• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.709-717
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• 2010

This study investigated the properties and functions of wool and silk dyed with Catechu by examining the effects of dying conditions such as dye concentration, dying temperature, dyeing time, pH level and pre-mordants. These conditions were examined in relation to dye uptake and color changes, washing fastness, light fastness, ultraviolet-cut ability and antimicrobial ability of the dyed fabrics. Catechu showed good affinity to silk fiber. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was obtained, and so it was considered that ionic bondings are formed between Catechu and protein fiber. As the dyeing time and temperature is increased, the dyeability of both silk and wool fabrics also increases. At high temperatures the color of dyed fabrics changes from Y and YR to R. Wool is effective in using Al, Cu, Fe mordant, while silk is effective only in using only Cu mordants. The dyeability was shown to be improved at low pH levels. Additionally, both washing fastness and light fastness were shown to be low. However, the fabric color gradually changed to red was due to mailard reaction of catechol tannin causingby repeated washing and sunlight. The ultraviolet-cut ability was improved for cotton fabric dyed with Catechu. Also, dyed fabric with Catechu showed very good antimicrobial abilities at 99.9%.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.699-707
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• 2010

Catechu is widely used as in natural dyeing as well as in various medicines and tannage. This study investigated the dyeing properties and functionality of Catechu through a series of dyeing experiments using cotton fabric. It was shown that the absorbance of Catechu solution has two peaks at 220nm and 280nm. Thus, it can be concluded that the color constituent of Catechu is a catechol tannin and color tone is YR. The dyeability of Catechu increases as the concentration of the dye is increased. Its variation was shown to be similar to the isothermal absorption curve of the Freundlich. As dyeing time was increases, the dyeability did not change significantly after the 30 minute mark was passed. At high temperatures the dyeability was shown to increase. As the dyeing temperature was increased the color of dyeing fabrics changes from Y and YR to R. Experiments with pre-mordanting method showed that various colors can be obtained using Catechu. Cotton is effective in using K, Cu, Fe mordants, and the dyeability was shown to be improved with low pH. Both washing fastness and light fastness were shown to be low. However, the fabric color gradually changed to red was due to mailard reaction of catechol tannin causing by repeated washing and sunlight. The ultraviolet-cut ability was improved for cotton fabric dyed with Catechu. Also, dyed fabric with Catechu showed very good antimicrobial abilities at 99.9%.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.839-842
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• 1995

In its study, We investigated the effects of Areca catechu L on the growth and acid production of Streptococcus mutans JC-2 in broth system and the activity of glucosyltransferase. The results were summarized as follow; 1. The growth of Streptococcus mutans JC-2 was suppressed by adding Areca catechu L in broth system. Especially, its inhibitory effect was significant at 2,000ppm of concentration. 2. Areca catechu L decreased the acid production of Streptococcus mutans JC-2. Decrease of pH according to acid production was less in presence of Areca catechu L than in absence. 3. Areca catechu L exerted the inhibitory effect against glucosyltransferase activity form Streptococcus mutans JC-2.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1009-1023
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the variations of catechu dyed fabrics under UV irradiation. Catechu dyed cotton and silk fabrics mordanted with Fe and Cu were irradiated with UV under dry and wet conditions, and then were evaluated on color changes and mechanical properties. Owing to UV irradiation, the K/S values of catechu dyed cotton fabrics increased until a certain amount of time but those of catechu-dyed silk fabrics increased continuously. Cu mordanting cotton fabrics showed the smallest changes due to the UV treatment, and silk fabrics mordanted with Fe showed the largest changes. Wetted fabrics were accelerated maillard browning by UV. Un-mordanted cotton fabrics treated with UV under dry conditions changed its YR color to Y, but changed its Y color to YR under wet conditions. However, mordanted cotton fabrics treated with UV didn't change their color. Dyed silk fabrics except those Fe mordanted and in wet conditions continued to keep their color after UV irradiation. Silk fabric mordanted with Fe under wet conditions changed its Y color to YR by UV irradiation. UV irradiation didn't affect the mechanical properties of catechu-dyed cotton and silk fabrics in any significant way.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.271-277
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the biological activities of Areca catechu L. The antioxidative, fibrinolytic, thrombin inhibitory, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Areca catechu L extracted with hexane, $CHCl_3$, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water were measured. The water fraction showed the highest extraction yield at 3.65% (w/w). The butanol, $CHCl_3$, water, and ethyl acetate fractions showed strong antioxidative activities at 81.6%, 87.1%, 88.0%, and 89.5%, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity was strong only in the ethyl acetate fraction at 0.84 plasmin units/ml. The 100-fold dilution of the water fraction had the strongest thrombin inhibitory activity at 59.2%. The 100-fold dilution of butanol fraction displayed the strongest ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity at 88.6%. In conclusion, the extracts of Areca catechu L hold promise for use in the development of biofunctional foods to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2016

In order to clarify the availability of heat treatment for catechu dyeing, effect of color developing by heating process on cotton fabrics dyed with catechu extract was investigated. Dyed fabrics were heated various time(min) at $150^{\circ}C$. The cases of non-mordanting and mordanting were compared, and examined the effect of sodium acetate as an agent to promote the color developing to fabrics. Experiments with after-mordanting method showed that various colors can be obtained using catechu. K/S values of dyed fabrics with Al, Cu, Fe mordant were higher than the case of no mordant. The fabric by Cu mordanting showed 3 times to the case of no mordant. Fabrics dyed with catechu by mordanting lowered $L^*$ value while there was little change in $a^*$, $b^*$ value as the heating process progressed. Therefore, K/S values were increased due to heating process. The effects of adding sodium acetate in dyeing bath on dyed fabrics were shown higher K/S values, and the $L^*$ values were lower than those without sodium acetate according to heating time increase. The result show sodium acetate had a promoting effect on the color developing to the fabrics by heating process, it was very effective.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1107-1113
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of catechu water extract on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated with adipogenic regents by incubation for 9 days in the absence or presence of catechu extract ranging from $1{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$. The effect of catechu extracts on cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The effect of catechu extracts on 3T3-L1 differentiation was examined by measuring intracellular lipid droplet and triglyceride contents. These results were obtained from preadipocyte proliferation and adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1. Catechu extracts inhibited lipid accumulation and remarkably decreased triglyceride contents in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at a concentration showing no cytotoxicity. The anti-adipogenic effects of catechu appeared to be mediated by significant down-regulation of expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c proteins apart from expression of hormone-sensitive lipase. We suggest that catechu extracts significantly inhibit adipogenesis and can be used for regulation of obesity.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2015

Ten compounds were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Acacia catechu (Fabaceae), and their structures were identified as nine flavonoids [(+)-catechin (1), (-)-epicatechin (2), (+)-afzelechin (3), (-)-epiafzelechin (4), (+)-mesquitol (5), kaempferol (6), quercetin (7), quercetin 3-methyl ether (8), and caryatin (9)] and an ellagic acid (10). The chemical structures of these compounds were identified on the basis of spectroscopic methods (mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance) and comparison with literature values. This is the first time that the isolation of caryatin (9) has been reported from Acacia genus.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.240-244
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• 2007

In this study, we found that the methanolic extract of Areca catechu repressed expression of the tyrosinase gene in B16 mouse melanoma cells containing a tyrosinase promoter. Extract concentrations of 100 ${\mu}$g/ml and 500 ${\mu}$g/ml exhibited tyrosinase gene expression rates of aproximately 62% and 48%, respectively, compared to the control. The fraction layers consisting of ethyl acetate, butyl alcohol, and water showed repressive effects on the tyrosinase gene. In particular, the butyl alcohol fraction highly repressed at 100 ${\mu}$g/ml and 500 ${\mu}$g/ml. In the MTT assay, the methanolic extracts exhibited very low cytotoxicities at 1 ${\mu}$g/ml, 10 ${\mu}$g/ml, and 100 ${\mu}$g/ml.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.801-808
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• 1997

In order to develop natural anticariogenic agents, we investigated inhibitory effects of Areca catechu L. extracts on the acid production of Streptococcus mutans JC-2 and its cytotoxicity on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were also examined. The results are as follows : 1. Major organic acid produced by Streptococcus mutans JC-2 were lactic acid and acetic acid, and their productions were decreased by additions of Areca catechu L. extracts. 2. Areca catechu L. extracts were showed noncytotoxicity on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.