• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.173-183
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• 2022

Through the collection of herbarium specimens in Bhutan over the years, new plant species are discovered nearly annually. Thus, this paper reports two new genera and 19 new records of flowering plant species from Bhutan. The new genera include Eurycorymbus of the family Sapindaceae and Homalium of the family Salicaceae. The new records of plant species are Eranthemum erythrochilum (Acanthaceae), Hemidesmus indicus (Apocynaceae), Ilex umbellulata (Aquifoliaceae), Canarium strictum (Burseraceae), Ehretia acuminate (Boraginaceae), Vaccinium sikkimense (Ericaceae), Nothapodytes foetida (Icacinaceae), Machilus edulis (Lauraceae), Grewia asiatica (Malvaceae), Hibiscus fragrans (Malvaceae), Cipadessa baccifera (Meliaceae), Baccaurea javanica (Phyllanthaceae), Canthiumera glabra (Rubiaceae), Homalium napaulense (Salicaceae), Eurycorymbus cavaleriei (Sapindaceae), Acmella radicans (Asteraceae), Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae), Cleome rutidosperma (Cleomaceae), and Cuphea carthagenensis (Lythraceae). Morphological determinations of the genera and species were carried out at the National Herbarium (THIM) of the National Biodiversity Centre of Bhutan. Brief descriptions of the species, phenology, and photo plates are provided in this annotated checklist.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1419-1424
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• 2012

Purpose of this study was to evaluate germination characteristics of soil seed bank in rural stream topsoil using seedling emergence method in order to provide data for future ecological restoration of stream utilizing topsoil. There were 24 families, 52 genera, 61 taxa of soil seed bank flora found in topsoil from 6 rural streams. The most frequently found taxa were Compositae (12 taxa) followed by Gramineae (8 taxa), Caryophyllaceae (5 taxa), Cruciferae (4 taxa), Scrophulariaceae, Labiatae, Polygonaceae and Cyperaceae. Plant with the most number of germination was Stellaria aquatica followed by Erigeron annuus, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Poa annua, Cyperus microiria and Veronica undulata. Naturalized plants found were Erigeron annuus, Rumex crispus, Oenothera odorata, Cerastium glomeratum, Bidens frondosa, Erigeron philadelphicus, etc.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.164-172
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• 1993

About 196 weed species composed of 31 annuals, 38 biennials and 127 perennials belonging to 53 families were identified from 90 buryingplaces in Kyungpook province on June and September, 1992. Compositae was the most widely occuring family covering 34 species, followed by 27 species in graminae, 17 species in leguminosae, and 10 species in rosaceae, 8 species in liliaceae ranunculaceae, 7 species in caryophyllaceae cruciferae, 6 species in labiate polygonaceae, 4 species in crassulaceae cyperaceae, and the rest 41 families having 1 to 3 species. The dominant weed species occured in the buryingplaces based on importance value and frequency were Imperata cylindrica, Artemisia princeps, Viola mandchrica, Erigeron annuus, Erigron canadensis, Rubus parvifolius and Prunella vulgaris.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1995

These researches have been conducted to obtain the basic information of the effects of paraquat on plant species and to screen the plant species showing specific responses to paraquat. Paraquat resistance related to ecotype and overwintering capacity. Perennial and biennial species showed higher resistance than annual species. In a family, most species showed higher resistance were overwintering species. Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, and Caryophyllaceae were tolerant to paraquat, whereas Poaceae and Asteraceae were sensitive. Especially Mosla dianthera of Lamiaceae, Hemistepta lyrata and Aster pilosus of Asteraceae, and Paspalum thunbergii of Poaceae showed higher tolerance than others. The response patterns of plant species on germination stage were different to those on vegetative stage. Germination of Amarathus lividus, Arabis glabra, and Bidens frondosa was not inhibited by paraquat. But their seedling growth were highly inhibited.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.240-246
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• 2010

Two newly naturalized species were recorded from Incheon (Youngjong-do) and Ulsan. Among them, Bidens polylepis S.F. Blake (Asteraceae) was widespread and was found in the following locations: Unbuk bridge, Unbuk-dong, Jung-gu in Incheon, and Chuiseosan, Banggi-ri, Samnam-myeon as well as a Saemmul mountain cabin on Jaeaksan, Sangbuk-myeon in Ulju-gun, Ulsan. Bidens polylepis can be distinguished from congeneric species by its larger ray-flowers. The Korean name of Bidens polylepis was newly formulated based on the characteristic of its yellow ray-flowers and on the Korean name of the genus Bidens (Asteraceae). The other species, numerous populations of Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae) were found in two areas in Jeotgae village, Unseo-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon. Saponaria officinalis can be distinguished from congeneric species in the family by two features, shallow calyx teeth and a petal with appendages at the base of the blade.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the classification and the growing characteristics of biennial weed species in a newly formed transplanting lawn grass land. Measuring size in the experimental plot was $1{\times}1m$ in the 9 different locations, and experimental design was randomized complete plot with 3 replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) Weed species in a newly formed lawn field are consisted of 29.4% of Cruciferae, 29.4% of Compositae, 23.5% of Caryophyllaceae, 11.8% of Gramineae, and 5.9% of Labiatae family 2) Emerging percentage of weed species are consisted of 47.1% on October, 41.2% on November, 5.9% on both September and December, respectively. 3) Distribution rate about flowering time of weed species was in order of 58.5% on May, 23.5% on April, 11.8% on March, and 5.9% on June. 4) Weed species were grouped according to the plant height. It was observed that below 20cm, 20-40cm, 40-60cm and above 60cm of plant height were 23.5%, 47.1%, 17.6% and 11.8%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.27-53
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Manisan (Ganghwa-gun) from April of 2017 to August of 2018. The vascular plants identified during the 12 round field surveys were a to total of 508 taxa: 107 families, 306 genera, 456 species, 7 subspecies, 43 varieties, 1 form, and 2 hybrids. The largest families were as follows; Asteraceae (66 taxa), Poaceae (59 taxa), Fabaceae (25 taxa), Cyperaceae (25 taxa), Rosaceae (22 taxa), Liliaceae (20 taxa), Polygonaceae (17 taxa), Lamiaceae (14 taxa), Ranunculaceae (13 taxa), and Caryophyllaceae (13 taxa). Among these plants, 169 taxa were recoeded for the first time from this region. The six taxa of Korean endemic plants including Clematis brachyura Maxim., Viola seoulensis Nakai, Carex brevispicula G. H. Nam & G. Y. Chung, C. erythrobasis H. $L{\acute{e}}v$. & Vaniot, Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai, and Lycoris flavescens M. Y. Kim & S. T. Lee were found in this region. The vascular plants on the red list according to IUCN evaluation basis were found to be two taxa: Near Threatened (NT) species of Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino, and Not Evaluate (NE) species of Tylophora floribunda Miq., respectively. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 26 taxa comprising three taxa of degree IV, four taxa of degree III, seven taxa of degree II, and 12 taxa of degree I. In addition, the alien plants were identified as 49 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 9.7%, and urbanization index (UI) was 15.3%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.46-69
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• 1996

The studies were conducted to obtain the basic information of the effects of pollutants on plant species and to select the plant species showing specific responses to the pollutants. For these purposes, paraquat, ammonium, and cadmium as a source of oxidative stress, nitrogen toxicity, and heavy metal toxicity respectively were treated to the plant species. Among the tested plants, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, and Caryophyllaceae were tolerant to paraquat, whereas Poaceae and Asteraceae were sensitive. Especially Mosla dianthera of Lamiaceae, Hemistepta lyrata and Aster pilosus of Asteraceae, and Paspalum thunbergii of Poaceae showed higher tolerance than others. Paraquat resistance was related with life style, overwintering capacity, so perennial and biennial species showed higher tolerance than annual species. In response to ammonium, Poaceae showed higher resistance while Fabaceae and Caryophyllaceae showed sensitiveness. Weed species having tolerance to ammonium were Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Setaria glauca, Chenopodium album, and Solanum nigrum, while Mosla dianthera, Arenaria serpyllifolia and Perilla frutescens var. japonica showed sensitiveness. In the response of plant species to cadmium, Digitaria sanguinalis, Amaranthus lividus showed higher resistance, whereas Galinsoga parviflora, Plantago asiatica, Ambrosia trifida, and Paspalum thunbergii showed sensitiveness. The injured degree on germination stage by pollutants did not related with injured degree on matured stage. During germination, the root elongation was more sensitive than shoot elongation by pollutants, paraquat, ammonium, and cadmium.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.145-178
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• 2019

The genus Pseudostellaria (Caryophyllaceae) in Korea was investigated in order to clarify the taxonomic positions and scientific names among the species in this genus based on morphological characteristics. P. ${\times}$ bohyeonsanensis and P. ${\times}$ seoraksanensis share several characteristics (trichome on the sepal margin and midvein, five petals, and stem reclining to the ground after flowering) with P. davidii. P. ${\times}$ bohyeonsanensis, resulting from natural hybridization of P. davidii and P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata, has sterile fruit and a long pedicel (2.2-6.0 cm). P. ${\times}$ seoraksanensis, a natural hybrid of P. davidii and P. palibiniana var. palibiniana, has sterile fruit and a short pedicel (1.1-1.8 cm). P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata shares several characteristics (long pedicels of chasmogamic flowers that elongate to the ground when bearing fruit and cleistogamic flowers with a long pedicel) with the related taxa P. okamotoi var. okamotoi. P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata has slender root tubers, glabrous pedicels, and 5-9 petals. P. palibiniana var. gageodoensis is described from Gageodo Island. It is similar to P. palibiniana var. palibiniana having chasmogamic flowers at the stem terminal, 5-7 petals, and a short pedicel, but P. palibiniana var. gageodoensis is distinguished by 1-2 rows of trichomes on the pedicel, a large sepal size, a large petal size, and a branched stem at its base. P. ${\times}$ biseulsanensis, from a natural hybrid of P. heterophylla and P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata, has a solitary aerial stem, a chasmogamic flower at the stem terminal, a shallow marginate or bitten petal apex, one row of trichomes on the pedicel, and sterile fruit. P. ${\times}$ segeolsanensis, from a natural hybrid of P. palibiniana var. palibiniana and P. okamotoi var. okamotoi, is described from Segeolsan Mt. It has numerous aerial stems, a chasmogamic flower at the stem terminal, 1-2 rows of trichomes on the pedicel, and fertile fruit. Consequently, the genus Pseudostellaria in Korea has been classified into eight species, four hybrids, two varieties, and five forms.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the deterioration rate and conditions of natural lawn play grounds from 71 schools in Daejeon metropolitan city. Also, we investigated the grasses and wild flowers of 33 families and 101 species on five additional school grounds. One year after planting in 71 schools from 2002 to 2004, we found out that the school lawn grounds coverage were deteriorated up to 51% in elementary schools, 76% in middle schools, and 42% in high schools. There are 45 species on the two school grounds located in mountain areas, 20 species on the three grounds located in downtown areas. There are 20 species in Compositae family, 17 species in Gramineae, 7 species in Polygonaceae, and 7 species in Leguminosae, 6 species in Caryophyllaceae, five species in Cruciferae, and 4 species in Cyperaceae.