• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.129-149
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• 2016

Medical dispute means the dispute between the hospital and the patient due to a medical accident. In general, medical accidents must be in accordance with the terms that are used in the medical dispute adjustment method stated in Article 2 (definition). In relation to this, there is a need to discuss an efficient operation scheme for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in medical disputes. In addition, it is necessary to look at issues of civil liability and criminal liability. In particular, in the consumer dispute arbitration committee, there is a case to make a "decision not to adjust" in aggressive intervention in the process of conflict resolution. The medical staff, on the basis of its "decision," can use this as a proven material for civil and criminal cases. This is rather upon the determination of the consumer council as a typical side effect to defend the user's perspective. This is the "decision" as was expressed from an order, "not adjusted." It is also determined to be easy and clearly timely. In the medical litigation, it is requesting the burden of proof of a patient's cause-and-effect relationship with the doctors committing negligence and medical malpractice. This seems to require the promotion of legislation in the direction to reduce future cases. It is determined that the burden of proof of medical accidents must be improved. The institution receiving the medical accident should prevent a closure report. Further, it is necessary to limit the transition to a franchise point. In this paper, we understand the problems of the current medical dispute resolution system, trying to establish a medical dispute resolution system desirable through an efficient alternative. In addition, it wants help in the protection and realization in medical consumers' and patients' rights. The relevant authorities will take advantage of these measures. After all, this could contribute to the system for a smooth resolution of a medical dispute.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.523-531
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• 2011

급속한 세계화와 블록경제체제는 한 일간의 교역을 크게 확대시켜 취급품목도 경공업분야로부터 중공업분야까지 다양하게 증대되었다. 이러한 국제교역의 확대는 원활한 운송시스템을 필요하게 되었고, 특히 한 일간 기계류나 호화 요트와 같은 특수화물에 대한 운송수요로 카-훼리 국제복합운송체제가 발전하게 되었다. 카-훼리 국제복합운송은 "문전에서 문전까지"라는 하주의 욕구를 충족시켜 주지만 그로 인해 불명손해의 클레임을 야기시킨다. 본 논문의 목적은 한 일간 카-훼리 국제복합운송에 따른 불명손해의 원인과 문제점을 규명하여 합리적인 책임배분에 의한 대응방안을 모색해 한 일간 카-훼리 국제복합운송의 지속적인 발전을 도모함에 있다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.469-492
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• 2000

"International Safety Management(ISM) Code" means the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention as adopted by the Assembly, as may be amended by the International Maritime Organization. This Code have brought into force internationally since 1th July, 1998 by incorporated to the new Chapter Ⅸ in the SOLAS Convention. Accordingly those States which give effect to the SOLAS Convention will have to ensure that rules giving effect to the Code are introduced into their domestic legislation. The purpose of this Code is to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention, by this to reduce the maritime casualty which could caused by neglect of person. To achieve this purpose the ISM Code specifies a number of broad 'safety management objectives' for owning or operation companies, and it requires that such companies should establish, implementing and maintain a written Safety Management System(SMS) covering a whole range of safety environmental and related matters. These requirements of the Code could effect on the carrier in some points such as duty of due diligence to care for cargo, due diligence to make the vessel seaworthy and burden of proof etc. In this respect, We should know that the ISM Code could effect on the carrier advantageously or disadvantageously subject to whether the carrier observed the requirement of the ISM Code. Although it does not add cause of liability or increase limitation of liability imposed to the carrier.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제71권
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• pp.85-105
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• 2016

Independent guarantee is new financial product developed in international commercial transaction. The nature of independent guarantee is an independent undertaking, which takes the form of documentary transaction. As long as the documents presented by the beneficiary are on their face complying with the terms and conditions of the guarantee, the guarantor is obliged to pay upon the complying presentation. Where parties choose to apply for issue of independent guarantee in international commercial transactions in China, Chinese court shall respect the autonomy of parties. If either the guarantor or the beneficiary is located outside of China, or the facts which cause the establishment, change or cancellation of independent guarantee relationship occurred outside of China, it shall be deemed as foreign related independent guarantee. If the interested parties requests for confirmation of the independence of foreign related independent guarantee, it shall be supported by Chinese court. However, parties dealing with Chinese domestic commercial transaction have not fully realized the severity of independent guarantee liability. The market credit is being cultivated and the financial innovation is being explored at present in China. In order to guard against the systematic and the regional financial risk, before relevant rules are promulgated, Chinese court shall not recognize the independence guarantees issued for the domestic commercial transaction, but treat it as joint liability surety.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.82-87
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• 2008

It is impossible to database(DB) the patterns of power cable events and cause analysis of faulted cable because the product liability(PL) law have been enforced in Korea, since 2002. In additions, simulation and pattern of power cable events are needed for DB system under accelerated deterioration. In this paper, we tested for resistance to cracking of cable below the 22.9kV class due to thermal stresses. This method of exam is following IEC 60811-3-1(Common test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of electric cables). From the results, The 22.9kV calss A power cable was discolored on the surface and significantly reduced in the longitudinal direction. As the thermal weight properties of A power cable was definitely varied, we are able to guess the problem of manufacture. If the cable was defect by the manufacture, the victims would be able to claim for damage in the PL system.

• 한국신뢰성학회지:신뢰성응용연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.93-103
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• 2006

Basic function of calorifier system is to supply warm water to the vessel. The heater used in the calorifier system plays a very important role in its reliability. The failure mechanism of heater are compared with accelerated life test. The main cause of failed heater is pitting corrosion occurred between the surface of heater and spacer. To prevent the corrosion failure from heater, material of spacer replaces metal(SUS 304) with polymer (Acryl). The life of redesigned heater can guarantee 2.47years of B10 life under the worst condition.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.59-73
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• 2007

본 연구는 산재보험의 재해보상이 산재 여부에 따라 급여 수급을 전액받거나 혹은 전액 받지 못하는 체계로 인해 산재여부에 대한 판정의 복잡성과 갈등의 요소가 내재되어 있는 문제점의 개선에 초점을 두고 있다. 재해보상형태는 초기 원인주의에 입각한 사용자의 배상책임에 따라 배상 정도가 결정되었으나, 이후 무과실책임주의로의 전환과 재해인정범위의 확대 과정을 거치게 되었다. 이러한 발전은 재해인정에 있어서 All or Nothing 원칙 강화로 이어지게 된다. All or Nothing 원칙이 상당한 논란의 소지가 있음에도 부분인정제도를 도입하기 어려운 이유는 행정적 복잡성을 더욱 심화시키는 점에 있다. 따라서 선진국에서는 사회보장의 종합적 차원에서 보편적 보장을 통해 전체인정제도의 한계를 극복하고 있다. 하지만 한국의 경우 재해로 인한 비용발생이나 소득손실에 대해 종합적 보장체제가 이뤄져 있지 않아 산재인정과 관련된 논란이 심해질 우려가 있다. 따라서 보상차등화의 취지와 논리 수용을 통한 제도개선과 더불어 장기적으로는 종합적인 재해보상 체제 구축이 요구된다.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.34-42
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• 2018

공동주택은 국민 대다수가 선호하는 대표적인 주거양식으로 자리매김한 반면, 완공된 공동주택의 기초 골조 설비 마감 및 조경 등의 수많은 구조체와 마감재에서 균열 침하 파손 누수 결로 및 탈락 등의 다양한 결함이 발생하여 하자없는 신축 공동주택을 원하는 입주자와 하자가 발생하는 것은 불가피하다고 주장하는 사업주체간에 분쟁이 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 이러한 하자분쟁은 입주자와 건설업체 모두에게 경제적 손실을 발생시킨다. 이러한 관점에서 본 논문에서는 하자분쟁사례를 활용하여 공종별 각 보증기간의 하자보수 빈도 및 비용을 분석하고, 이를 종합하여 공종별 각 보증기간의 하자보수위험을 평가하여 하자보수보증금 산정에 대한 시사점을 도출하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 준공 이후 10년 이상된 공동주택 하자분쟁사례 32건, 5337개의 하자아이템을 활용하여 공종별 각 보증기간의 하자보수위험을 평가하였다. 하자빈도와 하자비용을 종합하여 공종별 하자보수보증기간의 하자비용을 분석한 결과, 철근콘크리트공사와 마감공사의 하자위험이 매우 높은 것으로 파악되었다. 이는 결국 하자보수보증금이 일률적으로 연차별로 배분되어 있는 것에 문제점이 있음을 나타낸다. 또한 하자보수보증금의 경과년수에 따른 반환비율과 경과년수에 따른 하자위험을 비교한 결과, 기존 반환비율에 대한 조정이 필요할 것으로 나타났다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 4th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management Organized by the University of New South Wales
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• pp.629-635
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• 2011

Retentions are generally considered to be intended to act as a powerful tool to incentivize contractors/subcontractors to remedy defective work in cases of non-performance. This study attempts to establish the extent to which retentions can be used for this purpose by investigating case law connected with insurance and defective work. One of the significant questions is whether retentions are sufficient to deal with construction defects or value of retentions in the rectification of defects is illusory. The cost to repair a defect may vary depending on a number of components including type, cause, magnitude and the construction stage at which the defect occurs. It is expected that a review of existing cases on defective workmanship will provide an insight on the issues and whether retentions are effective in their intended function. In order to establish their functionality, the study described in this paper investigated 6 construction insurance cases to identify the critical issues and the causes of dispute. It was found that the nature and the cause of defects were different in each case. It was also established that certain defect types not covered by insurance may be covered by retentions - potentially one of the key uses of a retention strategy. It is expected that the findings will assist in forming a view on the quantum of money that may be required paving the way for a first time understanding on a rational basis for setting up retention regime.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2007

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) are frequent forms of genetically heterogeneous peripheral neuropathies. Reciprocal unequal crossover between flanking CMT1A-REPs on chromosome 17p11.2-p12 is a major cause of CMT type 1A (CMT1A) and HNPP. The importance of a sensitive and rapid method for identifying the CMT1A duplication and HNPP deletion is being emphasized. In the present study, we established a molecular diagnostic method for the CMT1A duplication and HNPP deletion based on hexaplex PCR of 6 microsatellite markers (D17S921, D17S9B, D17S9A, D17S918, D17S4A and D17S2230). The method is highly time-, cost- and sample-saving because the six markers are amplified by a single PCR reaction and resolved with a single capillary in 3 h. Several statistical and forensic estimates indicated that most of these markers are likely to be useful for diagnosing the peripheral neuropathies. Reproducibility, as determined by concordance between independent tests, was estimated to be 100%. The likelihood that genotypes of all six markers are homozygous in randomly selected individuals was calculated to be $1.6{\times}10^{-4}$, which indicates that the statistical error rate for this diagnosis of HNPP deletion is only 0.016%.