors on bone health status were analyzed by logistic regression analysis between normal bone health group (t-score$\underline{\geq}$ -1.0) and osteopenia group (t-score<-1.0). The results showed that more people belong to the normal bone health group probably because this study was conducted among those with their peak bone density. Biochemical nutritional status and nutrition intakes of both groups for normal and osteopenia did not show statistically significant difference except MCHC, animal protein and animal iron intakes in female. According to the results of logistic regression analyses, dietary intakes of animal protein, animal iron and zinc showed protecting effects against osteopenia. Therefore, dietary nutritional intakes of micronutrients, especially iron and zinc are important for bone health of young people.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.537-544
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• 2017

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of Polyopes affinis ethanol extract (PAEE) was investigated using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and a croton oil-induced ICR mice model. Treatment with PAEE significantly reduced production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$] in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. PAEE treatment also reduced expression of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In the croton oil-induced ear edema test, application of PAEE (10~250 mg/kg body weight) reduced ear edema in a dose-dependent manner, and PAEE treatment at 50 mg/kg body weight showed similar inhibitory effects compared with prednisolone (10 mg/kg body weight). Histological analysis revealed reduced dermal thickness and lower number of infiltrated mast cells. These results suggest that PAEE might be used as a promising anti-inflammatory agent for inhibition of LPS-induced inflammation and ear edema formation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.471-477
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• 1999

Background : Smoking and high-risk occupation have been known to be the risk factors of lung cancer. The carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes in human body such as glutathione S-transferase M1, T1 and N-acetyltransferase 1 have also been regarded as risk factors in many cancers, because the activities of those enzymes play a role in metabolizing the carcinogen. A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the genetic polymorphism of GSTM1, T1 and NAT1 in lung carcinogenesis in Korean men. Methods : The histologically proven lung cancer cases were recruited from Seoul National University Hospital. The patients of more than 40-year-old with the nonmalignant urinary tract diseases were recruited as controls from the same hospitals. The informations of demographical characteristics and smoking were obtained by interview or chart review and the genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, T1 and NAT1 were determined by PCR-based assay. The statistical analyses were performed by linear logistic regression. Results : The number of case-control was 118 and 150, respectively. The smoking history was significantly higher in the lung cancer patients than the controls. The prevalence of GSTM1 null-type was statistically higher(OR=2.25 ; 95% CI=1.12-4.51) in squamous cell carcinoma than other genotypes, but other histologic types were not The prevalence of GSTT1 null-type were not statistically higher than other genotypes in all histologic types. The fast acetylator of NAT1 was more prevalent than normal(OR=2.13 ; 95% CI=1.04-4.40) in all lung cancer patients. Conclusion : The null-type of GSTM1 and fast acetylator of NAT1 are associated with development of lung cancer in Korean men.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.525-530
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• 2011

Pine needles have long been used as a traditional health-promoting medicinal food in Korea. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of pine needle extracts on the antioxidant activity, and proliferation of osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells. Pine needle extracts were examined using hot water, ethanol, hexane, hot water-ethanol, and hot water-hexane. The effects of the pine needle extracts were examined by comparing the results with that of a commercial agents, proanthocyanidin. Analysis of each extract indicated that hot water-ethanol and ethanol extracts contained the highest total polyphenol concentrations. The hot water-ethanol and ethanol extracts also showed relatively the highest SOD-like activity. The proliferation of osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells treated with pine needle extracts was decreased by lower than 70%. In addition, the hot water and ethanol extracts of pine needle significantly reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive ($TRAP^+$) multinucleated cells from osteoclatic RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that pine needle extracts had an anabolic effect on bone through the promotion of osteoclast differentiation, suggesting that they could be used for the treatment of common metabolic bone diseases.