• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2024

Objectives: Protecting people against financial hardship caused by illness stands as a fundamental obligation within healthcare systems and constitutes a pivotal component in achieving universal health coverage. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence and determinants of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) in Iran, over the period of 2013 to 2019. Methods: Data were obtained from 7 annual national surveys conducted between 2013 and 2019 on the income and expenditures of Iranian households. The prevalence of CHE was determined using a threshold of 40% of household capacity to pay for healthcare. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants influencing CHE. Results: The prevalence of CHE increased from 3.60% in 2013 to 3.95% in 2019. In all the years analyzed, the extent of CHE occurrence among rural populations exceeded that of urban populations. Living in an urban area, having a higher wealth index, possessing health insurance coverage, and having employed family members, an employed household head, and a literate household head are all associated with a reduced likelihood of CHE (p<0.05). Conversely, the use of dental, outpatient, and inpatient care, and the presence of elderly members in the household, are associated with an increased probability of facing CHE (p<0.05). Conclusions: Throughout the study period, CHE consistently exceeded the 1% threshold designated in the national development plan. Continuous monitoring of CHE and its determinants at both household and health system levels is essential for the implementation of effective strategies aimed at enhancing financial protection.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제50권
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• pp.31-51
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• 2018

우리시대에 '괴물'은 다시 전성기를 맞고 있다. 좀비, 휴머노이드, 바이러스, 외계인, 연쇄살인범 등을 다루는 수많은 '괴물서사'들이 대중을 사로잡고 있다. 이 논문은 '괴물서사'가 도대체 무엇인지를 질문하면서 괴물서사의 양상들을 점검한다. 괴물이라는 단어는 유일하고 명확한 정의를 빠져나가는 하나의 개념적 원형범주로 사용되며, 그런 의미에서 '은유'로, 아마도 오늘날 가장 익숙한 은유 중 하나로 활용된다. 괴물이 정의를 빠져나가는 이유는 수많은 괴물 형상들을 공통적으로 묶는 요소가 '기이하다, 의심스럽다, 정상이 아니다'라는 추상적 의미일 뿐이기 때문이다. 정상성과 기준을 뛰어넘는 괴물이라는 존재는 몸에서 떨어져 나오고 배설된 것을 뜻하는 비체(abjection)와 통해있다. 혐오와 공포를 생산한다는 점에서 괴물과 비체는 서로를 참조한다. 이 비체적인 것은 인간 범주 바깥의 '다른 것들'(others)을 의미하는 포스트휴먼적인 것과 일맥상통한다. 인간주의가 확립한 경계를 무너뜨리는 포스트휴머니즘이 경계의 무너짐을 나타나는 괴물에 관심을 갖는 것은 이런 점에서 당연하다. 좀비, 휴머노이드, 사이보그, 로봇 등 포스트휴먼적 존재들은 오늘날 가장 대표적인 괴물의 표상들인 것이다. 요컨대 괴물은 인간적, 인간주의적 범주를 뒤흔드는 모든 존재들이고, 괴물서사는 근대적-인간중심적-남성중심적 범주 바깥의 타자에 대한 이야기들이다. 프로이트가 '낯설은 두려움'(Das Unheimliche)이라는 용어로 말하듯이, 괴물이라는 낯선 존재들은 사실 우리에게 원초적으로 낯익고 익숙했던 것들의 회귀이기도 하다. 괴물서사가 결국 인간주의를 뒤흔들고 비판하고 극복하는 서사라는 점에서 볼 때, 오늘날 괴물서사는 '파국서사'에서 가장 전형적으로 나타난다. 파국서사가 인류 현재 문명의 몰락과 그 이후 상황을 서술하는 이야기라고 할 때, 파국서사의 이야기들은 필연적으로 현재의 가치들을 회의하거나 재사유하거나 배제하는 경향을 보인다. 파국서사와 괴물서사는 공히 인간주의적 현재를 비판하면서 그 이후를 사유하며, 이는 오늘날 생태학의 가장 중요한 개념인 인류세와 자본세가 파국서사와 연관된다는 점에서도 중요하다. 파국서사는 기존의 인간주의적 리얼리즘 서사를 넘어서는 곳에서 시작하고, 그런 점에서 그 자체로 괴물서사이며, 현재의 주요한 서사양식과 사유방식을 뒤흔든다는 점에서 괴물적 서사이기도 하다.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2012

Fuel tank design requires special care because tank explosion can cause catastrophic event with high possibility as shown in accident of TWA 800. In this study, cause of fuel tank explosion was reviewed and several design considerations to minimize explosion possibility were introduced.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.798-800
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• 1993

VSD after myocardial infarction is and infrequent but often catastrophic complication. Occasionally, patient can be treated conservatively until an interval 3-4 wks post infarction.We successively treated ventricular septal defect, 4wks after anterior myocardial infarction.

• 한국자기학회:학술대회 개요집
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• 한국자기학회 2008년도 Asian Magnetics Conference
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• pp.217.2-217.2
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• 2008

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.57-72
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• 1999

Traditional theories of the tensile failure of paper have assumed that uniform strain progresses throughout the sheet until an imperfection within the structure causes a catastrophic break. The resistance to tensile elongation is assumed to be elastic , at first, throughout the structure, followed by an overall plastic yield. However, linear image strain analysis (LISA) has demonstrated that the yield in tensile loading of paper is quite non-uniform throughout the structure, Traditional theories have failed to define the flaws that trigger catastrophic failure. It was assumed that a shive or perhaps a low basis weight area filled that role. Studies of the fracture mechanics of paper have typically utilized a well-defined flaw around which yield and failure could be examined . The flaw was a simple razor cut normal to the direction of tensile loading. Such testing is labeled mode I analysis. The included fla in the paper was always normal to the tensile loading direction, never at another orientation . However, shives or low basis weight zones are likely to be at random angular orientations in the sheet. The effects of angular flaws within the tensile test were examined. The strain energy density theory and experimental work demonstrate the change in crack propagation from mode I to mode IIas the initial flaw angle of crack propagation as a function of the initial flaw angle is predicted and experimentally demonstrated.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.118-121
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• 2008

Bimodal tram is a transit with no-step floor for wheel-chaired persons, with docking to the station precisely and moving on schedule like train. Because of the automatic traveling of bimodal tram to search and follow the magnet embedded in roadway, bimodal tram should be careful about rainfall, snow and wind like a car driving on roadway in respect to natural disasters. Though response procedures in emergency are different according to the passengers' boarding, emergency mobilization is needed if any emergency situation happens. Emergency mobilization is the act of preparing for major catastrophic events, which may affect public transportation systems or their service areas, by assembling and organizing resources, including people, equipment, facilities, communications systems, expert technical support, and public information systems and protocols. Mobilization is the process that ensures that the right people will deploy appropriate resources at the correct time. Effective mobilization requires a partnership of local and state agencies. Public transportation operators and systems play vital roles in response to and recovery from emergencies and other unexpected catastrophic events. These systems, and their capabilities to mobilize resources, are profoundly affected by the decisions and directives of others during these activities. In this study, we focused on the emergency management for bimodal tram and reviewed the considerations about infrastructures under natural disasters, especially heavy rainfall.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.31-35
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• 2004

The speed competition of optical disk drive has been accelerated with the fast advancement of its storage density and data transmission technology. The continuous increase of the spinning speed of CD meets the unexpected and catastrophic failure of disk during the operation. The effect of its thickness and outer radius of disk were investigated to reduce stresses and J-integral around the crack tip. The effect of its thickness was considered ahead of the crack tip. In the effect of outer radius of disk, linear elastic fracture mechanics was used to obtain the critical crack length, which indicates the onset length for unstable crack growth. This approach is so significant as to detect the growing crack by disk drive before the catastrophic failure, which will provide the standard size of its safety for high-speed disk drive.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2005년도 추계종합학술대회
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• pp.873-876
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• 2005

본 논문은 광대역 CMOS 연상증폭기를 위한 새로운 전류 전이 검사 기술을 제안한다. 본 검사 방법에서는 결함이 있는 연산증폭기와 결함이 없는 연산 증폭기를 자동적으로 구별해 내기 위해 증폭기의 공급 전원으로부터 순간적으로 변하는 전류와 출력응답을 측정한다. 광대역 CMOS 연산증폭기는 0.25${\mu}$m CMOS 공정을 이용하여 설계되었다. 이 검사 기술은 CMOS 연산증폭기내에서 발생한 거폭결함 (catastrophic faults)을 검출하고 분석할 수 있으며, 검사비용이 저렴하고 측정방법이 간단하다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2011

In August 2002, a heavy rainfall (445 mm in total for 5 consecutive days) resulted in a catastrophic flood, and it completely washed away the benthic fauna from the mainstream channel of the Gapyeong stream, a typical mid-sized stream in the central Korean peninsula. This study was to investigate the recovery patterns of aquatic insect communities that were damaged by the flood. Aquatic insects were sampled quantitatively using a Surber sampler ($50{\times}50$ cm, 1 riffle and 1 pool/run habitats per site) from three sites (4th-6th order) of the Gapyeong stream prior to 2000 and seasonally after the flood event from 2003 to 2006. Before the flood in the reference year (2000), a total of 77 species of aquatic insects were collected, whereas after the flood 47 species (2003), 51 species (2004), 64 species (2005) and 55 species (2006) were collected from the whole sampling sites. The aquatic insect density decreased to 26.85% (2003), 90.25% (2004), 52.53% (2005) and 54.95% (2006) of that recorded in the reference year. Although approximately 70% of the aquatic insect fauna has recovered since the flood event, the species composition in the most recent year differed substantially (similarity ca. 50%). On the other hand, the compositions of functional groups have not significantly changed. Aquatic insect communities at the riffle sites were affected more profoundly than those at the pool/run sites. The aquatic insect communities at the upstream site recovered more rapidly than those at the downstream sites.