• 대한본초학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2016

Objectives : Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) possesses a various beneficial effects such as free radical-scavenging, inactivation of urokinase in cancer cell proliferation, antibacterial, and hypotensive. Dental caries is one of the most common oral infectious disease in a human. Oral microorganisms play a significant role in the etiology of dental caries. An aberration to this ecology due to dietary habits, improper oral hygiene or systemic factors lead to an increase in cariogenic microorganisms. Cariogenic microorganisms like Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus encourage the accumulation and adherence of plaque biofilm by metabolizing sucrose into glucans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds of Camellia sinensis and R-carvone, monoterpenes, is can be found naturally in numerous essential oils, on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus .Methods : The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was determined by the broth microdilution method and checkerboard dilution assay to investigate the potential synergistic effects of each five compounds of Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) and R-carvone.Results : C. sinensis-isolated compounds and R-carvone were determined with MIC of more than 1,000 ㎍/mL. However, the combination test showed significant synergism against S. mutans and S. sobrinus, implicated in the lowered MICs.Conclusions : These results suggest that combinatory application of phenolic five compounds (theophyllin, l-theanine, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and caffeine) from C. sinensis and R-carvone has a potential synergistic effect and thus may be useful as a mouthrinse in helping control cariogenic microorganism.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2006

치면세균막내의 미생물 중 Streptococcus mutans $N_{AKAI}$는 치면세균막형성에 가장 중요한 역할을 하는 원인균으로 알려져 있으며, Streptococcus mutans $N_{AKAI}$는 치아우식을 일으키는 주요 원인균으로 주목을 받고 있다. Streptococcus mutans $N_{AKAI}$균에 항균효과를 나타내는 화합물 acanthoic acid (AA, $C_{20}H_{30}O_2$)을 Acanthopanax koreanum $N_{AKAI}$의 클로로포롬 추출물에서 각종 컬럼크로마토그래피법으로 추출분리하여 ms, 1H-NMR 그리고 13C-NMR 등을 이용하여 구조를 동정하였다. AA의 Streptococcus mutans $N_{AKAI}$에 대한 최소억제농도(MIC)와 최소살균농도(MBC)를 조사하였으며, 이 때 각각 2와 $4\:{\mu}g/mL$을 나타냈었다. 또한 다른 천연물에서 분리된 화합물인 tanshinone IIA는 8/16\;${\mu}g/mL$, 녹차의 추출물과 eucalyptoi은 $250/500\;{\mu}g/mL$이었다. 그리고 또 다른 치주질환의 원균인 Streptococcus sobrinus $N_{AKAI}$, Streptococcus sanguis $N_{AKAI}$ 및 Streptococcus gordonii $N_{AKAI}$의 최소억제 농도의 범위는 $4{\sim}32\;{\mu}g/mL$이었다. 우리의 연구결과에서 Acanthopanax koreanum $N_{AKAI}$에서 분리한 acanthoic acid 치주질환 원인균들을 억제하는 항균제로의 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2014

Objectives: Recurrent caries was partly ascribed to lack of antibacterial properties in composite resin. Silver and zinc nanoparticles are considered to be broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of composite resins containing 1% silver and zinc-oxide nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Materials and Methods: Ninety discoid tablets containing 0%, 1% nano-silver and 1% nano zinc-oxide particles were prepared from flowable composite resin (n = 30). The antibacterial properties of composite resin discs were evaluated by direct contact test. Diluted solutions of Streptococcus mutans (PTCC 1683) and Lactobacillus (PTCC 1643) were prepared. 0.01 mL of each bacterial species was separately placed on the discs. The discs were transferred to liquid culture media and were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 8 hr. 0.01 mL of each solution was cultured on blood agar and the colonies were counted. Data was analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: Composites containing nano zinc-oxide particles or silver nanoparticles exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The effect of zinc-oxide on Streptococcus mutans was significantly higher than that of silver (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus between composites containing silver nanoparticles and those containing zinc-oxide nanoparticles. Conclusions: Composite resins containing silver or zinc-oxide nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2008

치아우식균으로 알려져 있는 Streptococcus mutans에 대한 초피(Zanthoxylum piperitum)의 항균활성을 조사하기 위해, 뿌리, 줄기, 잎, 과피, 그리고 종자 부분을 methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, methylene chloride등의 유기용매로 추출한 후 그 추출물의 항균활성을 $1{\sim}3$ mg/disc 농도범위에서 측정하였다. 그 결과, 종자의 경우만 활성이 나타났으며 특히 methylene chloride 추출물에서 비교적 높은 항균활성이 확인되었다. 초피종자의 항균활성이 종자의 정유성분을 추출할 경우에도 회수되는지를 조사하기 위해 초피종자 및 초피과피로부터 정유성분을 추출하고 이들의 S. mutans에 대한 항균활성을 측정하였다. 이때 두 정유성분 모두는 종자의 methylene chloride 추출물 보다 더 강한 항균효과를 보였다. 이 정유성분들의 S. mutans에 대한 최소저해농도(MIC)를 액체배양으로 측정한 결과, 초피종자 정유성분의 MIC는 0.3 mg/ml 로, 또한 초피과피 정유성분의 MIC는 4 mg/ml로 나타났다. S. mutans에 대한 항균활성이 가장 높게 나타난 종자의 정유성분을 박층크로마토그래피 방법으로 7가지 분획으로 나누어 그 항균효과를 서로 비교 조사한 결과, 다섯번째 분획(CS-SD-E)의 항균활성이 다른 분획들의 항균활성에 비해 상대적으로 높았으나, 분획 전의 정유성분에 비해서는 모두 항균활성이 낮았다. 초피종자의 항균활성성분을 조사하기 위해, 초피종자의 methylene chloride 추출물과 초피종자 정유성분을 GC-MS로 비교 분석하였다. 초피종자의 methylene chloride 추출물에서는 S. mutans에 대한 항균활성이 이미 보고된 물질로서 carvacrol (0.24%), ${\beta}$-caryphyllene (1.72%), ${\alpha}$-humulene (0.88%)등이 검출되었고, 초피종자 정유성분에서는 sabinene (1.57%), linalool (1.55%), citronellal (13.67%), terpinene-4-ol (0.45%), citronellol (3.69%), geraniol (0.9%), linalyl acetate (1.35%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (1.35%), ${\alpha}$-humulene (0.7818%) 및 ${\delta}$-cadinene (0.67%) 등이 S. mutans에 대한 항균활성이 보고된바 있는 물질로서 확인되었다. 이상의 연구결과는 초피종자가 S. mutans에 대해 항균활성을 가지며, 수증기 증류를 통해 확보하는 종자의 정유성분 회수가 이러한 항균물질을 추출하는 효과적인 방법임을 시사한다. 아울러 본 연구결과는 초피종자 유래의 정유성분이 S. mutans에 의해 발생하는 치아우식의 예방에 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1579-1585
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• 2016

Sugar esters are valuable compounds composed of various sugars and fatty acids that can be used as antibacterial agents and emulsifiers in toothpaste and canned foods. For example, fructose fatty acid esters suppress growth of Streptococcus mutans, a typical pathogenic bacterium causing dental caries. In this study, fructose laurate ester was chosen as a target material and was synthesized by a transesterification reaction using Candida antarctica lipase B. We performed a solvent screening experiment and found that a t-butanol/dimethyl sulfoxide mixture was the best solvent to dissolve fructose and methyl laurate. Fructose laurate was synthesized by transesterification of fructose (100 mM) with methyl laurate (30 mM) in t-butanol containing 20% dimethyl sulfoxide. The conversion yield was about 90%, which was calculated based on the quantity of methyl laurate using high-performance liquid chromatography. Fructose monolaurate (M_r 361) was detected in the reaction mixture by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The inhibitory effect of fructose laurate on growth of oral or food spoilage microorganisms, including S. mutans, Bacillus coagulans, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus, was evaluated.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2014

Halitosis is caused by consumption of certain foods or drinks and production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by periodontopathogens. VSCs-related halitosis is not easily removed using mechanical or chemical therapies such as dental floss, plaque control and mouth rinse. Lactobacillus are known to be probiotics and stimulate immune systems of human. Furthermore, L. casei ATCC 334 and L. rhamnosus GG have an effect on protection of dental caries in vitro studies. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of Lactobacillus on halitosis by Fusobacterium nucleatum- and Porphyromonas gingivalis-producing VSCs and to analyze inhibitory mechanism. The periodontopathogens were cultivated in the presence or the absence Lactobacillus, and the level of VSCs was measured by gas chromatograph. For analysis of inhibitory mechanisms, the susceptibility assay of the spent culture medium of Lactobacillus against F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis was investigated. Also, the spent culture medium of Lactobacillus and periodontopathogens were mixed, and the emission of VSCs from the spent culture medium was measured by gas chromatograph. L. casei and L. rhamnosus significantly reduced production of VSCs. L. casei and L. rhamnosus exhibited strong antibacterial activity against F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. The spent culture medium of L. casei inhibited to emit gaseous hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide from the spent culture medium of periodontopathogens. However, the spent medium of L. rhamnosus repressed only dimethyl sulfide. L. casei ATCC 334 may improve halitosis by growth inhibition of periodontopathogens and reduction of VSCs emission.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 2014

Streptococci are among the normal human microflora that populate the oral cavity. However, oral streptococci are known as a major causative agent for dental caries and bacterial endocarditis. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is used for oral infections but two mechanisms of tetracycline resistance in streptococci have been reported. The tet(K) and tet(L) genes in these bacteria are related to the active efflux of tetracycline, whereas tet(M) and tet(O) confer ribosomal protection from this antibiotic. It has been reported that the tetracycline resistance of streptococci is related mainly to the activity of tet(M) and tet(O). In our present study, we examined the prevalence of tet(M) and tet(O) in oral streptococci isolated from Korean dental plaques using PCR. One hundred and forty eight of 635 isolates (23.3%) were tetracycline resistant; 68 of these strains (46%) harbored tet(M) and 3 strains (2%) were positive for tet(O). However, tet(M) and tet(O) did not co-exist in any of the resistant strains. Seventy seven of the 148 tetracycline resistant strains (52%) were negative for both the tet(M) and tet(O) genes.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of bamboo charcoal on Streptococcus mutans which is one of the most important causative agents of dental caries. Methods : S. mutans was incubated with or without bamboo charcoal and then changes were observed in its cell viability and antibacterial effect. Oral epithelial cells viabillity(human gingival fibroblast, HGF) was performed using MTT assay. Antibacterial effect was analyzed using a dilution plating method and agar diffusion method. Results : Oral epithelial cells, human gingival fibroblast (HGF) showed a tendency to increase in bamboo charcoal treatment solution concentrations(0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10%). The bamboo charcoal had an antibacterial effect on S. mutans. Antibacterial effect of bamboo charcoal for the bacterium was 58%. Charcoal concentration of 2% and 5% in the inhibition zone showed a minimal growth, but the concentration of 10% bamboo charcoal in inhibition zone revealed a conspicuous antibacterial activity. Conclusions : Overall results suggested that the bamboo charcoal proved to be bactericidal effect on S. mutans.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.123-127
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• 2018

Polyphenon 60 refers to the mixture of catechins present in green tea. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activities of polyphenon 60 against 4 strains of Streptococcus mutans and 2 strains of Streptococcus sorbrinus, which are the major causative bacteria of dental caries. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of polyphenon 60 for S. mutans and S. sobrinus were determined and the effect of biofilm formation inhibition of that was evaluated. The MBC value of polyphenon 60 against the bacterial strains was 2.5 mg/ml except for one particular strain, S. mutans KCOM 1128 for which the value was 1.25 mg/ml. The results of biofilm formation inhibition assay revealed that polyphenon 60 inhibited biofilm formation more than 90% at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. It was apparent that polyphenon exhibited biofilm formation inhibition activity along with bactericidal effect against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Therefore, it is proposed that polyphenon 60 as one of the components of bactericidal agents could be useful in developing oral hygiene products, toothpaste or gargling solution.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.86-95
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• 2019

The modern era of microbial genome analysis began in earnest in the 2000s with the generalization of metagenomics and gene sequencing techniques. Studying complex microbial community such as oral cavity and colon by a pure culture is considerably ineffective in terms of cost and time. Therefore, various techniques for genomic analysis have been developed to overcome the limitation of the culture method and to explore microbial communities existing in the natural environment at the gene level. Among these, DNA fingerprinting analysis and microarray chip have been used extensively; however, the most recent method of analysis is metagenomics. The study summarily examined the overview of metagenomics analysis techniques, as well as domestic and foreign studies on disease genomics and cluster analysis related to oral metagenome. The composition of oral bacteria also varies across different individuals, and it would become possible to analyze what change occurs in the human body depending on the activity of bacteria living in the oral cavity and what causality it has with diseases. Identification, isolation, metabolism, and presence of functional genes of microorganisms are being identified for correlation analysis based on oral microbial genome sequencing. For precise diagnosis and treatment of diseases based on microbiome, greater effort is needed for finding not only the causative microorganisms, but also indicators at gene level. Up to now, oral microbial studies have mostly involved metagenomics, but if metatranscriptomic, metaproteomic, and metabolomic approaches can be taken together for assessment of microbial genes and proteins that are expressed under specific conditions, then doing so can be more helpful for gaining comprehensive understanding.