• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.828-833
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• 2002

Thirty mature pregnant ewes of the Phan Rang breed with an initial live weight of 30 to 45 kg were used to compare the effects of three different diets in late pregnancy on ewe and lamb performance. All diets contained 20% of whole sugar cane, 16% rice bran, 26% cassava root and 6% molasses urea block. The remaining 32% of dry matter consisted of Jackfruit (JF diet), 16% each of Jackfruit and Cassava foliage (JF+CS diet) or Jackfruit and Flemingia foliage (JF+FM diet). The diets were fed at 3.5% of actual BW of the individual animal. The foliages were offered at 120% of the amount decided in the diets of the requirements. The JF+CS diet resulted in significantly higher feed intake than the JF diet, and also a higher feed intake than the JF+FM diet, but this difference was not significant. The ewe weight changes during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy, or from start to 24 h after lambing, were significantly different. The highest weight gain was obtained from the ewes fed the JF+CS diet. Diets had no effect on weight changes of ewes during 3 weeks after lambing but a significant effect on the litter birth weight, with the JF+CS diet giving the highest litter birth weight. There was, however, no effect on the litter weight at 21 days or litter growth rate from birth to 21 days due to the experimental diets.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.220-225
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• 2012

실험실용 효모 CEN.PK2-1D와 산업용 효모 JHS100와 JHS200의 ethanol 발효성능을 순수배지와 카사바 당화액에서 비교하고 발효특성을 규명하기 위해 세포성장속도와 ethanol 내성, 부산물 glycerol과 acetate의 생성에 대해 비교하였다. JHS100과 JHS200은 CEN.PK2-1D과 비교하여 세포성장이 빨랐으며 ethanol에 대한 내성이 높았다. 순수YP 배지에 300 g/L glucose를 탄소원으로 이용한 회분식 배양에서 세 효모 모두 0.46 g/g의 ethanol 생산수율을 나타냈으며 생산성은 세포성장속도가 가장 빨랐던 JHS100이 3.05 g/L-hr로 가장 높아서 최종적으로 JHS100 균주는 136.6 g/L의 ethanol을 생산하였다. 카사바 당화액에 질소원을 추가하지 않은 배지를 이용한 혐기성 회분식 배양에서 산업용 효모 JHS100은 106.1 g/L ethanol을 최종적으로 생산하였고, 0.42 g/g 생산수율과 3.15 g/L-hr 생산성을 보였다. 특히, 카사바 당화액과 순수 YP배지를 이용한 발효의 ethanol 생산변수를 비교할 경우, 실험실용 효모 CEN.PK2-1D는 생산수율과 생산성이 각각 19%와 17% 감소한 반면, 산업용 효모 JHS100과 JHS200은 생산수율이 8% 감소하였고 유사한 생산성을 보였다. 또한, ethanol 생산과정의 최대 부산물인 glycerol과 acetate의 생산에 대해서 JHS100과 JHS200이 CEN.PK2-1D에 비하여 크게 낮았다. 따라서 산업용 효모인 JHS100과 JHS200의 뛰어난 ethanol 발효성능은 빠른 세포성장과 높은 ethanol 내성, 낮은 질소원 요구성, 부산물인 glycerol과 acetate의 낮은 생산성 등에 기인하는 것으로 예상한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of protein sources and roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratio on in vitro fermentation parameters using a gas production technique. The experimental design was a $2{\times}5$ factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD). Factor A was 2 levels of protein sources yeast fermented cassava chip protein (YEFECAP) and soybean meal (SBM) and factor B was 5 levels of roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratio at 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100, respectively. Rice straw was used as a roughage source. It was found that gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) of YEFECAP supplemented group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in SBM supplemented group. Moreover, the intercept value (a), gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), gas production rate constants for the insoluble fraction (c), potential extent of gas production (a+b) and cumulative gas production at 96 h were influenced (p<0.01) by R:C ratio. In addition, protein source had no effect (p>0.05) on ether in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and organic (IVOMD) while R:C ratio affected the IVDMD and IVOMD (p<0.01). Moreover, YEFECAP supplanted group showed a significantly increased (p<0.05) total VFA and $C_3$ while $C_2$, $C_2:C_3$ and $CH_4$ production were decreased when compared with SBM supplemented group. In addition, a decreasing R:C ratio had a significant effect (p<0.05) on increasing total VFA, $C_3$ and $NH_3$-N, but decreasing the $C_2$, $C_2:C_3$ and CH4 production (p<0.01). Furthermore, total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus populations in YEFECAP supplemented group were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the SBM supplemented group while fungal zoospores, methanogens and protozoal population remained unchanged (p>0.05) as compared between the two sources of protein. Moreover, fungal zoospores and total bacteria population were significantly increased (p<0.01) while, F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, R. albus, methanogens and protozoal population were decreased (p<0.01) with decreasing R:C ratio. In conclusion, YEFECAP has a potential for use as a protein source for improving rumen fermentation efficiency in ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1364-1373
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• 2012

Four crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian) lactating dairy cows, with an average live weight of $418{\pm}5$ kg and $36{\pm}10$ d in milk were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to evaluate the effects of cassava hay (CH) and rice bran oil (RBO) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, milk yield, and milk composition. Factor A was non-supplementation or supplementation with CH in the concentrate. Factor B was supplementation with RBO at 0% or 4% in the concentrate mixture. The four dietary treatments were (T1) control (Concentrate with non-CH plus 0% RBO; C), (T2) Concentrate with CH plus 0% RBO (CH), (T3) Concentrate with non-CH plus 4% RBO (RBO), and (T4) Concentrate with CH plus 4% RBO (CHRBO). The cows were offered concentrate, at a ratio of concentrate to milk production of 1:2, and urea-lime treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. Urea-lime treated rice straw involved 2.5 g urea and 2.5 g $Ca(OH)_2$ (purchased as hydrated lime) in 100 ml water, the relevant volume of solution was sprayed onto a 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw, and then covering the stack with a plastic sheet for a minimum of 10 d before feeding directly to animals. The CH based concentrate resulted in significantly higher roughage intake and total DM intake expressed as a percentage of BW (p<0.05). Ruminal pH, $NH_3$-N, BUN and total VFA did not differ among treatments, while RBO supplementation increased propionate, but decreased acetate concentration (p<0.05). Furthermore, the population of total ruminal bacteria was significantly lower on the RBO diet (p<0.05). In contrast, the total ruminal bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria on the CH diet were higher than on the other treatments. Supplementation with CH increased (p<0.05) F. succinogens and R. flavefaciens populations, whereas the populations of B. fibrisolvens and M. elsdenii were increased on the RBO diet. In addition, supplementation with CH and RBO had no effect on milk production and composition in dairy cows, while fatty acid composition of milk was influenced by RBO supplementation, and resulted in significantly lower (p<0.05) concentrations of both short-chain and medium-chain FA, and increased (p<0.05) the proportion of long-chain FA in milk fat, as well as significantly increased cis-9, trans-11 CLA and total CLA. In conclusion, RBO or CH exhibited specific effects on DMI, rumen fermentation, microbial population, milk yield and composition in lactating dairy cows, which were not interactions between CH and RBO in the diets. Feeding lactating dairy cows with RBO could improve fatty acid in milk fat by increasing cis-9, trans-11 CLA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.470-478
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• 2017

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation quality and in vitro ruminal fermentation of various ratios and storage periods of liquid brewer's yeast (LBY) mixed with cassava pulp (CVP). Methods: Four mixtures of fresh LBY and CVP were made (LBY0, LBY10, LBY20, and LBY30 for LBY:CVP at 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, and 30:70, respectively) on a fresh matter basis, in 500 g in plastic bags and stored at 30 to $32^{\circ}C$. After storage, the bags were opened weekly from weeks 0 to 4. Fermentation quality and in vitro gas production (IVGP) were determined, as well as the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin contents. Results: The contents of CP and EE increased, whereas all other components decreased, in proportion to LBY inclusion (p<0.01). The DM and OM contents gradually decreased in weeks 3 and 4 (p<0.05), while EE contents were lowest in week 0. The pH, ammonia nitrogen per total nitrogen ($NH_3-N/TN$) and V-score in each mixture and storage period demonstrated superior fermentation quality ($pH{\leq}4.2$, $NH_3-N/TN{\leq}12.5%$, and V-score>90%). The pH increased and $NH_3-N/TN$ decreased, with proportionate increases of LBY, whereas the pH decreased and $NH_3-N/TN$ increased, as the storage periods were extended (p<0.01). Although IVGP decreased in proportion to the amount of LBY inclusion (p<0.01), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was unaffected by the mixture ratios. The highest IVGP and IVOMD were observed in week 0 (p<0.01). Conclusion: The inclusion of LBY (as high as 30%) into CVP improves the chemical composition of the mixture, thereby increasing the CP content, while decreasing IVGP, without decreasing fermentation quality and IVOMD. In addition, a preservation period of up to four weeks can guarantee superior fermentation quality in all types of mixtures. Therefore, we recommend limiting the use of CVP as a feed ingredient, given its low nutritional value and improving feed quality with the inclusion of LBY.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2001

카사바 (Manihot esculenta Crantz, cv. MCol 22)의 마디 및 절간절편으로부터 부정근 발생이 분화결정되는 시기를 조사하였다. 1개의 액아를 가진 10mm 길이의 마디절편을 MS 기본배지에서 8일간 배양하면 직접 부정근이 발생되었으나, 액아를 갖지 아니한 절간절편은 동일한 배지상에서 부정근이 형성되지 않았다. 반면에 마디절편을 MS 기본배지에서 5일간 배양한 뒤, 마디절편의 중간부로부터 절단된 하부의 절간절편으로부터는 부정근이 발생되었다. 이에 따라 마디절편의 중간 부를 일정시간 단위로 절단하는 방법으로 조사된 분화결정 시기는 3∼5일이었다. 한편 절간절편을 여러가지 농도의 IBA가 첨가된 배지에서 일정 기간 배양한 후 MS 기본배지로 이식했을 때 부정근이 발생되는 시기는 옥신 농도와 배양기간 에 따라 달랐다. 0.5 mg/L IBA 첨가에서는 5일 이상 배양되어야 90% 이상의 절편에서 부정근이 발생되고, 1 mg/L IBA 첨가에서는 2.5일 이상 처리에서, 그리고 2mg/L IBA에서는 1.5일의 처리에서 90% 이상의 부정근이 발생되었다. 따라서 부정근 발생을 분화결정시킨 외래 옥신의 처리기간은 분화결정 시기이라기보다는 근원기 유도에 필요한 적정량의 옥신을 흡수축적한 기간으로 사료된다.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 1999

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 고생산세포주로 선발된 카사바 (Manihot esculenta Crantz) 배양세포에 감마선을 처리하여 세포생장과 SOD, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)의 항산화효소 활성을 조사하였다. 카사바 캘러스는 계대배양 후 약 15일에 대수증식생장기에 진입한 후 30일에 최대생장을 나타내었으며 계속적인 배양에 따라 생장이 현저히 감소하였다. SOD와 POD의 비활성도 (units/mg protein)는 계대배양 직후에 가장 높았으며 대수증식 초기까지 감소한 후 다시 배양후기까지 증가하였다. CAT 활성은 세포생장과 비례하여 활성변화를 나타내었으며 계대배양 직후와 배양후기에 낮은 활성을 나타내었다. 계대배양 7일째의 카사바 캘러스에 감마선을 처리한 한 결과, 처리 후 14일째 배양세포는 방사선량에 비례하여 세포생장에 크게 영향을 주어 50Gy와 70Gy에서 각각 약 50%와 80%의 생장이 억제되었다. 이 시기의 SOD와 POD는 방사선량에 비례하여 증가하여 70Gy를 조사한 경우 각각 4배, 2.5배 증가하였으나 CAT은 방사선에 거의 영향을 받지 않았다. 카사바 캘러스배양에서 계대배양, 배양후기의 세포노화 및 배지내 영양고갈에 따른 배양스트레스는 SOD와 POD에 의해 주로 조절되고 있음이 시사되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.692-696
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• 1998

An experiment was conducted with eight growing sheep (average initial weight 20.6 kg and average final weight 23.7 kg) in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to study the effect of type of forage supplementation to a basal diet of rice straw (ad libitum) and cassava (Manihot esculanta, approximately 9 g of dry matter $(DM).kg^{-0.75}{\cdot}day^{-1}$) on voluntary intake, digestion, rumen microbial protein synthesis and daily weight gain. Forages used were Leucaena (L, Leucaena leucocephala), Gliricidia (G, Gliricidia maculata) and Tithonia (T, Tithonia diversifolia, wild sunflower) at a DM supplementation level of approximately $13g.kg^{-0.75}.day^{-1}$. Organic matter intake was 40.4, 55.5, 55.0 and $54.9g{\cdot}kg.^{-0.75}{\cdot}day^{-1}$ for control (C, ad libitum straw and cassava), L, G and T. respectively, significantly lower for C than for the supplemented diets. Intake of supplementary forage had also a significantly positive effect on voluntary rice straw intake. All forage supplemented diets showed a significantly higher whole diet organic matter digestion than C ($488g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$), while T ($557g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) differed significantly from L ($516g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) but not from G ($526g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). Daily weight gain was -1.7, 5.2, 5.4 and $4.7g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$, for C, L, G and T. respectively, significantly lower for C than for the forage-supplemented diets. Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis estimated from urinary excretion of purine derivatives was lower for C (3.8 g microbial N. (kg digestible organic matter intake $(DOMI))^{-1}$ than for the forage supplemented diets (11.3, 9.0 and 9.4 g microbial $N.(kg\;DOMI)^{-1}$ for L, G and T. respectively).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1124-1131
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• 2012

Four Thai - rumen fistulated male swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), about four years old with $400{\pm}20kg$ liveweight, were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive dietary treatments. The treatments were: ground corn cob (GCC) replacement for cassava chip (CC) in concentrate at 0% (T1); GCC replacement at 33% (T2); GCC replacement at 67% (T3); and GCC replacement at 100% (T4), respectively. During the experiment, concentrate was offered at 0.5% BW while 5% urea-treated rice straw was given at ad libitum. The result revealed that there was no effect of GCC replacement on DMI among treatments. In addition, digestibilities of DM, OM and CP were not different while aNDF linearly increased with an increasing level of GCC replacement. However, GCC replacement did not affect rumen fermentation such as ruminal pH, $NH_3$-N and VFA concentration; except C3 proportion which was the highest at 33% replacement while the lowest was at 100% replacement. All replacements of GCC resulted in similar protozoal and bacterial populations and microbial protein synthesis (MPS). Purine derivatives (PD) concentration in urine and PD to creatinine (PDC) index were varied with time of urination and among treatments at 0 to 8 and 8 to 16 h post feeding and higher values were shown among the GCC replacement groups. However at 16 to 24 h-post feeding, it was untraceable. In addition, creatinine concentration was similar among all treatments at every sampling time. Based on the above results, GCC can be used as an energy source for swamp buffalo fed with rice straw. Spot sampling of urine can be used for purine derivatives determination.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.529-536
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of levels of cottonseed meal with various carbohydrate sources in concentrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in dairy bulls. Four, 6 months old dairy bulls were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) and cassava chip+rice bran in the ratio of 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was cotton seed meal levels in the concentrate; 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) at similar overall CP levels (490 g CP/kg). Bulls received urea-lime treated rice straw ad libitum and were supplemented with 10 g of concentrate/kg BW. It was found that carbohydrate source and level of cotton seed meal did not have significant effects on ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, microbial protein synthesis or feed intake. Animals which received CC showed significantly higher BUN concentration, ruminal propionic acid and butyric acid proportions, while dry matter, organic matter digestibility, populations of total viable bacteria and proteolytic bacteria were lower than those in the CR3:1 treatment. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids was higher in HCM than LCM treatments, while the concentration of butyric acid was higher in LCM than HCM treatments. The population of proteolytic bacteria with the LCM treatments was higher than the HCM treatments; however other bacteria groups were similar among the different levels of cotton seed meal. Bulls which received LCM had higher protein digestibility than those receiving HCM. Therefore, using high levels of cassava chip and cotton seed meal might positively impact on energy and nitrogen balance for the microbial population in the rumen of the young dairy bull.