• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.613-617
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• 1998

The Chsl, Chs2, and Chs3 activities of a pathogenic fungus, Candida albicans, perform the same biochemical reactions, but exert different functions. Therefore, the determination of each enzyme activity is important. The three chitin synthases differ in their optimal pH and the effect of divalent cations as either stimulatory or inhibitory factors. The CAChsl, CAChs2, and CAChs3 activities are optimal at pH 7.5, 6.5, and 8.5, respectively. $Co^{2+} stimulates CAChsl and CAChs3, but inhibits CAChs2. $Ni^{2＋}$ inhibits CAChsl and CAChs2 with little effect on CAChs3. $Mg^{2＋}$ stimulates CAChs2 and CAChs3, but hardly affects CAChsl. These characteristics are similar to those of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae enzymes except in degree. The sensitivity against $Ni^{2＋}$ of CAChsl is higher than that of CAChs2, whereas the reverse is true in S. cerevisiae. Metal dependence of chitin synthases in C. albicans is less marked than that in S. cerevisiae, except for CAChs2. The activities of CAChsl and CAChs3 from EDTA-treated membranes were increased 1.5 fold, while that of CAChs2 was stimulated 7 fold in the presence of divalent cations. These results could provide new criteria for screening systems of antifungal agents.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.118-122
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• 2003

Alpha-SiAlON ceramics having various compositions and modifying cations were investigated with respect to their phase stability, transformation kinetics. and resulting microstructures. Each composition was heat treated at 150$0^{\circ}C$ for 1h and measured the $\alpha$-SiAlON transformation. The phase-boundary composition in the single-phase $\alpha$-SiAlON region showed sluggish transformation from $\alpha$-$Si_3N_4$ to $\alpha$-SiAlON compared to the phase-center composition in the diagram. Using the different rare earth modifying cations, dependence of transformation kinetics on the phase stability in a fixed composition was also explained. By changing size of the stable u-phase region with exchanging cations, systematic change in transformation was observed. Transformation rate of $\alpha$-SiAlON at low temperature has an important role on controlling the final microstructure. Less transformation gives more chances to develop elongated grain in the microstructure.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.103-108
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• 1997

To improve the detection of methicillin resistant staphylococci, lowered incubation temperature (30.deg.) and inclusion of sodium chloride in media have been empirically recommended. However, in this study, we found that sodium chloride in Peptone-Yeast Extract-K$\_$2/HPO$\_$4/ (PYK) medium decreased methicillin minimum inhibitory concentrations. Divalent cations were shown to restore the expression of staphylococcal methicillin resistance. However, when it was determined by efficiency of plating, sodium chloride increased methicillin resistance expression on agar medium in which higher divalent cations were contained in the agar medium. The decrease of minimum inhibitory concentrations at 30.deg.C by sodium chloride occurred in Brain Heart Infusion but did not occur in other media investigated. Interestingly, both PYK and Brain Heart Infusion media had peptone, which contain cholic acids having detergent activities. Inclusion of sodium chloride in PYK caused a higher rate of autolysis. Penicillin binding protein 2a that has a low affinity to beta-lactam antibiotics, was highly inducible in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. In this study, we found that autolysins that are activated by the sodium chloride decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration at 30.deg.C, and peptidoglycan is weakened due to the presence of methicillin. Peptone in the media may aggravate the fragile cells. However, stabilization due to the presence of divalent cations and production of penicilin binding protein 2a increase the survival of staphylococci.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.245-252
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• 1995

Atmospheric aerosols were collected by a High Volume Tape Sampler from March 1992 to December 1993 ar Korean, Cheju, Korea. The water soluble ion concentrations in aerosol were analyzed. The concentrations of cations (N $a^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, N $H_{4}$$^{+}$) were determined by an Inductively Coupled Plazma(ICP) or an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer(AAS), and those of anions (C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ , S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$) were analayzed by the capillary electrophoresis method. The $Ca^{2+}$, S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ and N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ concentrations in spring were higher than those in other seasons. The lowest concentrations of these elements were found in summer, largely due to scavenging by frequent rains. Especially the $Ca^{2+}$ concentration on April was three to four times higher than the annual mean concentration. The enrichment factor(E.F.) of each element was calculated. The annual mean E.F. values of the $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and C $l^{[-10]}$ in 1992 were the same as those in 1993 except $k^{+}$ and S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$. The correlation formula between all cations and anions for the whole period was Anions = 0.759 * Cations + 0.066.Cations + 0.066.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2015

In acid hydrolysis process of biomass saccharification. neutralization of acid hydrolyzate is essential step, which resulted in dissolved cations in glucose solution. Impact of cations to Kluyveromyces marxianus in glucose solution was investigated focused on ethanol fermentation. Either potassium or sodium cations decreased the ethanol fermentation and glucose to ethanol conversion. Glucose consumption by K. marxianus was delayed by increasing potassium cation concentration as completely consumed within 12 h in potassium cation 0.46 mol and 0.92 mol but within 24 h in potassium cation 1.38 mol. Also, ethanol fermentation process was slowed down with increasing concentration of the potassium sulfate. Fermentation of glucose solution to ethanol was more inhibited by sodium cation than potassium cation in glucose solution. Glucose was completely consumed within 24 h in sodium cation 0.95 mol. but at 1.90 mol or 2.84 mol in sodium cation could not finish the fermentation within 48 hour. Ethanol concentration was 22.26 g/L at low sodium cation in glucose solution with complete fermentation within 24 h. With increasing sodium cation in glucose solution, final ethanol concentration was reached at 14.10 g/L (sodium cation con) and 0.21 g/L (sodium cation con), which meant delaying of fermentation by sodium cations.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.17-20
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• 2004

대장균 트립토판 합성효소의 $\beta$반응의 빠른 속도 반응에 일가 양이온의 영향을 D56N과 D56G 잔기치환체를 대상으로 조사하였다. 일가 양이온을 처리하였을 때 생성되는 중간반응 생성물의 생성과 분해 속도가 영향을 받았다. 56번 자리 잔기치환체도 야생형에 비해 반응의 중간산물의 생성과 분해에 있어 모두 느린 속도를 보여주고 있다. 이들 잔기 치환체에 미치는 일가 양이온의 영향 또한 달라졌다. 이 결과는 대장균의 효소에서도 56번잔기가 이소조절에 관여하고 있고, 이 과정에서 일가 양이온들이 이소조절 리간드역할을 수행하는 것을 보여준다.

• 공업화학
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.533-538
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• 2008

본 연구는 상용 제올라이트와 석탄회를 알칼리 양이온(Li, K)과 알칼리 토금속(Ca, Mg)을 이용하여 화학적으로 개질하여 이산화탄소의 흡착능을 향상시키고자 하였다. Ca와 Mg를 함유한 흡착제의 경우 비표면적이 낮게 나타났으나, 전반적으로 뚜렷한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 양이온에 따른 흡착능은 K < Li < Mg < Ca 순으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. Ca와 Mg로 함침된 흡착제의 경우 재생 효율이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 Ca와 Mg 이온이 이산화탄소와의 친화력이 높기 때문이다. 이러한 양이온과 이산화탄소 분자 사이의 친화력은 이산화탄소에 대한 선택도를 증가시켜 줄 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.334-341
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• 2019

Organometal halide perovskite materials have attracted much attention in the photovoltaic and light emitting devices due to the compositional flexibility with AMX₃ formula (A is an organic amine cation; M is a metal ion; X is a halogen atom). The addition of homovalent or heterovalent metal cations to the bulk organohalide perovskites has been performed to modify their energy band structure and the relevant optoelectronic properties by ligand-assisted ball milling. Here, we report CH₃NH₃Pb_1-xM_xBr₃ nanocrystals substituted by metallic cations (M is Sn²⁺, In³⁺, Bi³⁺; x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2). Photoluminescence and quantum yield was significantly reduced with increasing metallic cations content. These quenching effect could be resulted from the metal cations that behave as a non-radiative recombination center.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.507-521
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• 1994

Bentonite occurs in the Janggi Conglomerate of Tertiary age and consists mainly of montmorillonite with Mg as predominant interlayer cations. The bentonite was reacted with various concentrations of sulfuric acid (0.8~1.5M) for various reaction time (1-10h) at $103^{\circ}C$. Cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, surface area and solid acidity of the original bulk and acid activated bentonites were measured. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the changes in structure and properties of the acid activated bentonite. The dissolution of octahedral cations occurs not only from the edge of the clay platelets but also throughout the whole clay structure creating vacant octahedral sites. These lattice defects are created by $H^+$ diffused into the smectite layers. The cations leached possibly from the octahedral sheets are adsorbed on the interlayer exchange sites. They are exchanged with hydronium ions again by stronger acid attack. These reactions create wedge-shaped pores resulting in the increase of the surface area and the changes the morphology in the lattice structure.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.546-548
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• 1993

The discrete structure of substituted 9-benzonorbornenyl cation 3a and 3c was studied using the empirical ${\Delta}$J equation which was developed by Kelly and coworker$^5$. The ${\Delta}$J values of substituted 9-benzonorbornenyl cations were obtained from p-methyl-6,7-dimethyl benzonorbornen-9-yl (3a) and 9-methyl-6,7-dimethyl benzonorbonen-9-yl (3c) cations under stable ion conditions, and were compared with those of the corresponding ketone analog; these cations were generated by dissolving the corresponding carbinols in superacid at -120$^{\circ}$C and the nmr spectra taken at -60$^{\circ}$C~-90$^{\circ}$C. The ${\Delta}$J values are 8.7 Hz for the bridgehead carbons in cation 3c and 3.1 Hz for cation 3b. The ${\Delta}$J values at C5,8 in fused benzene ring are 14.3 Hz for cation 3c and 8.7 Hz for cation 3a. The excellent correlation of the ${\Delta}$J values with 1$^9F$ chemical shifts of p-fluorophenyl-6,7-dimethylbenzonorbornenyl cation (3d) indicate that ${\Delta}$J value is a reliable probe to charge density at adjacent cationic carbon. These NMR parameters strongly support that the symmetrically ${\pi}$-bridged nonclassical structure (type 2) of substituted 9-benzonorbornenyl cations in stable ion conditions.